Yellow Lemons Research Articles

Studies of radioactive minerals and geochemistry of uranium at the granitic rocks of Wadi Um Shillman Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt

The northwestern part of Gabal Um Ara granitic pluton is represents a good example for uranium occurrence in the southeastern desert of Egypt. Among the different lithologies in the study area, the granitic rocks attract attention for more detailed geological, geochemical and radiometrical studies. Um Ara granitic masses cover an oval outline area of about 300 km2, which is characterised by moderate topography. The granitic rocks are classified as monzogranite and alkali feldspar granite. Both of them belong to the post-orogenic younger granite magmatic activity that intruded the Egyptian shield between 620 and 530 Ma. The intrusion of Um Ara monzogranite and alkali feldspar granite appears to have been controlled by deep-seated tectonic zones and block faulting. The studied area lies at southeast of Aswan City between 22ͦ 38′ 12˝–22ͦ 38′ 34˝ N and 33ͦ 47′ 27˝–33ͦ 48′ 14˝ E. Geochemically, the average concentration of the elements in North Um Ara granite shows that the relative abundance decreases gradually with decreasing incompatibility from Rb to Y. The common features are enrichment in more mobile elements Rb, Th and U. The monzogranite shows the lowest U and Th content, whereas the alkali-feldspar shows an enhanced contents of both elements, with average Th/U ratio = 3.0. the alkali-feldspar exhibits an expanded enrichment of Th relative to U. The U of the alkali-feldspar may be included within the structure of the refractory accessory minerals. The northern part of the Um Ara granitoids has subjected to different types of alterations. The radiometric survey of the northwestern part of Gabal Um area granitic pluton revealed the presence of several radioactive anomalies near the contact with the Dokhan volcanic and metavolcanic rocks in the north. Some visible uranium mineralisation of uranium minerals occur mainly along the NW, NE, E-W and N-S joints, of a highly sheared alkali feldspar-granite. Uranophane is visible secondary uranium mineral, characterised by bright yellow lemon colours and occurs mainly as filling fractures and joints associated with violet fluorite, iron and manganese oxides. The radioactive and accessory minerals studying and X-ray diffraction analysis that of the mineralised alkali feldspar-granite granite in the northwestern part of Gabal Um Ara granitic pluton revealed include the presence of fluorite, zircon, columbite, spessartine garnet whereas, the secondary uranium minerals are represented by uranophane, β-uranophane and kasolite. The hydrothermal origin was proposed as two possible alternatives for this uranium mineralisation.

A study of cadmium yellow paints from Joan Miró’s paintings and studio materials preserved at the Fundació Miró Mallorca

The deterioration of cadmium yellow paints in artworks by Joan Miró (1893–1983) and in painting materials from his studios in Mallorca (Spain) was investigated. Analysis of samples from Miró’s paintings and from paint tubes and palettes showed that degraded paints are composed of poorly crystalline cadmium sulfide/zinc cadmium sulfide (CdS/Cd1−xZnxS) with a low percentage of zinc, in an oil binding medium. Cadmium sulfates were identified as the main deterioration products, forming superficial white crusts detected using SR µXANES and µXRD techniques. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements demonstrated that highly degraded samples display a pink/orange emission from the paint surface with a microsecond lifetime, a phenomenon observed in other degraded cadmium yellow paints. In agreement with recent studies on altered cadmium paints, these results suggest that the stability of the paint is related to its manufacturing method, which affects the degree of crystallinity of the resulting pigment. This, together with the environmental conditions in which artworks have been exposed, have induced the degradation of yellow paints in Miró’s artworks. It was finally noted that the paints exhibiting alteration in the analysed Miró artworks have a chemical composition that is very similar to the tube paint ‘Cadmium Yellow Lemon No. 1’ produced by Lucien Lefebvre-Foinet. Indeed, paint tubes from this brand were found in the studio, linking the use of this product with Miro’s degraded artworks.

Essential oil extraction for all: A flexible and modular system for citrus biomass waste

The essential oil industry is a growing sector that generates 5.41 billion USD annually worldwide. Essential oils are widely used in medicine, agriculture, and perfumery. Although there are available systems in the market for domestic essential oil extraction, replacing the entire equipment in case of repair or malfunction can be costly. To address this problem, a pilot-scale essential oil extractor system was developed that operates through hydrodistillation. This system was used to process various citrus wastes such as green and yellow lemons, oranges, grapefruits, and Eucalyptus globulus. A factorial design was performed, and the best conditions were used to extract other biomass residues. GC-MS analysis revealed that the primary compound for orange, grapefruit, and green lemon essential oils is D-imonene, with 95.4%, 95.5%, and 49.2%, respectively. For yellow lemon the primary compound appeared to be D-limonene with 73.0% content, though the GC/MS data were less clear, and for eucalyptus, it is eucalyptol with 71.0%. The estimated production costs were 0.01 USD/mL, 0.04 USD/mL, 0.06 USD/mL, 0.07 USD/mL, and 0.15 USD/mL for orange, grapefruit, green lemon, yellow lemon, and eucalyptus essential oils, respectively. Therefore, the developed system is a competitive option for pilot-scale essential oil extraction.

La culture d'agrumes dans les communautés agricoles chiliennes : Vers un développement durable

Cet article souligne l'importance des agrumes dans les communautés agricoles de la Province de Limarí du point de vue du développement agricole durable dans ces communautés, en soulignant les résultats de l'expérience des cultivateurs ruraux. D'abord, l'état de développement de la culture des agrumes au Chili est décrit. Ensuite, cette activité est traitée dans la perspective des communautés agricoles de Limarí. En troisième lieu, nous analysons une analyse pilote de la culture des agrumes dans la communauté agricole. Ce travail souligne l'attrait que présente le secteur des agrumes pour les communautés agricoles, en particulier la commercialisation du traditionnel citron jaune. Il se penche aussi sur l'implantation de programmes d'éducation agro-environnementale parmi ses habitants pour promouvoir le soin des ressources naturelles comme l'eau et la terre. La croissance et le développement de la culture des agrumes dans les communautés agricoles de Limarí doivent être consistants, avec une analyse de la disponibilité de ces ressources et leur utilisation responsable.

Multi-Factor Causal Disjunctivism: a Nyāya-Informed Account of Perceptual Disjunctivism

Perceptual disjunctivism is a controversial thesis about perception. One familiar characterization of the thesis maintains that there is no common epistemic kind that is present in both veridical and non-veridical cases of perception. For example, the good case, in which one sees a yellow lemon, and the bad case, in which one hallucinates a yellow lemon, share a specific first-person phenomenology, being indistinguishable from the first-person point of view; however, seeing a yellow lemon and hallucinating a yellow lemon do not, according to the disjunctivist, share a common epistemic kind. There are two types of disjunctivism: epistemological vs. metaphysical. John McDowell (1996, 2008, Philosophical Explorations, 13(3), 243–255, 2011, Philosophical Explorations, 16(3), 259–279, 2013) has articulated, refined, and defended one kind of disjunctivism. Tyler Burge (Philosophical Topics, 33(1), 1–78, 2005, Philosophical Explorations, 13(3), 43–80, 2011) has objected to many forms of disjunctivism, arguing that they are all inconsistent with the proximality principle (PP) in the vision sciences. PP requires an ability-general kind in common between relevantly similar perceptual states, such as seeing a yellow lemon and hallucinating a yellow lemon, which disjunctivism denies. Against the background of this debate some analytic epistemologists, such as Michael Martin (Philosophical Studies, 120, 37–89, 2004), Alan Millar (Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 73(1), 176–198, 2007), Berit Brogaard (Philosophical Issues 21-The Epistemology of Perception, 21(1), 46–73, 2011), Duncan Pritchard (2012), and Heather Logue (Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 86(1), 105–133, 2013) remain attracted to some version of disjunctivism. Brogaard and Pritchard each have gone on to articulate and defend a version. Pritchard’s (2012), for example, defends epistemological disjunctivism. Martin, Millar, and Logue, by contrast, have defended the idea that the disjunctivist is right about something, but perhaps not wholly correct about the nature of perception. In what follows, I articulate and defend the view that an interesting kind of disjunctivism is to be found through a reading of the Nyāya School of classical Indian philosophy. I articulate a version of perceptual disjunctivism informed by Nyāya perceptual theory that is not derivable from any single Nyāya philosopher. The view I offer is inspired by work on disjunctivism both in Anglo-analytic philosophy and in Nyāya scholarship, such as by Dasti and Phillips (Philosophy East & West, 60(4), 535–540, 2010), Ganeri (Philosophy East & West, 60(4), 541–550, 2010), Dasti (Philosophy East & West, 62(1), 1–15, 2012), Phillips (2012), Vaidya (Philosophy East and West, 63(4), 562–585, 2013), and Schiller (History of Philosophy Quarterly, 36(1), 1–18, 2019). Importantly, the causal account I offer is distinct from Grice’s (Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 121, 121–152, 1961) single-factor causal theory of perception by crucially involving a multi-factor causal theory of perception. My work on Nyāya perceptual theory derives primarily from Jaysankar Shaw’s (2016a, b, c) account of Nyāya on the sources of knowledge, which is distinct from Stephen Phillips’ well-known (2012) account of Nyāya epistemology. Shaw’s theory has been developed and refined through textual analysis and dialectical engagement with the twentieth century Nyāya Pundit Philosopher, Viśvabandhu Tarkatīrtha. Like other modern Nyāya scholars, such as B. K. Matilal (1992), A. Chakrabarti (Philosophy East and West, 50(1), 1–8, 2010), M. Chadha (2015), J. Ganeri (2011), and S. Phillips (Philosophy East and West, 51(1), 104–113, 2001, 2012), J. Shaw’s account shows how Nyāya epistemology is a living and continuing form of Indian philosophy. My goal here is twofold. On the one hand, I articulate multi-factor causal disjunctivism and show how it can be applied to the McDowell-Burge debate over the viability of disjunctivism and naive realism. On the other hand, I aim to start a cross-cultural epistemological conversation with those that have contributed to the Anglo-analytic debate in anthologies, such as Haddock and Macpherson (2008), Byrne and Logue (2009), and introductions, such as Soteriou (2016). The hope is that a cross-cultural epistemological investigation into disjunctivism will lead to better epistemic theorizing about the nature of perception.

Impact of the starting point chromaticity on memory color matching accuracy.

In this study, the impact of starting point chromaticity and number of observers on memory color matching results was investigated. Matching data were obtained for 3 objects (neutral grey cube, yellow lemon and green apple) under a neutral white and a yellow background illumination. Memory color matchings were made for ten starting points of which eight chromaticities were symmetrically distributed along the hue circle and centered at the equal energy white (EEW) chromaticity of the neutral white background illumination; one starting point at the EEW chromaticity and one with the same chromaticity as the background. The matching track from starting point to the memory matched chromaticity was also recorded. It did not tend to cross over the central region towards the complementary hue, especially for experienced observers. The results also demonstrated a significant starting point bias, whereby the matched chromaticities were biased towards the chromaticity of the starting point. Starting point bias can be minimized by selecting three starting points symmetrically distributed around the expected memory color chromaticity. Furthermore, at least, ten observers are needed to achieve stable results for the grey cube and yellow lemon. For the green apple, the results are less conclusive and around 40 observers would be needed to obtain a stable average estimate for the chromaticity of the memory color. The large inter-observer variation may result from cultural differences or from natural variations in the "green" apple appearance. This study provides a well-founded guidance for future application of the memory color matching method.

Potential application of waste fruit peels (orange, yellow lemon and banana) as wide range natural antimicrobial agent

The antimicrobial potential of three abundantly available fruits peel waste, (orange, yellow lemon and banana) was evaluated on wide range of microorganisms. Three solvents methanol, ethyl acetate, ethanol and distilled water were used for extraction. The resultant extracts were used to test a six gram positive and six gram negative pathogenic bacteria in addition to two microscopic filamentous fungi (MFF) and two yeast species. Presence of trace metals were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and GC-MS Analysis was carried out to find out the total phenolic compounds, which may be responsible for the antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial activity was assessed by the well-bore method, reflected by the diameter of the zones of growth inhibition. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was also determined to confirm the antimicrobial potential of extracts and get quantitative results. Results shows that among the used solvents the extracts exhibited better performance in the order of Distilled water > Methanol > Ethanol > Ethyl acetate which reflects the suitability of solvent for fruit peel extraction. Effectiveness of fruit peel extracts was evaluated and found Yellow lemon > Orange > Banana peel. It was found that gram negative bacteria are more sensitive to the extracts and among them Klebsiella pneumoniae show the highest sensitivity against extract of yellow lemon peel and show the highest zone of inhibition (28 ± 1.4 mm to 3.5 ± 1.3 mm). Similarly, the MIC value was found to be 130 µg/mL which is the least value among other tested microorganisms. This may be attributed to the presence of high concentrations of zinc, magnesium and total phenolic content in the extract of yellow lemon peel. As multidrug resistant strains of microorganisms are emerging and treatment of their infection is becoming difficult with time, infectious diseases are a global cause of increase in death rate. Present study confirms the potential of studied fruit peel waste to be used for therapeutic purpose to combat the multidrug resistant microorganism infection. This will also result in reduction of waste material, reusing it for beneficial purpose in an economical and environmental friendly manner.

Unconscious Familiarity-based Color-Form Binding: Evidence from Visual Extinction.

There is good evidence that early visual processing involves the coding of different features in independent brain regions. A major question, then, is how we see the world in an integrated manner, in which the different features are "bound" together. A standard account of this has been that feature binding depends on attention to the stimulus, which enables only the relevant features to be linked together [Treisman, A., & Gelade, G. A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 97-136, 1980]. Here we test this influential idea by examining whether, in patients showing visual extinction, the processing of otherwise unconscious (extinguished) stimuli is modulated by presenting objects in their correct (familiar) color. Correctly colored objects showed reduced extinction when they had a learned color, and this color matched across the ipsi- and contralesional items (red strawberry + red tomato). In contrast, there was no reduction in extinction under the same conditions when the stimuli were colored incorrectly (blue strawberry + blue tomato; Experiment 1). The result was not due to the speeded identification of a correctly colored ipsilesional item, as there was no benefit from having correctly colored objects in different colors (red strawberry + yellow lemon; Experiment 2). There was also no benefit to extinction from presenting the correct colors in the background of each item (Experiment 3). The data suggest that learned color-form binding can reduce extinction even when color is irrelevant for the task. The result is consistent with preattentive binding of color and shape for familiar stimuli.

Combining Ability Analysis for Horticultural Traits in French Marigold

Background/Objectives: French marigold (T. patula) hardy annual, about 30 cm tall, forming a bushy plants are grown as a loose flower and a garden flower. Four male sterile lines and 18 diverse pollinators as tester were used to produce 72 F1’s. These crosses and parents were evaluated for different ornamental characteristics. Methods/Statistical Analysis: These F1 hybrids along with 22 parental lines were evaluated during the summer (2009) and rainy season (2009) in Randomized Block Design. Highly significant variances for all the traits indicated the sufficient variability was observed in the parental material for all the characters under study. Findings: Among male sterile lines, ms8 (summer season) and ms9 (rainy season) proved good general combiners, while testers Spray Mix -1, Bonita Bolero and Safari Queen were the best general combiners for both the seasons. However, cross combinations viz. ms8 x Hero, ms10 x Hero, ms10 x Cupidon Yellow, ms8 x Double Dwarf Lemon was the best in terms of specific combining ability during the summer. Whereas, during winter the combinations viz. ms9 x French Bonita-3, ms10 x French Bonita-3, ms9 x Bonita Bolero, ms8 x Sunkist and ms9 x French Bonita-2 were best specific combiners. In both the seasons, the ration of σ2 GCA/σ2 SCA was less than unity for all the characters showing the preponderance of dominance variance. Applications: Marigold is especially used for festive occasions, marriages, religious ceremonies, social function and in landscape plans because its having a wide range of attractive colours, shape and size having good keeping quality. Now a days, marigold is used as a source of pigment for poultry feed. Caretonoids is used as poultry feed mix and food colourant. Lutin, is major component of Caretonoid is having therapeutic values. Marigold cultivation controls the nematode population in as well as mosquito repellant products are also being used. The mean sum of square for parentsvs crosses in this study for all the traits during summer and rainy season indicated the presence of heterosis. Thus it is obvious that heterotic effects represent an important resource in hybrid breeding of French marigold.

NEW INSIGHTS ON LIMES AND LEMONS ORIGIN FROM NUCLEAR AND CYTOPLASMIC MARKERS GENOTYPING AND TARGETED NUCLEAR GENE SEQUENCING

It is believed that Citrus medica, C. maxima, C. reticulate and C. micrantha have generated all cultivated citrus species. Depending on the classification, lemons and limes are classified either into two species, C. limon and C. aurantifolia (Swingle and Reece, 1967) or into more than 30 (Tanaka, 1977). In order to study the molecular phylogeny of this citrus group, we analyzed 23 targeted sequenced nuclear genes and used three mitochondrial and five chloroplastic markers for 15 lemons and limes compared with representatives of the four basic taxa. We observed three main groups, each one derived from direct interspecific hybridizations: (1) the Mexican lime group (C. aurantifolia), including C. macrophylla, arising from hybridizations between papeda (C. micrantha) and citron (C. medica); (2) the yellow lemon group (C. limon) that are hybrids between sour orange (C. aurantium, which is believed to be a hybrid between C. maxima and C. reticulata) and citron; and (3) a rootstock lemon/lime group (Rough lemon and Rangpur lime) that are hybrids between an acid mandarin and a citron. We also identified different probable backcrosses and genotypes with more complex origin. None of the analyzed limes and lemons shared the C. medica cytoplasm, while this taxon is the common nuclear contributor of all limes and lemons. Limes and lemons appear to be a very complex citrus varietal group with the contribution of the 4 basic taxa. Neither the Swingle and Reece classification nor the Tanaka fit with the genetic evidence. (Resume d'auteur)

Effect of maturity and storage temperature on the development of peteca in lemons ( Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F.) cv. Eureka

To evaluate the effect of maturity and storage temperature on the development of the physiological disorder peteca, lemons cv. Eureka were harvested from a grove with northern exposure located in Mallarauco (33°45′ Latitude South) Metropolitan Region of Chile, at 2 levels of maturity (silver or yellow). After storage for 60 d at 3 or 7 °C, under 90% R.H., fruits were evaluated visually for incidence of epidermal and subepidermal peteca. At that time, the concentration of galacturonic acid and degree of methylation were measured in the albedo, and calcium, hydrogen peroxides and total oxalate concentrations, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activities were determined in the juice and albedo. Yellow lemons at 3 °C developed more epidermal peteca than fruit stored at 7 °C, and that silver fruit stored at 3 and 7 °C, with these last lemons presenting a higher pectin quality than fruit stored at 3 °C. Maturity and temperature interacted significantly on the concentrations of peroxide and calcium in the albedo, which in average were much higher than in the juice, while for PPO and peroxidases, this interaction was highly significant both in juice and albedo, with higher activity in the albedo. These biochemical evaluations suggest that peteca is a result of some kind of stress on the fruit. It is concluded that yellow lemons are more prone to develop peteca than silver fruit. They will develop greater incidence of the disorder when stored at temperatures as low as 3 °C for 60 d, and that this condition affects the degree of methylation in the albedo, which would end up altering the quality of pectins.

Involvement of Limonene Hydroperoxides Formed after Oil Gland Injury in the Induction of Defense Response against Penicillium digitatum in Lemon Fruit

The effects of wounding oil glands of lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm.] fruit were investigated. Young mature-green lemons demonstrated significantly lower decay incidence than older yellow fruit when their oil glands were punctured in the presence of postharvest wound pathogen Penicillium digitatum Sacc. Contact with the released gland content on the green lemon surface reduced the viability of P. digitatum spores approximately twice. Wounding caused rapid production of limonene hydroperoxides that persisted for only a few minutes. The magnitude depended on the physiological maturity of the fruit; mature-green fruit produced much higher levels than did yellow lemons. Furthermore, wounding of the oil glands or injection of limonene hydroperoxides into the lemon peel elicited the production of the citrus fruit phytoalexins, scoparone and scopoletin, to levels known to be effective in reducing decay caused by P. digitatum. The mature-green fruit produced about twice as much of these phytoalexins as the older yellow fruit. This induced defensive elicitation of phytoalexin production, as well as the direct effects of these antifungal compounds, markedly inhibited the pathogen in mature-green fruits but was ineffective in older yellow ones.

Book Reviews

In 1925, a year central to the concerns of Advertising Tower, the short-lived short story writer Kajii Motojirô published a tale called ‘Lemon’. It has long been considered one the classics of Japanese short fiction. The climax of the story locates the focal character in one embodiment of Western-orientated Japanese modernity – the book section of Tokyo's Maruzen Department Store. The down-at-the-heel narrator has brought with him one shiny yellow lemon. He heaps up an armload of expensive, illustrated art books, sticks the lemon in the pile, and awaits the cataclysm. William O. Gardener has looked back at the decade of the 1920s in Japan in this fascinating, sometimes frustrating, always informative study of how modernism in the arts and literature were generated within Japan's particular experience of cultural, social and political modernity.

EFFECT OF LIGHT SOURCE ON ACCEPTABILITY OF CITRUS FRUITS

ABSTRACTThe effect of three commonly used light sources on the color acceptability of oranges, lemons and limes was investigated. The color of the oranges under incandescent (INC) and metal halide (MH) lights was more preferred (P<0.05), by the panelists than when presented under fluorescent (FL). The main reason was the dull orange color seen under FL light. Relative luminance data, collected via a fiber optic probe connected to a photo diode array, demonstrated the reason to be insufficient red light reflected from oranges presented under FL. The yellow lemons were also preferred more under INC and MH than under FL: the latter resulted in a greenish tinge appearance. The color of the limes was more preferred under INC light than under FL, but preferred equally to the product presented under MH.

Effects of postharvest calcium treatments on respiration and quality attributes in lemon fruit during storage

SummaryThe effects of postharvest calcium (Ca) treatments on respiration and quality attributes in ‘Maglino’ lemons, harvested at the yellow-green or light yellow state, were investigated during storage for up to 60 d. Lemons were immersed in solutions of calcium chloride (CaCl2) at concentrations up to 0.36 M, for 25 min. Weight loss (WL) during storage was not affected by Ca treatment in either colour state of fruit. In yellow-green fruit, Ca treatment prevented decreases in firmness and the highest firmness retention was achieved with 0.09 M CaCl2 after 40 d of storage. However, light yellow fruit did not exhibit changes in firmness in relation to storage time or to Ca treatment. In light yellow lemons, Ca treatment promoted the decreases in carbon dioxide (CO2) production by the fruit and prevented decreases in hue angle values in flavedo, but had no effect on the decreased oxygen (O2) consumption by the fruit, on the decreased L* and increased chroma values in flavedo, and on the unchanged pH values, on the increased ascorbic acid concentration (AA), soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) of juice during storage. Hue angle decreases in flavedo were best prevented with 0.09 M CaCl2.

Control of postharvest decay of citrus fruit with calcium polysulfide

Incidence of green mold of citrus, caused by Penicillium digitatum, was reduced by 80% or more by the immersion of lemons or oranges for 1‐4 min in warm (40.6‐43.3°C) ‘liquid lime-sulfur’ (LLS) solution that contained 0.75% (wt vol 1 ) calcium polysulfide. The incidence of sour rot, caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii, was reduced 35‐70% by this treatment. LLS was similar in effectiveness to other treatments employed to control postharvest decay. Effectiveness was higher on lemons than oranges, and on green compared to yellow lemons. LLS did not stop sporulation, a benefit now obtained with some fungicides. The sulfide content of oranges, lemons, and grapefruit after LLS treatment was 31.9, 33.1, and 36.3 m gg 1 , respectively. Rigorous cleaning of fruit with water applied at high pressure after LLS treatment slightly improved LLS efficacy; conversely, similar cleaning reduces the efficacy of sodium carbonate or borax‐boric acid solutions now in use. The risk of injury to fruit by LLS was low. Fruit of one lemon and five navel orange cultivars were not visibly injured after LLS treatment for 3 min at 40.6°C followed by storage for 7 weeks at 10°C. After LLS treatment at 48.9°C, 5°C higher than needed for effective LLS use, only Lisbon lemons and Bonanza navel oranges were slightly injured. Sulfide concentration in LLS solution declined at a rate of about 7% every 24 h, this rate was similar between 25 and 65°C, and it was accompanied by the appearance of resistant deposits on the equipment. Additional losses would occur when some LLS solution is carried on fruit out of the tank. Although H2S in the air above LLS solution in pilot tests was less than 1 m ll 1 and below the worker safety threshold of 10 m ll 1 , LLS solution has an odor of H2S that can be a nuisance to workers. The disposal of used LLS solutions is more readily accomplished than other tank treatments whose disposal can be difficult because they contain synthetic fungicides, are caustic, or have a high salt concentration. Because LLS improves water penetration in soils and is commonly used for this purpose, in many locations it can be disposed of by application to agricultural soils. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Enhancement of the performance of Candida saitoana by the addition of glycolchitosan for the control of postharvest decay of apple and citrus fruit

At a concentration of 0.025% (w/v) chitosan-chloride inhibited spore germination of Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, and Candida saitoana. In contrast, at 0.5% (w/v) glycolchitosan inhibited spore germination of B. cinerea and P. expansum, but not the growth of C. saitoana in vitro or in apple wounds. The combination of C. saitoana with 0.2% glycolchitosan was more effective in controlling gray and blue mold of apple caused by B. cinerea and P. expansum, respectively, and green mold of oranges and lemons caused by P. digitatum than C. saitoana or 0.2% glycolchitosan alone. The level of control was similar to that obtained with the fungicide imazalil on oranges and lemons. C. saitoana in combination with 0.2% glycolchitosan reduced green mold incidence equally on light green and yellow lemons, while C. saitoana was more effective on light green lemons than on yellow lemons. When applied as a pretreatment, sodium carbonate enhanced the efficacy of all treatments tested against green mold with the greatest effect on light green lemons. Of the treatments tested, pretreatment with sodium carbonate followed by the combination of C. saitoana with 0.2% glycolchitosan was the most effective in controlling green mold of both light green and yellow lemons.

Postharvest conditioning temperatures and fruit maturity on flavedo soluble sugars of coastal and desert lemons

SummaryThe content and changes in flavedo soluble sugars of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. of different maturity derived from coastal and desert climatic regions to two postharvest conditioning temperatures of 158C and 108C were determined. Conditioning caused significant changes of flavedo soluble sugars in lemons of the two geographic areas. Raffinose level increased with duration of conditioning in both desert and coastal lemons and was slightly higher at 108C than at 158C conditioning. The flavedo sucrose content of green coastal lemons was greater than silver or yellow lemons and increased significantly in silver and yellow lemons after conditioning for 3 d at 158Cor108C, but declined significantly in all maturity classes to a low level with conditioning of more than 3 d. In contrast, the flavedo sucrose content of green and yellow desert lemons was 2.8–fold and 1.7–fold greater, respectively, than comparable coastal lemon flavedo, with the green lemon flavedo showing a significant gradual decrease with increasing duration of conditioning at 158C and 108C, but not in yellow lemon flavedo. The flavedo glucose and fructose contents of desert lemons remained relatively unchanged with conditioning at 158C and 108C, but their contents in yellow, silver and green coastal lemon flavedo increased after prolonged conditioning. The flavedo fructose content of yellow coastal lemons was significantly greater than green lemons, but there was no difference in flavedo fructose content of green and yellow desert lemons. The observed alteration of flavedo soluble sugars associated with conditioning provided an insight of cellular response to temperature, and emphasized the importance of climatic origin on lemon flavedo sugar composition.

Conditioning and heat treatments influence flavedo soluble sugars of lemon

SummaryThe changes in flavedo soluble sugars of lemon, Citrus limon (L.) Burm. cv. Eureka, to conditioning and heat treatment were determined. Raffinose significantly increased with 3–6 d conditioning at 15·C with 85% relative humidity but sucrose significantly decreased in flavedo of lemons after 6 d of conditioning. Glucose and fructose contents were not altered significantly. Heat treatment of lemons at 55·C for 5 min significantly increased sucrose content of flavedo, but the raffinose content was unaffected while glucose and fructose contents decreased slightly. The content of fructose in green lemon flavedo was significantly lower than in yellow lemon flavedo, but the content of glucose, sucrose and raffinose tended to be slightly higher. The probable involvement of soluble sugars of lemon flavedo in moderating stress and in protecting cellular membranes from temperature extremes and desiccation is discussed.

718 PB 426 PHYTOTOXICITY OF METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION TO CITRUS FRUIT PACKED IN SHIPPING BOXES

Commercially packed lemons (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.), grapefruit (C. paradisi Macfayden) and oranges (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck) from CA and AZ were fumigated in corrugated fiberboard shipping boxes with methyl bromide (MB) at doses efficacious for controlling various postharvest insect pests. Fruit developed no rind injury when fumigated at 24 or 32 g MB/m3 for 2 hr at 21C. At 40 g MB fruit developed slight to moderate peel injury, and sometimes there were more decayed fruit. More rind injury developed at 48 gm MB, the injury was more severe, and there were more decays. Curing fruit for 3-4 days at 15-20C before fumigation, and extending the aeration period after fumigation from a few hours to 1 or 3 days reduced fruit injury. Early-season fruit were not injured as severely as late-season fruit. Lemons picked with green-colored peel but fumigated after they turned yellow (by holding at 13C for 4-10 weeks to degreen) were not injured as much as silver or yellow lemons.