Yenisei Province Research Articles

Пoмощь военнопленным региональных отделений Российского общеcтва Красного Креста в августе 1914 — октябре 1917 гг. (на примере Красноярска Енисейской губернии)

The article is devoted to such an area of activity of the regional branches of the Russian Society of the Red Cross during the First World War as providing assistance to Russian prisoners of war. Materials from the city of Krasnoyarsk, Yenisei province, show that this work was primarily carried out by women’s committees. The scale of assistance did not correspond to the real needs of prisoners, and was reduced throughout the war due to unfavorable changes in the economy. The capabilities of the regional branches of the society were further reduced after February 1917 due to a shortage of material resources.Historical experience shows that public initiative is not enough to protect fellow prisoners of war. An active role of the state is needed, implementing measures in various fields, including diplomatic and economic, in order to improve the material and living conditions, food supplies, and medical care for prisoners of war. Without such government intervention, prisoners in enemy countries are an extremely vulnerable group of people, subject to violence and arbitrariness.

Dichotomy of Public and Private on the Case of the Phenomenon of Sexual Commerce in Yenisei Province in the late XIX – early XX centuries

Dichotomy of Public and Private on the Case of the Phenomenon of Sexual Commerce in Yenisei Province in the late XIX – early XX centuries

Charitable Institutions of the Yenisei Province in the 1820s–1860s (Based on the Database Materials)

Charitable Institutions of the Yenisei Province in the 1820s–1860s (Based on the Database Materials)

“Zealous Servants” of the State: About Officials and Their Awards in the XIX – early XX centuries (based on the Materials of the Yenisei Province)

“Zealous Servants” of the State: About Officials and Their Awards in the XIX – early XX centuries (based on the Materials of the Yenisei Province)

Governor’s Reports to the Supreme Name of the Yenisei Province in the XIX – early XX centuries: Source Criticism Capability

Governor’s Reports to the Supreme Name of the Yenisei Province in the XIX – early XX centuries: Source Criticism Capability

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЙ МАРГИНАЛЬНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ И ОБЩЕСТВА НА ПРИМЕРЕ ФЕНОМЕНА ПРОСТИТУЦИИ В XIX ВЕКЕ (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ ЕНИСЕЙСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ)

The paper is devoted to the study of various models of relations between the phenomenon of prostitution and society in the 19th century using the example of the local experience of the Yenisei Province. The specific socio-economic institution of legalized commercial sex with its specificity and intra-system connections is a unique phenomenon of pre-revolutionary Russia. While remaining a viable element of public life, part of provincial everyday life, the “industry of debauchery” was not an unambiguous phenomenon. In this context, it is relevant to consider the mutual perception of society and the phenomenon of prostitution during the period of regulation to form ideas about the versatility of everyday life in the province. The article is an attempt to understand the models and judgments of public institutions in relation to prostitution, as well as the behavioral patterns of women involved in the sphere of intimate services from a phenomenological point of view. The source base for the study consisted of office documents from various departments, journalistic works of a medical nature, as well as periodicals. The result of the study is the identification of several models of mutual perception of prostitution by society, which indicate polar opinions regarding this phenomenon. Speaking about the attitude of women involved in sexual commerce to society and its norms, it is worth noting the problem of the lack of sources of personal origin. However, it can be concluded that prostitution developed certain patterns of behavior characteristic of participants in the system.

Muslim mosques of the Yenisei province in the legal framework of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century

In this article, the functioning of Muslim parishes in the Elysee province in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries is being examined. The paper has been prepared using archival materials of the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Central State Historical Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan, many of which are being introduced into scientific discourse for the first time. The archival materials are presented by petitions from Muslims of the Yenisei Province, and the associated correspondence from provincial departments and the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly. Based on the analysis of the source base, it has been established that the active construction of religious buildings on the territory of the Yenisei Province by Muslims only started in the beginning of the 20th century. Mosques performed not only a religious function for Muslims, but also a public institution uniting representatives of the Islamic tradition. Despite the fact that the community was obliged to cover all construction and maintenance costs itself, the process of obtaining such permissions was quite lengthy. For example, in the city of Yeniseisk, it took several years for the Muslim community to obtain the permission and build a mosque. The first petition for the permission to build a mosque in Yeniseisk was sent to the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly in 1865, and the mosque itself was built only in 1906. To obtain the permission to build a religious building, the Muslim community had to prove its worth, both before provincial authorities and the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly. A separate decision on the possibility of building a mosque in the region was given by the diocesan authorities in order to establish the fact that a religious building built by Muslims would not infringe on the interests of the Orthodox population, as well as attract the newly baptized people. At the beginning of the 20th century, with the increase in the number of immigrants in the region, there was a discernible trend towards the larger number of Muslim communities in the Yenisei Province, and at the same time of the construction of mosques. Furthermore, during this period, there were certain relaxations in the requirements for religious construction for Mus-lims. However, all these changes, as well as active position of the Muslim population in the region still required lengthy corre-spondence with government officials, as well as spiritual departments, both of the Muslims themselves and the Russian Ortho-dox Church. One of the main problems, which remained intractable even in the beginning of the 20th century, was concerned with the compliance with norms of the Construction Charter regarding the size of the parish. The Yenisei Province remained being a multi-confessional region, where the Muslim community was not always dense.

Regulatory and legal foundations of the national education in Russia in the post-reform period (1860-1917)

The article is devoted to the problem of identifying regional peculiarities of the integral process of formation of normative-legal support for the activity of national education in post-reform Russia. The aim of the article is to present the results of the study of the relationship between the accumulation of organizational and legal knowledge and the applied experience of the implementation of this process at the national and regional levels. Objectives: to characterize the conditions that influenced the formation of normative-legal support for the activity of national schools as an independent direction of nation-state building in the educational system of post-reform Russia. The research was based on the principle of historicism, methods of analysis and comparison, historical-systemic, sociological methods and the method of content analysis. The analysis of the main normative-legal acts that directly or indirectly influenced the national education development demonstrates a rather high professionalism of the developers of the basic ideas of the national policy, which are characterized by external positive motivation. The authors confirmed the hypothesis of the study that in the period under study the normative and legal foundations for the establishment of the national education in Russia were laid, which played a determining role in the birth and development of educational institutions with a national component in Yenisei province. This historical experience was not wasted, but was taken into account in the next attempt to solve the problems of nation-state building and national education in the first decades of Soviet power, which determined the direction and nature of our further research activities from the position of determining the possibility of its use in modern conditions.

Peasant woman and Soviet power in the Yenisei Province during the New economic policy

The authors analyze the work of the Soviet government with peasant women in the Yenisei province during the New economic policy. The collection, systematization, summarization of data and construction of the narrative were carried out on the basis of the problem-chronological method. The historical-genetic method is used to analyze the activities of women's departments from 1920 to 1929, the emphasis is placed on the first, most difficult stage of their creation and the beginning of work (until the mid-1920s), when the Soviet government brought the country out of acute political and economic crisis after the Civil War, intervention and war communism. The historical-systemic method made it possible to consider the work of womens' departments to involve women in social production and political life in the context of the changes taking place in the country and the socio-economic conditions of the Yenisei province. Based on the comparative historical method, the tasks and their practical implementation in the field of womens' issues are compared. It is shown that in the conditions of economic devastation after the First World War and the Civil War, famine, and mass epidemics, the harsh tax policy of the Soviet government among the East Siberian peasantry caused an increase in anti-Bolshevik sentiment. Experience of women's departments working with peasant women in the 1920s showed that without solving urgent economic and social problems of society (mass illiteracy, lack of modern industrial sectors, technical backwardness in agriculture, manual labor, low standard of living, etc.), the transformation of womens' position and their involvement in socio-political life were impossible. It became obvious that this kind of large-scale task could only be solved gradually with an increase in the educational level of the population, the qualifications and professional level of women, and the solution of many everyday issues. All these tasks were related to the need to modernize the state's economy.

Krasnoyarsk Mutual Fire Insurance Society (1904-1917)

The subject of the study is the organization and activity of the Krasnoyarsk Mutual Fire Insurance Society. On the basis of the historical and genetic method, the reasons for the origin of the insurance business in the Yenisei province, the leading trends in its development during the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries, changes that occurred under the influence of the First World War are analyzed. The application of the historical-systematic method allowed the authors to determine the role and place of the city mutual insurance society in the emerging fire insurance system in one of the provincial centers of Eastern Siberia. The historical-comparative method made it possible to identify the differences between mutual insurance companies and joint-stock companies. The statistics of fires and the scale of losses from them grew in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. At the same time, a fire insurance system was being formed. A specific non–commercial form of insurance was mutual insurance (the main types are zemstvo and city), which arose due to the fact that the services of private insurance companies were inaccessible to a wide range of the population. In the Yenisei province , the only society of this type appeared only at the beginning of the XX century. Krasnoyarsk City Mutual Insurance Society for a short period of its existence could not significantly change the situation in the local insurance market, where the dominant position was occupied by branches of joint-stock insurance companies. Nevertheless, his activity has had a beneficial effect on the development of the insurance business in the city by reducing tariffs, supporting fire-fighting measures of the city authorities. The First World War carried the threat of loss of organizational and financial independence of mutual insurance companies, since the government became interested in the idea of introducing a state monopoly of fire insurance in order to compensate for the budget deficit.

«Земля стоит на Божьём мору»: рассказы о сотворении мира из Приангарья в записи А. А. Макаренко

The paper presents new archival texts containing folk stories about the creation of the world. The stories were recorded by A. A. Makarenko on the Angara River in the Kezhemsky volost of the Yenisei district in 1904. These records were not included in the collection “Siberian Folk Calendar in Ethnographic Relation: Eastern Siberia. Yenisei province” published in 1913, remaining outside the attention of the scientific community. The folk stories describe how God created the land from the earth raised from the bottom of the sea by Satan (cf.: S. Thompson. Motif-index of folk-literature: A811. Earth brought up from the bottom of primeval water; A812.1. Devil as Earth Diver). These are the complete versions of cosmogonic narratives, almost as in their authentic fixation. The Angara versions of cosmogonic history were compared with the texts of similar narratives from the European territory of Russia, revealing the connection with the folklore traditions of the Russian North. This connection is due to the peculiarities of the settlement of the Angara region: the lower reaches of the Angara River and its tributaries. According to the research, the original settlers of the Angara region were natives of the Russian North, with the old-time core of the Russian population.

Становление и развитие физической культуры и спорта в Енисейской губернии в конце XIX – первой четверти ХХ в.

The article examines the process of the initial formation of physical culture and sports in the Yenisei province. Sports related to the traditional lifestyle of the population are highlighted, as well as new ones that appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century. Much attention is paid to the sports society “Sokol”.

Деятельность Усть-Абаканского церковно-приходского попечительства в области школьного образования в конце ХIХ - начале ХХ в.

On the basis of the “Regulations on parish guardianships at Orthodox churches” of 1864 in the village of Ust-Abakanskoye, Minusinsk district, Yenisei province, in 1890, parish guardianship was opened. Having a few scientific publications, as well as materials from the Yenisei Diocesan Gazette and documents from the National Archives of the Republic of Khakassia, the article reveals the activities of the Ust-Abakan parish guardianship in the development of primary school education in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the initial period of its existence, the attention of the guardianship was drawn to the organization of a school for the children of the Abakan foreign council. Operating in the Ust-Abakan ministerial school in 1890 was transferred to the position of the parish. Funds for the repair of the old school building, the construction of a hostel at the school for orphans and children of poor parents came from a foreign council. Charitable assistance was provided by well-known entrepreneurs, some wealthy foreigners. The parish guardianship did a great job of equipping the school building, creating favorable conditions for children to live in the school dormitory. At various times, teachers at the school were persons who received a pedagogical education at the Krasnoyarsk Teachers' Seminary (M.I. Raikov, G.I. Itygin, I.F. Kochetaev, etc.). Teaching was conducted in their native Khakass and Russian languages. The school curriculum provided for the study of the Law of God, church singing, reading the church and civil press, writing, basic arithmetic, etc. The term of study in a one-class parochial school was two years. Both boys and girls attended the school. In 1904, the Ust-Abakan parochial school was transformed into a two-class one. According to the available archival documents, it can be concluded that graduates of the parochial school acquire a sufficient stock of knowledge. Some of them continue their studies at the Biysk catechetical school.

Prisoners of War of the First World War in the cities of Eastern Siberia (on the Materials of Kansk from Yenisei Province)

Prisoners of War of the First World War in the cities of Eastern Siberia (on the Materials of Kansk from Yenisei Province)

Countering Religious Sectarianism in the Russian Empire at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries (on the example of the Yenisei Province)

Countering Religious Sectarianism in the Russian Empire at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries (on the example of the Yenisei Province)

The Establishment of Latvian National Organizations in Krasnoyarsk, 1915-1916, as a Result of the Refugee Movement

The article delves into the impact of the refugee movement during the First World War produced on the self-identity of Latvians living in the Yenisei Province. This research aims to explore the formation and operation of social institutions that encapsulated Latvian self-awareness. These institutions include the Bureau of the Authorized Representative of the Latvian Central Committee for Refugee Assistance in the Yenisei Province, and the Krasnoyarsk Latvian Charitable Society. During this era, the growing national consciousness among the Yenisei Province’s Latvians was evident through an uptick in cultural events, frequently conducted in the Latvian language and organized by Latvians for their community. The author posits that the surge in Latvian self-awareness stemmed from the refugee movements of the First World War. The imperative to support Latvian refugees – offering housing, job opportunities, clothing, financial aid, and more – precipitated the designation of the Authorized Representative and the subsequent establishment of the Bureau under its directory in 1915. This concerted effort to assist the refugees catalyzed the unification of the Latvian intelligentsia, culminating in the foundation of the Latvian national organization, the charitable society, in 1916. The author underscores that the rise of Latvian civic organizations aligns with the broader Siberian trend of creating secular ethnocultural groups alongside the traditional confessional ones. This article caters to both specialists in the ethno-confessional history of pre-revolutionary Siberia and a more general readership.

Everyday life of orphanages of the Yenisei province in the Early Soviet period

The subject of the study is housing conditions, diet, organization of life in orphanages of the Yenisei province after the end of the Civil War. In the conditions of mass homelessness and juvenile delinquency, the state sought to take care of all children in need, to re-socialize them and make them useful citizens of the new state. On the basis of archival materials, the living conditions of minors in orphanages in the early Soviet period are analyzed. Of all the institutions of social and legal protection of childhood operating during the study period, orphanages were selected as the most widespread institutions. The leading method of research was historical and anthropological. The article emphasizes the desire of the young Soviet state to make orphans and street children useful citizens of society. The authors come to the conclusion that the network of children's social institutions in the province, dispersed across different people's commissariats, did not cover all children in need of care and assistance, the operating orphanages could not cope with the tasks assigned to them, contributed little to the preparation of pupils for future independent life, but helped them survive in the difficult conditions of the period under study. The work of institutions was primarily affected by financial difficulties, budget deficit, lack of teaching staff, lack of systematic interaction in the activities of state bodies and public organizations involved in solving the "children's issue" in one way or another.

„Я також пала жертвою війни”: війна в мемуарному наративі Костянтини Малицької

The article analyses the memoir narrative (memoirs and correspondence) of the Ukrainian writer, educator, editor, and public figure Kostiantyna Malytska, which is a valuable human testimony and emotional self-description of her difficult five-year experience in Siberian exile. Malytska was the only woman among thirteen men, well-known public figures, who, in February 1915, were arrested by the Russian occupation authorities in Lviv and exiled to the Yenisei province. In her memoirs, against the background of descriptions of the military and political situation, Malytska conveys in detail her impressions of “Asia” (as she called the foreign land), the geographical environment of “disastrous Siberia”, comparing it with the toponymy of her native land, and shows the way of life of the local population of “Choldonians”. Th e memoirs touchingly describe meetings with new people, the spirit of sincere compatriotism between Ukrainian prisoners in a foreign land, the difficulty of “getting used to” Siberia, the experience of time, the activities of the Ukrainian community in Krasnoyarsk, and teaching at a local Ukrainian school. For their factual basis, Malytska’s memoirs are valuable as a vital source for understanding the writer’s life and human destiny, the historical and political situation in Galicia during the period of Russian occupation, and for highlighting the cultural and patriotic life of wartime Lviv and the fate of its prominent public figures who were also persecuted, arrested, and exiled.

Religious Sectarianism at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries: the Historical Form of Religious Extremism (on the Example of the Yenisei Province)

Religious Sectarianism at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries: the Historical Form of Religious Extremism (on the Example of the Yenisei Province)

Rural Bureaucracy and Peasantry in Yenisei Province of 19<sup>th</sup> — early 20<sup>th</sup> Centuries

The features of the formation and development of the rural bureaucracy as a specific socio-professional group in the Yenisei province at the turn of the 19th — early 20th centuries are considered. On the basis of an extensive set of office documents (official lists of peasant chiefs, personal files of volost and village elders, clerks, journals of meetings of county congresses of peasant chiefs), the dynamics of the number, social composition, educational level, job responsibilities, social and legal status of the main groups of rural bureaucracy are analyzed: peasant chiefs, volost and village elders, clerks. Dualism is revealed in the relations between the rural authorities and the peasantry. It is noted that, on the one hand, the bureaucratization of the organs of peasant self-government led to the centralization of power in the village in the hands of the rural administration and the alienation of peasants from participating in self-government. It was established at the same time that, on the other hand, bureaucratization led to the growth of anarchist sentiments in the countryside. It is argued that the main result of the bureaucratization of the organs of peasant self-government was their decomposition and merging on a criminal basis of the rural administration with the village trade and usury elite and district police officials.