Yellow Resin Research Articles

A new species of Polylepis (Rosaceae) from Santuario Nacional Pampa Hermosa, Peru

A new species of Polylepis from central Peruvian province of Tarma and present in Santuario Nacional Pampa Hermosa, is described and illustrated. The new species is most similar to Polylepis canoi but differs by its 3-foliate leaves, smaller oblong-lanceolate auriculate and sessile leaflets, shorter petioles with glandular hairs of reddish yellow resin, shorter pendulous axillary inflorescences 8–14 cm long with 6–13 flowers, and higher number of stamens (17–24). On present knowledge, the species has a tiny distribution and is further threatened by land use practices, so that we classify it as critically endangered. This discovery reinforces our understanding of the central Peruvian Andes as a poorly known center of biodiversity and endemism.

Integrative taxonomy led to recognising Clusia reginae (Clusiaceae), a new tree species from the Venezuelan Andes

SummaryClusia reginae (Clusiaceae) is described using an integrative taxonomy approach. Field observations, discriminant analyses of morphological characters and phylogenetic inference based on molecular data led to the recognition of a new species of tree. This new taxon is distinct for having broadly obovate leaves, white petals, bright yellow flower resin and relatively large fruits. Clusia reginae is known from the foothills and valleys of the Venezuelan Andes and is here assessed using IUCN criteria as Vulnerable.

PROPOSED QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF ACRYLIC RESIN PRODUCTS WITH SIX SIGMA (AT PT. XYZ)

PT. XYZ is a manufacturing company that produces various types of resins. One of them is acrylic resin, acrylic resin is the raw material for loading solvent base paints such as those used in the automotive paint manufacturing process. In acrylic resin, defects are usually found such as dirty resin, yellow resin color and rust drum. This study aims to determine the value of the sigma level on acrylic resin products before repair, analyze the factors that cause defects in acrylic resin products and provide suggestions for improvements with the Six Sigma approach. So that defects that occur in acrylic products can be reduced or even eliminated, With a six sigma approach in analyzing and calculating data using the DMAIC concept (define, measure, analyze, improve and control), the total acrylic resin defects in the last six months have an average by 8.94% with a type of gross resin defect of 89.88%, drum rust of 95.80% and yellow resin color of 100.00%. While the average sigma value on acrylic resin before repair was 3.15 with DPMO damage of 81,636 for a million productions. Based on the fishbone diagram, the causes of dirty resin defects, yellow resin color, rust drums are from human factors, materials, machines, methods and the environment. Based on the 5W + 1H method, suggestions can be given to companies in the form of periodic checks on machines, making a schedule for cleaning the production area, holding training or training for employees and carrying out supervision from superiors. Keywords: Quality Control, Six Sigma, DMAIC and 5W+1H 1

Phytochemical Features of <i>Malabaila dasyantha</i> (Apiaceae) Aerial Parts

Malabaila dasyantha (C. Koch) Grossh (Apiaceae) is one of the species widely used in folk medicine. However, scientific research of this species has not been carried out, and almost no information on it is found in academic scientific databases. The new distribution areas of M. dasyantha were discovered in Gadabay district, Azerbaijan. It was determined that the plant belongs to the xerophytic ecological group. The chemical composition of the species was studied, focusing on the isolation and elucidation of phytochemical structures. The aerial parts of Malabaila dasyantha were finely cut and dried at ambient conditions. The mixture of extractive substances was obtained through three consecutive extractions with acetone, each 3 days long. The resulting acetone was filtered and evaporated on a water bath, resulting in a yellow resin with a 7% yield. The resin was then dissolved in CHCl3 and chromatographed over a column of neutral Al2O3 with elution by hexane, hexane + benzene, benzene, benzene + chloroform, chloroform, and chloroform + ethanol, in different ratios. Each fraction had a volume of 100 mL, and the separation and isolation process was carried out using column (silica gel) and thin-layer chromatographic methods. The structural elucidation of the purified compounds was based on infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet, 1H and 13C-NMR data, and compared with those previously reported in the literature. The isolated compounds from the acetone extracts of M. dasyantha were identified as scopoletin (4.3%), oxypencedanin (2.6%), isoimperatorin (3.5%), and columbianetin (2.5%). These findings may have potential applications in the fields of medicine and pharmacology. Further studies are needed to fully explore the potential of these compounds and their therapeutic properties.

The effects of cement thickness and cement shade on the final color of lithium disilicate crowns.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of resin cement color, cement thickness, and thermocycling on the final color of monolithic lithium disilicate crowns. A total of ninety prepared central incisors of typodont teeth were restored with lithium disilicate crowns which have different cement thicknesses (40 µm, 80 µm, and 120 µm) and cement shades (clear, yellow, and white). Color parameters of restorations were measured with a spectrophotometer in three different steps 1) before cementing 2) after cementing and 3) after thermocycling with 10000 cycles. Color differences (ΔE00) were calculated with the CIEDE2000 formula and evaluated according to perceptibility (0.8) and acceptability (1.8) thresholds. The ΔE00 data were analyzed by using two-way ANOVA before and after thermocycling (α = .05). There was no interaction between the cement shade and the cement thickness factors. After cementation, the mean ΔE00 was under the perceptibility threshold in the group of 40 µm cement thickness and clear cement while it was between the perceptibility and acceptability thresholds (0.8 < ΔE00 < 1.8) for all other groups. After thermocycling, the ΔE00 values were between the perceptibility and acceptability thresholds for all experimental groups. Although there were no significant differences among the groups, thermocycling increased the color difference values. The cementation of restorations with clear, yellow, and white resin cements resulted in color differences with uncemented restorations except for the group cemented with clear cement in 40 µm cement thickness. All study groups revealed perceptible color change after thermocycling.

Quantification of cracks in concrete thin sections considering current methods of image analysis.

Image analysis is used in this work to quantify cracks in concrete thin sections via modern image processing. Thin sections were impregnated with a yellow epoxy resin, to increase the contrast between voids and other phases of the concrete. By the means of different steps of pre-processing, machine learning and python scripts, cracks can be quantified in an area of up to 40cm2 . As a result, the crack area, lengths and widths were estimated automatically within a single workflow. Crack patterns caused by freeze-thaw damages were investigated. To compare the inner degradation of the investigated thin sections, the crack density was used. Cracks in the thin sections were measured manually in two different ways for validation of the automatic determined results. On the one hand, the presented work shows that the width of cracks can be determined pixelwise, thus providing the plot of a width distribution. On the other hand, the automatically measured crack length differs in comparison to the manually measured ones.

DNA barcoding of important fruit tree species of agronomic interest in the genus Garcinia L. from the Western Ghats

Garcinia L. is a pantropically distributed genus with high species richness in South East Asia. It is a tropical evergreen plant with distinct morphological characteristics and has a high degree of endemism. Outstanding features of the Garcinia L. genus are monopodial growth, leafy texture, oil cavities containing yellow or light-colored resins present on all parts of the plant and polygamodioecious reproductive behavior. The current study was conducted to develop barcodes for different species of the genus Garcinia L., distributed widely in the Western Ghats of India. We assess the discrimination power of the plant DNA barcode (rbcL, matK, trnH-psbA, rpoB-trnCGAR and ITS), across major Garcinia L. species. Our results clearly demonstrate the value of plastid barcode data, previously unavailable for Garcinia L. species. Ten Garcinia L. species and three outgroup taxa selected from the Western Ghats of India for evaluation using four regions in the plastid genome (rbcL matK, trnH-psbA, rpoB-trnCGAR) and nuclear-transcribed spacer (nrITS) in order to discriminate them at the species level. A characteristic feature of all barcodes, maximum likelihood analysis, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for species discrimination. The number of conserved sites were more using matK primer whereas more variables and informative sites found in rpoB-trnCGAR loci. For internal branches of species-specific clusters, maximum likelihood analysis showed a more resolved topology. Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated a higher divergence for coding and non-coding regions. DNA barcoding was found to be a practical and rapid method for identifying more endemic species. These findings will potentially be helpful in delineating the various species of Garcinia L.

Package structure of polarized white chip-on-board light-emitting diode with high thermal conductivity

The package structure of high power white chip-on-board (COB) light-emitting diode (LED) is investigated. The temperature-dependent performance of the white COB LED combined with a polymeric wire-grid polarizer film (WGF) is optimized. The optimized packaging structure is with a modified phosphor resin layer encapsulated to blue COB LED and an optically transparent plate deposited on the modified phosphor resin layer. The modified phosphor resin comprises a mixture of yellow phosphor and AlN resin for reducing thermal resistance. Results show that the extinction ratio is 83 and the luminous efficacy is 61.4 lm/W at an input power of 8 W for the polarized white COB LED. Without the WGF, the luminous efficacy of the package structure of the COB LED is 90 lm/W.

Intermediate layer-based bonding techniques for polydimethylsiloxane/digital light processing 3D-printed microfluidic devices

There is profound potential in developing novel microfluidic devices by integrating 3D-printed structures with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to reap the advantages. One important aspect of the successful development of such microfluidic devices is to achieve a uniform and strong bond between PDMS and the 3D-printed structure. In this paper, we present the measurement results of the bonding strength between PDMS and digital light processing 3D-printed structures using intermediate layer-based bonding techniques. Five different intermediate layers were investigated: double-sided tape, a PDMS/tape composite, UV glue, (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), and sputter-coated SiO2. A simple burst test structure was designed and fabricated. Out of five available resins from the manufacturer, we chose the yellow resin to compare the bonding strengths with those intermediate layers. The burst test system consisted of a computer-controlled solenoid valve, pressure regulators, and a microscope for inspection. The sputter-coated SiO2 intermediate layer with a thickness of 77 nm demonstrated the highest bonding strength compared to other intermediate layers. The burst pressure with this SiO2 intermediate layer was greater than 436.65 kPa. Furthermore, we measured the burst pressure using the same SiO2 intermediate layer process for two other resins (emerald and black). The burst pressures for these were less than that of the yellow resin. The results indicate that the intermediate layer thickness and oxygen treatment processes have to be optimized for each resin.

Establishing Framework for 3D Printing Porous Rock Models in Curable Resins

Stereolithographic 3D printing is of paramount interest for researchers studying porous media because it is possible to use resins with a wide range of physical and chemical properties. Currently, these properties can be designed and adjusted to model the interaction of solids with fluids occupying the pore space, which is not feasible with natural materials. This ability enables replicating the pore network geometry of natural rocks as well as tuning the wettability of pore network surfaces. This study presents analysis of uncured liquid resins and porous rock models 3D-printed in those resins to establish the accuracy of the stereolithographic 3D printer in repeatedly printing the same pore network, as well as the fidelity of transport properties (e.g., porosity, pore sizes, wettability) to the model design. Viscosity of uncured resins was measured to predict the physical properties of the resulting cured models. A digital model of Fontainebleau sandstone was 3D-printed at three magnifications (15-, 23-, and 30-fold) from the original tomographic volume of 1 mm3 and in six resins (black, gray, clear, white, green, and yellow). The models were validated using the following techniques: helium pycnometry (for porosity); mercury porosimetry (for pore-throat size); and drop shape analyzer (for contact angles). Validation tests showed that green resin had the highest accuracy in replicating the rock’s pore network. White, yellow, and gray resins produced models with moderate accuracy with respect to their transport properties. Black and clear resins had the lowest accuracy and would need further analysis of their physical and chemical properties to be useful in reservoir rock replication.

α-Glucosidase inhibitory caged xanthones from the resin ofGarcinia hanburyi

A yellow resin (gamboge) from Garcinia hanburyi has been widely used as folk medicine due to its antibacterial and antitumor activities. We isolated four α-glucosidase inhibitory compounds from the methanol extract of gamboge. The compounds (1-4) were identified as gambogoic acid (1), moreollic acid (2), gambogic acid (3), and 10-methoxygambogenic acid (4), respectively through spectroscopic data including 2D-NMR and HREIMS. All compounds were examined in the enzyme inhibition assay against α-glucosidase to identify their inhibitory potencies and kinetic behavior. All compounds (1-4) showed enzyme inhibition against α-glucosidase, but the activity was significantly affected by the methoxy group on C-10 of ring A and pentenyl pyran moiety of ring D. For example, compound 1 (IC50 =41.4 μM) bearing pyran ring eight times effective that 4 (IC50 =350.6 μM) having geranyl group itself. Most active compound was found out to be gambogoic acid (1) which was analyzed most abundant metabolite in gamboge by LC-ESI-MS/MS. In kinetic study, compounds 1 and 2 were proved as noncompetitive inhibitors.

Identification of Plant Origin of Propolis from Thailand Stingless Bees by Comparative Analysis

Propolis is a resinous mixture of substances collected by honey bees from certain plants. It has gained popularity as a food and alternative medicine. We recently obtained Thailand stingless bee propolis. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are only a few studies on native Thailand stingless bee propolis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the composition of Thailand stingless bee propolis and to identify its plant origin. Comparative analysis of the 70% ethanol extracts of Thailand stingless bees propolis and the yellow resin from the fruit surface of Garcinia mangostana was performed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution-electrospray mass spectrometry. The extracts showed the similar chromatographic patterns. In conclusion, we suggest that the plant origin of Thailand stingless bee propolis is the yellow resin from fruit surface of G. mangostana.

Rapid Fabrication of Multilayer Microfluidic Devices Using the Liquid Crystal Display-Based Stereolithography 3D Printing System

We present a generalized process to characterize a 3D printer for fabrication of microfluidic devices. With this process, researchers are able to determine the capability of SLA printers for a specific resin. We employed a liquid crystal display (LCD)-based SLA 3D printer to demonstrate the feasibility of the process and applied optimized parameters for fabricating multilayer 3D microfluidic devices. It has been found that the LCD-based SLA 3D printer can support fabrication of microfluidic devices with the features down to 400 μm for in-plane features and 800 μm for vertical and interconnection features. The optimized curing time of the 100-μm-thick layer is 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5 s for yellow, light green, and dark green resins, respectively. The 3D printed flow-focusing droplet generator worked properly and could generate droplets with sizes between 50 and 185 mm2. Taken together, the presented strategy can be used to quantitatively analyze and understand the capabilities of SLA 3D printing systems, which greatly facilitate optimization of device design and fabrication processes.

Two-part silicone mold. A new tool for flexible ureteroscopy surgical training.

ABSTRACTIntroduction and objectives:Flexible ureteroscopy is a common procedure nowadays. Most of the training programs use virtual reality simulators. The aim of this study was to standardize the building of a three-dimensional silicone mold (cavity) of the collecting system, on the basis of polyester resin endocasts, which can be used in surgical training programs.Materials and Methods:A yellow polyester resin was injected into the ureter to fill the collecting system of 24 cadaveric fresh human kidneys. After setting off the resin, the kidneys were immersed in hydrochloric acid until total corrosion of the organic matter was achieved and the collecting system endocasts obtained. The endocasts were used to prepare white color two-part silicone molds, which after endocasts withdrawn, enabled a ureteroscope insertion into the collecting system molds (cavities). Also, the minor calices were painted with different colors in order to map the access to the different caliceal groups. The cost of the materials used in the molds is $30.00 and two days are needed to build them.Results:Flexible ureteroscope could be inserted into all molds and the entire collecting system could be examined. Since some anatomical features, as infundular length, acute angle, and perpendicular minor calices may difficult the access to some minor calices, especially in the lower caliceal group, surgical training in models leads to better surgical results.Conclusions:The two-part silicone mold is feasible, cheap and allows its use for flexible ureteroscopy surgical training.

Protective role of gambogic acid in experimental pulmonary fibrosis in vitro and in vivo

BackgroundIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disorder with poor prognosis. The treatment options for IPF are very limited. Gambogic acid (GA) has anticancer effect and anti-proliferative activity which is extracted from a dried yellow resin of the Garcinia hanburyi Hook.f. [Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)] in Southeast Asia. However, the anti-fibrotic activities of GA have not been previously investigated. MethodsIn this study, the effects of GA on TGF-β1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in A549 cells and endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs), on the proliferation of human lung fibroblasts (HLF-1) were investigated in vitro, and on bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis was investigated in vivo. ResultsIn TGF-β1 stimulated A549 cells, treatment with GA resulted in a reduction of EMT with a decrease in vimentin and p-Smad3 and an increase in E-cadherin instead. In TGF-β1 stimulated HPMECs, treatment with GA resulted in a reduction of EndoMT with a decrease in vimentin, and an increase in VE-cadherin instead. In the hypoxic HPMECs, treatment with GA reduced Vasohibin-2 (VASH-2), whereas increased VASH-1. In TGF-β1 stimulated HLF-1, treatment with GA reduced HLF-1 proliferation with a decrease in platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) expressions. In vivo, treatment with GA for 2 weeks resulted in an amelioration of the BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats with a lower VASH-2. Instead, it was observed a higher VASH-1 expression at early stage of fibrosis at 1mg/kg, with reductions of the pathological score, collagen deposition, α-SMA, PDGF and FGF-2 expressions at fibrotic stage at 0.5mg/kg and 1mg/kg. ConclusionIn summary, GA reversed EMT and EndoMT, as well as HLF-1 proliferation in vitro and prevented pulmonary fibrosis in vivo by modulating VASH-2/VASH-1 and suppressing the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway.

Gambogic acid enhances the radiosensitivity of human esophageal cancer cells by inducing reactive oxygen species via targeting Akt/mTOR pathway

Radiotherapy is a widespread treatment in human solid tumors. However, therapy resistance and poor prognosis are still problems. Gambogic acid (GA), extracted from the dried yellow resin of gamboges, has an anticancer effect against various types of cancer cells. To explore the radiosensitivity of GA on esophageal cancer cell line TE13, cell viability was tested by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, colony formation assay was used to assess the effects of GA on the radiosensitivity of TE13, and flow cytometry was performed to meter the percentage of apoptosis. The protein levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), caspase3, caspase8, casepase9, pAkt, and p-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) were tested using Western blot. The distribution of LC3 was detected by immunofluorescence. Additionally, we also examined reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression by laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). The cells were transfected with adenovial vector to monitor the autophagy through the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP-red fluroscent protein (RFP)-LC3. The rates of apoptotic cells in combined-treated TE13 increased significantly compared with the control groups in accordance with the results of Western blot. The clonogenic survival assay showed that GA enhances radiosensitivity with a sensitizing enhancement ratio (SER) of 1.217 and 1.436 at different concentrations. The LC3-II protein level increased in the combined group indicating the increase of autophagy incidence, and the results of GFP-RFP-LC3 experiment showed that GA may block the process of autophagic flux in TE13 cells. Moreover, we successfully demonstrated that ROS is involved in the induction of autophagy. ROS-mediated autophagy depends on the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Taken together, GA induced radiosensitivity involves autophagy and apoptosis which are regulated by ROS hypergeneration and Akt/mTOR inhibition.

Recipe for de-extinction

Cano had developed and subsequently patented a processfor extracting DNA from organisms trapped in the yellow resin. They extracted fragments of DNA from an ancient, stingless bee and then more extensive samples from a weevil that lived 120 million years ago - almost twice as long ago as the cataclysm that wiped out dinosaur species such as Tyrannosaurus rex. The paper on the recovery of DNA from the weevil appeared in the journal Nature a day after the movie's premiere in Washington DC. It seemed that the idea of bringing long-extinct species back to life might be possible, even if they were only insects. However, attempts to reproduce the original results failed and realisation dawned that the amber samples were hopelessly contaminated - much of it from the DNA of modern bacteria that had either colonised the samples, or had been picked up in the lab itself. The idea of being able to sequence the DNA of a mosquito trapped in amber millions of years ago, let alone any dinosaur DNA rapidly faded.

English

A new macrochemical test using ethanol drops was set up and described here as a safer, quicker and more reliable substitute for the previously used match flame to reveal yellow resin on the pileus of Ganoderma resinaceum, no matter its geographical origin. Four concentrations (30, 70, 90 and 99%) of ethanol (CH3-CH2OH) were tested with distilled water as negative control, as a substitute to the old match flame test in the process of identification of this species. The positive control test was performed on 18 other species of Ganoderma including Ganoderma lucidum. All control tests were negative, ethanol concentrations ranging between 90-99% revealed a ± bright and lasting yellowish resin oozing from the pileus of G. resinaceum. Observations from laboratory cultures showed that in this genus, only mycelium of G. resinaceum so far turns yellowish as earlier established in other studies on strains of the species identified at molecular (ITS-rDNA) level. Therefore, in this very wide genus where the boundaries between numerous species are still poorly circumscribed, the new positive ethanol test combined with the occurrence of yellowish zones in mycelial cultures bring more accuracy in the identification process of G. resinaceum, prior to confirmation by additional taxonomic investigations. Key words: Ganoderma resinaceum, identification process, ethanol, pileus, mycelial culture, yellow resin.

MP28-07 FLEXIBLE URETEROSCOPY TRAINING. NEW TOOL OF TWO-PART SILICONE MOLD (CAVITIES) BASED ON REAL HUMAN KIDNEYS ENDOCASTS

You have accessJournal of UrologyStone Disease: Surgical Therapy II1 Apr 2015MP28-07 FLEXIBLE URETEROSCOPY TRAINING. NEW TOOL OF TWO-PART SILICONE MOLD (CAVITIES) BASED ON REAL HUMAN KIDNEYS ENDOCASTS Bruno Marroig, Marco Pereira Sampaio, Luciano Favorito, and Francisco Sampaio Bruno MarroigBruno Marroig More articles by this author , Marco Pereira SampaioMarco Pereira Sampaio More articles by this author , Luciano FavoritoLuciano Favorito More articles by this author , and Francisco SampaioFrancisco Sampaio More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.1230AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Flexible ureteroscopy is a common procedure nowadays. Most of the training programs use virtual reality simulators. The aim of this study was to standardize the building of a three-dimensional silicone mold (cavity) of the collecting system, based on polyester resin endocasts, which can be used in surgical training programs. METHODS A yellow polyester resin was injected into the ureter to fill the collecting system of 10 cadaveric fresh human kidneys. After setting off the resin, the kidneys were immersed in hydrochloric acid until total corrosion of the organic matter was achieved and the collecting system endocasts obtained. The endocasts were used to prepare white color two-part silicone molds, which after endocasts withdrawn, enabled an ureteroscope insertion into the collecting system molds (cavities). Also, the minor calices were painted with different colors in order to map the access to the different caliceal groups. RESULTS Flexible ureteroscope could be inserted into all molds and the entire collecting system could be examined. Some anatomical features, as infundibular length, acute angle, and perpendicular minor calices would difficult the access to some minor calices, especially in the lower caliceal group. CONCLUSIONS The two-part silicone mold is feasible, cheap and allows its use for flexible ureteroscopy surgical training. By the first time, it is presented a training-model made from actual intra-renal collecting system cavities after endocasts. © 2015 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 193Issue 4SApril 2015Page: e313 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2015 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Bruno Marroig More articles by this author Marco Pereira Sampaio More articles by this author Luciano Favorito More articles by this author Francisco Sampaio More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Apoptosis induction associated with the ER stress response through up-regulation of JNK in HeLa cells by gambogic acid.

BackgroundGambogic acid (GA) was extracted from the dried yellow resin of gamboge (Garcinia hanburyi) which is traditionally used as a coloring material for painting and cloth dying. Gamboge has been also used as a folk medicine for an internal purgative and externally infected wound. We focused on the mechanisms of apoptosis induction by GA through the unfold protein response (ER stress) in HeLa cells.MethodsThe cytotoxic effect of GA against HeLa cells was determined by trypan blue exclusion assay. Markers of ER stress such as XBP-1, GRP78, CHOP, GADD34 and ERdj4 were analyzed by RT-PCR and Real-time RT-PCR. Cell morphological changes and apoptotic proteins were performed by Hoechst33342 staining and Western blotting technique.ResultsOur results indicated a time- and dose-dependent decrease of cell viability by GA. The ER stress induction is determined by the up-regulation of spliced XBP1 mRNA and activated GRP78, CHOP, GADD34 and ERdj4 expression. GA also induced cell morphological changes such as nuclear condensation, membrane blebbing and apoptotic body in Hela cells. Apoptosis cell death detected by increased DR5, caspase-8, −9, and −3 expression as well as increased cleaved-PARP, while decreased Bcl-2 upon GA treatment. In addition, phosphorylated JNK was up-regulated but phosphorylated ERK was down-regulated after exposure to GA.ConclusionsThese results suggest that GA induce apoptosis associated with the ER stress response through up-regulation of p-JNK and down-regulation of p-ERK in HeLa cells.