Yellow Traffic Light Research Articles

DYSFUNCTIONAL CONSUMPTION OF PUBLIC SERVICES: CONSUMERS' TENDENCY TO VIOLATE TRAFFIC LIGHTS RULES

Kamu hizmetlerinin tüketimi, diğer bireylerin çıkarlarının da varlığı söz konusu olduğu kolektif bağlamda gerçekleşmektedir. Fonksiyonel olmayan tüketim; sadece bireysel faydayı riske atmakla kalmayıp, diğer bireylere de zarar verme riski taşımaktadır. Bir kamu hizmeti olan trafik ışıkları hizmetinin tüketicisi olan sürücülerdir. Çalışma sürücülerin trafikte sarı ışık kurallarını ihlal etme eğilimlerini fonksiyonel olmayan tüketim bağlamında ele almaktadır. SPSS ve AMOS çıktılarına göre elde edilen bulgular, sürücünün trafikteki sorumluluklarına ilişkin bilincinin, yakın çevresinden gelen geri bildirime uyma eğiliminin, kamu hizmet kurallarına uyma eğiliminin azalmasının sürücülerin trafik ışıklarını ihlal etmesinde etken olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca sürücünün, kurallara uymamayı olumsuz davranış olarak görmemesi de sarı ışıkta ihlal yapmasına neden olmaktadır. Daha önce trafikte sarı ışık ihlalinden dolayı ceza almayanların, alanlara göre, kadın sürücülerin, erkeklere göre ve daha önce trafik kazası geçirmemiş sürücülerin, geçirenlere göre sarı ışık kurallarına daha fazla uyduğu görülmüştür. Çalışma ile elde edilen bulguların, kamu hizmetlerinin fonksiyonel tüketiminin öneminin tüketicilere aktarılmasını amaçlayan sosyal pazarlama kampanyaları kapsamında kullanılmasına ilişkin öneriler de geliştirilmiştir.

0336 Sleep Time and Risk Taking Behaviour in Night Shift-Workers

Abstract Introduction Night shift-workers are integral in a multitude of industries. Many night shift-workers experience sleep loss, which may impact their risk taking behaviour.This study aimed to identify the correlation between total sleep time (TST) and shift-workers' engagement in risk-taking behavior. Methods 53 night shift-workers participated in the experiment. Polysomnography was conducted to determine the TST of shift-workers prior to completing a task that measured risk taking behaviour. This task simulated a driving scenario in which participants must decide whether or not to proceed at a yellow traffic light. Participants were not informed of the duration of the yellow light, which varied unpredictably in duration. The task consisted of 16 trials, and participants earned points that translated to a cash incentive (25 points = 25 cents). Participants either earned or lost 25 points depending on the success of each trial. Failure was defined as running a red light. Those who proceeded at every trial were categorized as insensitive to risk. Results The data revealed that those insensitive to risk had a significantly lower TST value.Those insensitive to risk had a lower mean sleep time (374 minutes, SD=75) compared to those sensitive to risk (415 minutes, SD= 42), p =.01 (Cohen’s d=0.67). Conclusion Sleep time is associated with risk-taking behavior in night shift-workers. This study offers insight into the amplification of risk taking behaviours within night shift-workers posed by sleep loss, possibly leading to errors and injuries in the workplace. This association may also suggest that implementation of measures to increase sleep for night shift-workers could decrease risk-taking behaviours. Support (If Any) K23HL133186

Revealing the effects of temporal orienting of attention on response conflict using continuous movements

Orienting attention in time enables us to prepare for forthcoming perception and action (e.g., estimating the duration of a yellow traffic light when driving). While temporal orienting can facilitate performance on simple tasks, its influence on complex tasks involving response conflict is unclear. Here, we adapted the flanker paradigm to a choice-reaching task where participants used a computer mouse to reach to the left or right side of the screen, as indicated by the central arrow presented with either the congruent or incongruent flankers. We assessed the effects of temporal orienting by manipulating goal-driven temporal expectation (using probabilistic variations in target timing) and stimulus-driven temporal priming (using sequential repetitions versus switches in target timing). We tested how temporal orienting influenced the dynamics of response conflict resolution. Recent choice-reaching studies have indicated that under response conflict, delayed movement initiation captures the response threshold adjustment process, whereas increased curvature toward the incorrect response captures the degree of coactivation of the response alternatives during the controlled response selection process. Both temporal expectation and priming reduced the initiation latency regardless of response conflict, suggesting that both lowered response thresholds independently of response conflict. Notably, temporal expectation, but not temporal priming, increased the curvature toward the incorrect response on incongruent trials. These results suggest that temporal orienting generally increases motor preparedness, but goal-driven temporal orienting particularly interferes with response conflict resolution, likely through its influence on response thresholds. Overall, our study highlights the interplay between temporal orienting and cognitive control in goal-directed action.

Challenges in the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia Fellowship Program Since the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: An Electronic Survey on Potential Solutions

ObjectiveThe authors explored the current practice of fellowship training in cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia and surveyed the acceptability of potential solutions to mitigate the interrupted fellowship training during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. DesignA prospective electronic questionnaire-based survey. SettingThe survey was initiated by the Education Committee of the European Association of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (EACTAIC). ParticipantsThe study comprised EACTAIC fellows, EACTAIC, and non-EACTAIC subscribers to the EACTAIC newsletter and EACTAIC followers on different social media platforms. InterventionsAfter obtaining the consent of participants, the authors assessed the perioperative management of COVID-19 patients, infrastructural aspects of the workplace, local routines for preoperative testing, the perceived availability of personal protective equipment (PPE), and the impact of COVID-19 on fellowship training. In addition, participants rated suggested solutions by the investigators to cope with the interruption of fellowship training, using a traffic light signal scale. Measurements and Main ResultsThe authors collected 193 responses from 54 countries. Of the respondents, 82.4% reported cancelling or postponing elective cases during the first wave, 89.7% had provided care for COVID-19 patients, 75.1% reported staff in their center being reassigned to work in the intensive care unit (ICU), and 45% perceived a shortage of PPE at their centers. Most respondents reported the termination of local educational activities (79.6%) and fellowship assessments (51.5%) because of the pandemic (although 84% of them reported having time to participate in online teaching), and 83% reported a definitive psychological impact. More than 90% of the respondents chose green and/or yellow traffic lights to rate the importance of the suggested solutions to cope with the interrupted fellowship training during the pandemic. ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic led to the cancellation of elective cases, the deployment of anesthesiologists to ICUs, the involvement of anesthesiologists in perioperative care for COVID-19 patients, and the interruption of educational activities and trainees’ assessments. There is some consensus on the suggested solutions for mitigation of the interruption in fellowship training.

Stop or go decisions at the onset of yellow light in a connected environment: A hybrid approach of decision tree and panel mixed logit model

Driver decisions at the onset of yellow traffic lights are often critical, as inaccurate decisions may result in traffic conflicts and collisions. A future connected environment where vehicles can communicate with traffic lights is expected to minimize the uncertainty associated with a driver’s decision-making at signalized intersections by providing advance information related to traffic light changes. The effectiveness of such a connected environment, however, remains unexplored due to the paucity of relevant data. This study examines driver decisions at the onset of yellow traffic lights when they are assisted with advance information about traffic light changes. Seventy-eight participants with diverse backgrounds performed driving experiments on an urban route with a signalized intersection simulated in the CARRS-Q Advanced Driving Simulator. The experiment consisted of two randomized driving conditions: baseline (without advance information aids) and connected environment (with advance information aids). Contrary to the existing literature, this study employs a hybrid approach, leveraging the combined benefits of data mining to identify a priori relationships and a panel mixed logit model (more specifically, correlated grouped random parameters logit with heterogeneity-in-means approach) to account for unobserved heterogeneity as well as the correlation among random parameters. Our analysis shows that drivers in the connected environment are less likely to proceed through intersections at the onset of yellow light compared to the baseline condition. However, at the individual driver-level, the connected environment’s impact on driver decisions is mixed. Female drivers have been found to have a higher propensity for yellow light running in the connected environment than that of male drivers. Overall, the connected environment assists drivers in making safer decisions at the onset of yellow light.

Revealing the effects of temporal orienting of attention on response conflict using continuous movements.

Orienting attention in time enables us to prepare for forthcoming perception and action (e.g., estimating the duration of a yellow traffic light when driving). While temporal orienting can facilitate performance on simple tasks, its influence on complex tasks involving response conflict is unclear. Here, we adapted the flanker paradigm to a choice-reaching task where participants used a computer mouse to reach to the left or right side of the screen, as indicated by the central arrow presented with either the congruent or incongruent flankers. We assessed the effects of temporal orienting by manipulating goal-driven temporal expectation (using probabilistic variations in target timing) and stimulus-driven temporal priming (using sequential repetitions versus switches in target timing). We tested how temporal orienting influenced the dynamics of response conflict resolution. Recent choice-reaching studies have indicated that under response conflict, delayed movement initiation captures the response threshold adjustment process, whereas increased curvature toward the incorrect response captures the degree of coactivation of the response alternatives during the controlled response selection process. Both temporal expectation and priming reduced the initiation latency regardless of response conflict, suggesting that both lowered response thresholds independently of response conflict. Notably, temporal expectation, but not temporal priming, increased the curvature toward the incorrect response on incongruent trials. These results suggest that temporal orienting generally increases motor preparedness, but goal-driven temporal orienting particularly interferes with response conflict resolution, likely through its influence on response thresholds. Overall, our study highlights the interplay between temporal orienting and cognitive control in goal-directed action.

A comparative simulator study of reaction times to yellow traffic light under manual and automated driving

This study analyzes and compares reaction times of motorists at the onset of a yellow traffic light under manual and automated driving, based on two experiments performed using a driving simulator. Results show that reaction times of subjects driving an automated vehicle that experiences a failure and crosses on red when approaching a signalized intersection are higher than those of subjects driving manually. When the analysis is restricted to automated driving, results indicate significant differences between reaction times at the first system failure and those at subsequent ones.

Assessing Drivers’ Compliance with Restrictive Yellow Traffic Lights in a Developing Country

Driving rules adopt permissive or restrictive policies concerning yellow light running (YLR). In a restrictive policy, vehicles behind the stop line are not allowed to enter the intersection on yellow no matter how close they are to the stop line. YLR policy affects driving risks, safety, and operation. There is limited knowledge about the restrictive policy and drivers’ compliance with this rule. Previous studies on YLR are limited in scope since they tended to use binary stop/go decision models without considering red light running decisions. This potentially results in the loss of information about drivers’ conformity to red signals. This paper examines whether drivers are only non-compliant with yellow lights or whether non-conformity to any prohibitive yellow/red signal emerges as a wider behavioral issue. This study develops regression choice models to predict drivers’ illegal yellow-light passing decisions in a developing country with a poor safety record and explores reasons for drivers’ non-compliance. The results obtained show that the restrictive policy is ineffective in relation to driver compliance, especially in cases where drivers’ non-conformity to any restrictive rule emerges as a behavioral issue of concern. Drivers make their stop/go decisions according to the time needed to cross the intersection, and they consider the yellow light as an opportunity for crossing. Yellow (red) light running rates were 101 (31) per 1,000 vehicles per hour (vph) for the restrictive policy, whereas these rates for the U.S.A., with a permissive policy, were at most 29 (6) per 1,000 vph.

Risk-Informed Recommendations for Managing Hydraulic Fracturing–Induced Seismicity via Traffic Light Protocols

ABSTRACT Risks from induced earthquakes caused by hydraulic fracturing are a growing concern with a need for effective management. Here, we develop a risk-informed strategy for choosing red and yellow traffic light thresholds based on the current understanding of induced earthquakes. To do so, we utilize probabilistic maximum magnitudes, magnitude to ground-motion relationships, population densities, statistical distributions of site amplification, and felt or damaging ground-motion thresholds to compute the risk of damage or nuisance. Risk curves for various forecast scenarios highlight two proposed guidelines. First, setting red-light thresholds within the nuisance range of ground motions reduces the chances that runaway earthquakes could cause unacceptable damage. Second, setting yellow-light thresholds approximately two magnitude units less than the red light ensures that operators have a sufficient opportunity to enact mitigation strategies. We compare the differences in risk between several real-life traffic light cases to illustrate how this approach could allow regulators to design traffic light protocols in a risk-informed manner and thus balance the consequences of their decisions more effectively. Our approach also promotes the transparent communication of risk to all involved stakeholders.

Traffic institute to review yellow-light timing - [News

MATS JÄRLSTRÖM'S SIX-year crusade to make yellow traffic lights safer for drivers could soon pay off.

Effects of multitasking and intention-behaviour consistency when facing yellow traffic light uncertainty.

We examined the effects of multitasking on resolving response bistability to yellow traffic lights, using the performance metrics of reaction time and stopping frequency. We also examined whether people's actual behaviours, measured by implicit foot pedal responses, differed from their intentions related to these factors, as measured by explicit verbal commands. In a dual-task paradigm, participants responded to random traffic light changes, presented over a static background photograph of an intersection, using either foot pedals or verbal commands, while simultaneously identifying spoken words as either "animals" or "artefacts" via button pressing. The dual-task condition was found to prolong reaction times relative to a single-task condition. In addition, verbal commands were faster than the foot pedal responses, and conservativeness was the same for both types of responses. A second experiment, which provided a more dynamic simulation of the first experiment, confirmed that conservativeness did not differ between verbal commands and foot pedal responses. We conclude that multitasking affects a person's ability to resolve response bistability to yellow traffic lights. If one considers that prolonged reaction times reduce the amount of distance available to safely stop at intersections, this study underscores how multitasking poses a considerable safety risk for drivers approaching a yellow traffic light.

Flashing the Yellow Traffic Light: Choices Forced Upon Us by Gene Editing Technologies

ABSTRACTThe 2018 birth of two designer babies in China has sparked an immediate global controversy over the ethics of gene editing. For the longer range future, however, we must assess how CRISPR/Cas9, like so many other new bio-technologies, is forcing choice—moral choice—on a large scale. Gene editing for purposes of medical therapy, human enhancement, engineering of future children, and even creating a posthuman species, confront our society with the inescapable necessity of making moral choices. The task for churches in partnership with universities is not to decide in advance what is right or wrong. Rather, it is to prepare our people to make responsible choices.

Predicting distracted driving: The role of individual differences in working memory

The present study investigated the role of working memory capacity (WMC) in predicting distracted driving performance using a working memory distractor. Forty-nine participants (including one with missing data) completed four working memory complex spans prior to completing a distracted and non-distracted simulated driving trial. During the distracted driving trial, participants drove while simultaneously completing the grocery list task (GLT), a semi-naturalistic working memory task developed by the authors. Results showed that participants were significantly slower at braking when a yellow traffic light appeared and during sudden braking events when distracted. Furthermore, the impairing effect of distraction on braking response time was partially mediated by WMC. There was also a trend towards a moderating effect of WMC, where the impairing effect of distraction was more pronounced for individuals with low WMC than high WMC. Theoretical and practical implications for the role of individual differences in cognition and driving, in-vehicle devices use and traffic safety, as well as semi-autonomous vehicle design are also discussed.

Yellow traffic lights and grey zone fractional flow reserve values: stop or go?

Yellow traffic lights and grey zone fractional flow reserve values: stop or go?

Overcoming Therapeutic Inertia in Multiple Sclerosis Care: A Pilot Randomized Trial Applying the Traffic Light System in Medical Education.

Physicians often do not initiate or intensify treatments when clearly warranted, a phenomenon known as therapeutic inertia (TI). Limited information is available on educational interventions to ameliorate knowledge-to-action gaps in TI. To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of an educational intervention compared to usual care among practicing neurologists caring for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We conducted a pilot double-blind, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial. Inclusion criteria included neurologists who are actively involved in managing MS patients. Participants were exposed to 20 simulated case-scenarios (10 cases at baseline, and 10 cases post-randomization to usual care vs. educational intervention) of relapsing-remitting MS with moderate or high risk of disease progression. The educational intervention employed a traffic light system (TLS) to facilitate decisions, allowing participants to easily recognize high-risk scenarios requiring treatment escalation. We also measured differences between blocks to invoke decision fatigue. The control group responded as they would do in their usual clinical practice not exposed to the educational intervention. The primary feasibility outcome was the proportion of participants who completed the study and the proportion of participants who correctly identified a high-risk case-scenario with the "red traffic light." Secondary outcomes included decision fatigue (defined as an increment of TI in the second block of case-scenarios compared to the first block) and the efficacy of the educational intervention measured as a reduction in TI for MS treatment. Of 30 neurologists invited to be part of the study, the participation rate was 83.3% (n = 25). Of the 25 participants, 14 were randomly assigned to the control group and 11 to the intervention group. TI was present in 72.0% of participants in at least one case scenario. For the primary feasibility outcome, the completion rate of the study was 100% (25/25 participants). Overall, 77.4% of participants correctly identified the "red traffic light" for clinical-scenarios with high risk of disease progression. Similarly, 86.4% of participants correctly identified the "yellow traffic light" for cases that would require a reassessment within 6-12 months. For the secondary fatigue outcome, within-group analysis showed a significant increased prevalence of TI in the second block of case-scenarios (decision fatigue) among participants randomized to the control group (TI pre-intervention 57.1% vs. TI post-intervention 71.4%; p = 0.015), but not in the active group (TI pre-intervention 54.6% vs. TI post-intervention 63.6%; p = 0.14). For the efficacy outcome, we found a non-significant reduction in TI for the targeted intervention compared to controls (22.6 vs. 33.9% post-intervention; OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.26-1.22). An educational intervention applying the TLS is feasible and shows some promising results in the identification of high-risk scenarios to reduce decision fatigue and TI. Larger studies are needed to determine the efficacy of the proposed educational intervention. www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03134794.

Visual Jurisprudence of the American Yellow Traffic Light

In the United States, the steady yellow light means that a driver should either speed up or slow down. State laws written about a driver’s behavior at these yellow lights are vague and indeterminate and result in what is referred to as the dilemma zone (Hurwitz et al. in Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav 15(2): 132–143, 2012). This paper will reconsider law’s vagueness as intentional rather than problematic, insofar as cultural understandings of the yellow light lead to a framework of visual jurisprudence in which drivers interact with law through legal discretion and common sense confronting a yellow light. Through a jurisprudential juxtaposition between the yellow light and red light cameras used to enforce yellow lights, the semiotics of automaticity compete with the semiotics of context-bound decision-making.

Shifting Selection May Control Apparent Motion

Shifting Selection May Control Apparent Motion

Situational (state) anger and driving

Aggression and anger have been related to crash involvement, but the direct causal relation between situational anger and driving choices and abilities has not been examined empirically. In this study, 15 licensed drivers drove twice in a driving simulator, each time following one of two emotion inductions based on event recall: angry and neutral. Following anger induction, the drivers crossed more yellow traffic lights (p < .01) and tended to drive faster (non-significant). However, performance on emergency manoeuvres were unaffected by anger. In conclusion, it appears that state anger affects driving behaviour by increasing risk taking, without necessarily compromising the skilled driving behaviour, at least as far as these behaviours were evaluated in emergency situations in simulated driving.

What factors can predict why drivers go through yellow traffic lights? An approach based on an extended Theory of Planned Behavior

Red-light running is a major road-safety problem. It is rarely fully deliberate and usually occurs when a driver tries to go through a yellow light. The present research investigates drivers’ motivations for continuing when the light turns yellow. A survey based on an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB, Ajzen, 1985) was conducted in France on a sample of drivers ( n = 103) with an average age of 35.6 years (range: 18–75). The driver’s characteristics, TPB factors, and some additional factors accounted for a significant part of the variance in the intention to go through a yellow light ( R 2 = 0.73). As for the TPB factors, attitude and the descriptive norm were significant predictors. However, facilitating circumstances were the most predictive of all factors examined. The results are discussed in view of determining how to make drivers less inclined to go through yellow lights.