Yellow Food Dye Research Articles

Comparison of the natural and surfactant-modified zeolites in the adsorption efficiency of sunset yellow food dye from aqueous solutions

The removal of Sunset Yellow (E110) on natural zeolite and zeolite modified with the cationic surfactant cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) was studied using the adsorption method. The structural characteristics of the surfactant-modified zeolite (SMZ-CPC) were investigated using X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The effect of different parameters on the adsorption process, such as equilibration time and amount of adsorbent at 298 K, were determined using UV–Vis spectroscopy. The maximum dye removal percentage on SMZ-CPC was obtained with 0.08 g of adsorbent in 30 min. The results show that the zeolite modified with CPC surfactant (SMZ) has a higher adsorption capacity for Sunset Yellow than the unmodified zeolite (natural form). The experimental adsorption data were nonlinearly analyzed using isotherm equations such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Langmuir-Freundlich (or Sips), and Extended Langmuir (EL). The experimental data were better fitted with the Sips isotherm. The adsorption kinetic data were analyzed using eight models in nonlinear forms: the pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), integrated kinetic Langmuir (IKL), Elovich, intraparticle diffusion (IPD), mixed order rate equation (MOE), fractal-like pseudo-first-order (FL-PFO) and fractal-like pseudo-second-order (FL-PSO). According to the results of the coefficient of determination (R2), Elovich kinetic model well expressed E110 adsorption onto SMZ-CPC. Most of the dye removal takes place in less than 5 min and the maximum adsorption capacity is 5.06 mg/g. The results of this study show that zeolite modified with cationic surfactant is an effective adsorbent for removal anionic dyes from an aqueous solution.

Photodegradation and kinetics studies of food dyes by advanced oxidative processes

In this research, the advanced oxidative processe (AOP), Photo-Fenton was applied and kinetics studies were realized by the photodegradation of bright blue FCF, ponceau 4R red and tartrazine yellow food dyes. The AOP Photo-Fenton (combining iron/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 36% v/v) /ultraviolet (UV) light, processes were studied. The reaction time, concentration and time of exposure to UV light were evaluated for the food dyes described with both AOP. The results exhibited good effectiveness by Photo-Fenton in the photodegradation of bright blue FCF, ponceau 4R red and tartrazine yellow food dyes. The Photo-Fenton (Fe/H2O2/UV light) exposed high photodegradation in shorter reaction time for all food dyes studied. The kinetics studies performed from the photodegradation food dyes data, showed exponential behavior of the concentration as a function of time, given the first-order exponential with good correlation coefficient, R2 = 0,99 for bright blue FCF, ponceau 4R red and tartrazine yellow food dyes. Thus, we can highlight that the Photo-Fenton stand out as an important methodology for treating industrial effluents containing food dyes, combining the advantages of ease, effectiveness and low cost in the process.

Efficient removal of Sunset yellow food dye from aqueous environment using bimetal-organic frameworks encapsulated with chitosan: Synthesis, characterization, adsorption analysis, and optimization

In this work, the adsorbent Sunset yellow (SSY) dye, a hazardous food colorant, was to be removed from aqueous solutions using lanthanum/silver bimetal-organic frameworks (La/Ag-MOF) encapsulated onto chitosan (La/Ag-MOF@CS). According to the findings, La/Ag-MOF@CS is a successful adsorbent for removing SSY dye from water. Numerous tests, such as FT-IR, PXRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, and BET analysis, studies of the material’s characteristics were carried out. A substantial pore volume of 1.683 cm3/g and a high surface area of 842 m2/g were found in the data, suggesting the possibility of a high adsorption capacity. The study of surface charge showed that a positive charge below the point of zero charge (pH 6) and a negative charge above it had an impact on the adsorption behavior. The maximal SSY dye adsorption onto La/Ag-MOF@CS was found to reach 443.53 mg.g−1. Pseudo-second-order kinetic models were used to clarify the reaction’s kinetics, and the Langmuir isotherm model, demonstrated a chemisorption process. The adsorption process utilizing the adsorbent La/Ag-MOF@CS is anticipated to have endothermic and spontaneous nature. The synthetic La/Ag-MOF@CS adsorbent showed exceptional flexibility and cyclability, successfully completing up to eight adsorption–desorption cycles. In order to maximize the adsorption results, the Box-Behnken Design was utilized, demonstrating how La/Ag-MOF@CS may be applied to address real-world wastewater treatment challenges in a sustainable and useful way.

Mixing phenomena in circular and rectangular cross-sectional T-mixers: Experimental and numerical assessment

In the present work, the mixing performance of square and circular cross-sectional millimetre-sized T-mixers was experimentally and numerically investigated. The pure dilution of non-reacting species (blue and yellow food dyes) and the chemical reaction of two-coloured reactants (i.e., strong acid and strong base with a pH indicator) were captured experimentally by adopting a low-cost colorimetric digital image analysis technique. Turbulence was modelled by k − ε model coupled with the β-PDF approach to account for turbulence-chemistry interactions. The circular cross-sectional T-mixer showed better mixing efficiency than the square one. Moreover, an even larger mixing performances were obtained by setting unbalanced fluid flow rates. To exploit the low computational demanding k − ε model, the Cε2 parameter was tuned, showing good reliability in describing the phenomena in the mixers. Mixing time estimations were based on both time averages and instantaneous quantities, and some possible limits of the approaches commonly adopted in the literature were identified.

Effect of edible dyes on value addition and post-harvest life of tuberose spikes

Tuberose is one of the most imperative bulbous crops with white fragrant florets, used for loose as well as cut flowers. All the commercial varieties have white colour flower only which is limiting factor in its popularity and marketing. By using edible dyes this issue may be solved for getting higher price in market as well as consumers satisfaction. An investigation was carried out to study the effect of food dyes on value addition and post harvest life of cut spikes of tuberose cv. Local Double in completely randomized design with factorial concept consisting thirty-six treatment combinations and one absolute control. Different treatments of food dyes and immersion time considerably induced colour in tuberose spikes without affecting postharvest life. The results revealed that 4% lemon yellow food dye with one hour immersion of tuberose cut spikes was found best in improving vase life (6.02 days), floret diameter (3.29 cm), opening of florets (49.66%) and visual appearance with minimum physiological loss in weight (16.91 % and 34.04 % at second and fourth day, respectively). Tinted tuberose cut spikes aids higher net return than white flowers, which will benefit farmers in fetching good prices.

O103 Digital light processing 3D printed collagen/PEGDA hydrogel for regenerative medicine

Abstract Introduction Digital light processing represents a rapid approach to constructing 3D structures with superior resolution. However, it imposes demanding requirements on the properties of bioink. Methacrylated gelatin has long been the major option but results in limited mechanical properties. The development of collagen-based bioinks provides a wider stiffness tuning range, native bioactivities, and versatility in regenerative medicine applications. Methods Purified collagen solution was obtained via enzymolysis and ultrafiltration, then went through methacrylation. The photo-crosslinkable bioink comprises methacrylated collagen, PEGDA, acetic acid, yellow food dye, and photoinitiator LAP. The 3D structures were fabricated utilising a commercial digital light processing printer with 405 nm visible light. Results The collagen/PEGDA bioink showed translucent and low viscosity suitable for digital light processing printing. The printed scaffolds reached a compressive modulus of ∼100 kPa with 0.6 wt% collagen. Sharp-edged and fine structures (∼250 μm) were obtained via printing. The hydrogels show tuneable mechanical properties and flexibility in post processing. A series of structures were fabricated to test the printability, including ear, nose, osteons, microfluidic pads, and porous scaffolds. Aligned micro structures (∼50 μm) of dehydrated scaffold were also achieved via directional freezing. Moreover, the scaffolds could be further stiffened by immersing into the mineralisation solution, to mimic nanocomposite ECM of native bone. The hydrogels exhibited low cytotoxicity and supported the attachment and proliferation of 3T3 fibroblasts. Conclusion The collagen/PEGDA bioink was fabricated for the digital light processing technique. It is capable of being printed into high-resolution structures with tuneable properties for various tissue regeneration applications.

Effects of Aromatherapy Through Inhalation on Work Stress and Job Satisfaction Among Health Professionals.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of lavender oil inhalation on work stress and job satisfaction among health professionals. This randomized, experimental study involved 108 health professionals, of whom 36 were randomized into the intervention group, 35 into the placebo group, and 37 into the control group. The intervention was performed during work shifts of the intervention group (8 hours a day during a 5-day period). The intervention group was exposed to lavender oil inhalation through a diffuser and the placebo group was exposed to inhalation of distilled water containing light yellow food dye, but the control group did not receive anything. Data were collected with General Characteristics Form, The Swedish Demand-Control-Support Questionnaire, and The Minnesota Satisfaction Scale. The study was also registered at the Australia-New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621000239864). Before the intervention, no significant difference was found in work stress and job satisfaction levels between the intervention, placebo, and control groups. After the intervention, the intervention group had a significantly lower work stress level and a significantly higher job satisfaction level than the placebo and control groups (P < .05). Lavender oil inhalation can decrease work stress and improve job satisfaction.

Boosting redox cycle and increased active oxygen species via decoration of LaMnO3 spheres with CeO2 flowers to promote Fenton-like catalytic degradation of various organic contaminants

In this work, CeO2/LaMnO3 heterojunction was constructed via decoration of LaMnO3 spheres with CeO2 flowers via applying hydrothermal technique. The structural, composition and optical features of the as-obtained samples were systematically characterized by scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence spectroscopy techniques. The characterizations revealed that the formation of heterojunction catalyst with the crystal phases of LaMnO3 and CeO2 materials. The presence of Ce3+ and Ce4+ oxidation states was also confirmed which assisted the redox cycle in Fenton-like photocatalytic reaction. The photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared catalysts were investigated for photodegradation of sunset yellow food dye under peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-activated visible light system. As expected, compared to bare LaMnO3 (51% degradation), the CeO2/LaMnO3 heterojunction displayed boosted the photocatalytic performance (96.8% degradation). Such an enhancement was mainly attributed to the formation of p-n heterojunction, which supressed the recombination rate and facilitated the charge transfer efficiency. Radical trapping tests demonstrated the degradation mechanism in which the superoxide and sulphate radicals were found as active substances in the reaction. The proposed CeO2@LaMnO3/Vis/PMS catalytic system exhibited well degradation performance towards other dye and antibiotic molecules. This work provides an important reference for the development of heterojunction materials in Fenton-like photocatalytic systems for eliminating different kinds of pollutants in wastewater.

SPECTRAL AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISATION OF THE YELLOW FOOD DYE FROM SAFFLOWER

Recently, an increasingly trend of public concern for the food safety is observed. Use of additives in food industry growing steadily. Present study deals with separation and identification of compounds from Yellow Food Dye from Safflower (YFDS). Spectral and chromatographic characteristics of YFDS were obtained and discussed. Dry powders and solutions of YFDS were examined using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), UV-Vis spectroscopy and reversed-phase HPLC. TLC was carried out in three systems I (HCl 0.1 M), II (aqua 50%, ethanol 45%, citric acid 5%) and III (water, butan-1-ol, acetic acid). Spectral determinations in the range of 200 to 600 nm were carried out at various pH values. HPLC method was carried out by the gradient elution technique. Chromatographic method showed that it is impossible to separate and to identify the components of the YFDS by paper chromatography. UV-Vis Spectra demonstrated that the most successful interval for the practical use of YFDS is in the pH range of pH = 4…5, since in this range the coloration activity of dyes is maximal. HPLC method demonstrated that YFDS-compounds corresponds to the composition of dry Safflower petals, which confirms its high biological activity. Powdered yellow pigment from Safflower petals is containing natural chalcones and can be successfully used in the dairy producing.

Exploring the adsorption efficiency of a novel cellulosic material for removal of food dye from water

A cellulosic nanoadsorbent was developed from the fruit coat of a forest tree named, Kendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) to remove tartrazine dye, popularly known as the yellow dye, from the aqueous solution. The proximate and mineral content of the cellulosic nanoadsorbent were analyzed by AOAC methods, and it was further characterized by different analytical techniques. The X-ray diffraction studies established the cellulose I polymorph structure of the bionanomaterial. The appearance of the inherent peak of the cellulose in the fingerprint region of the Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the absence of the lignin and hemicellulose peaks in the FTIR spectrum supported the formation of the cellulosic nanocrystal. The analysis of the morphology of the crystal through Transmission electron microscopy envisaged the spherical nature of the crystal with a particle size of around 36 nm. The optimal adsorption of the yellow dye was achieved when the pH and temperature of the solution, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and stirring speed were 6.0, 60 oC, 80 mg L−1, 10 mg L−1, and 200 rpm, respectively. The nanocrystals could remove more than 95% of the dye, whereas virgin Kendu fruit coat powder could remove around 75% of the dye. The adsorption was spontaneous and followed second-order kinetics. The adsorption data were assessed for the Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, Elovich, Intraparticle diffusion, and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption isotherm models. The adsorption of the dye onto the nanocrystal occurred through both polar and nonpolar interactions. The overall study indicated that the Kendu fruit coat could be a cost-effective natural bioresource for the synthesis of an adsorbent that could remove the yellow food dye from the aqueous solution proficiently.

Synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon dots from spices for determination of sunset yellow in beverages

Sunset yellow is synthetic azo dye used to color food products in food industry. Sunset yellow has no toxicity if taken in permissible amounts. The daily acceptable intake of dye is 2.5 mg/Kg as per WHO health guidelines. Above the permissible limit, sunset yellow dye is dangerous posing serious threat to human health worldwide leading to multiorgan (gastric, immunological, neurological) failure related symptoms especially in children can cause DNA damage. Other symptoms include ADHD like behavior in children. This has led to Food Safety Agencies to regulate permissible limit of sunset yellow in food products. Therefore, it is necessary to develop method for the removal of dye in different foodstuffs. Nano-sized fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) have been synthesized from spices (fenugreek, cloves and cumin) under hydrothermal conditions. Characterization has been done through UV–Vis, TEM, FT-IR and XRD spectroscopy. Results reveals that CDs possess high water solubility due to surface rich hydroxyl groups, excellent photo-stability and are non-toxic. There was strong quenching of fluorescence intensity (F0/F) of CDs in the presence of sunset yellow food dye. Further, there was no effect to fluorescence intensity with the presence of interferences. The linear concentration range obtained was 0.25 µM-60.0 µM with the detection limit of 0.20 µM. The calculated relative standard deviation (RSD) for determination of sunset yellow was found to be 0.21%. The present method was applied successfully for the determination of sunset yellow dye in various food samples with recovery values of 99.8 and 103.6%.

Steam-activated carbon from malt bagasse: Optimization of preparation conditions and adsorption studies of sunset yellow food dye

In this work the malt bagasse was used as precursor for preparation of activated carbon (AC) via physical activation with steam. The variables involved in the preparation process as temperature and time of activation, and steam flow, were evaluated and optimized from rotatable central composite design, response surface methodology and desirability function. The variables showed significant effects on the responses BET surface area (SBET) and yield of the AC. The activated carbon obtained in the optimal conditions (ACMop) of temperature 841 °C, time 82 min and steam flow 164 cm3 min−1, showed SBET of 917 m2 g−1 and yield 9.45%, in addition to surface acid groups and pHpzc 3.92. The ACMop was applied in the adsorption of food dye sunset yellow (SY) from the aqueous solution, showing fast adsorption kinetics and the adsorption equilibrium around the 240 min. The kinetic data were better described by Elovich model, while the fit of Weber and Morris model showed that intraparticle diffusion is not the rate-limiting step. The Redlich-Peterson isotherm model was that better fitted to experimental data, being that the g parameter near to 1 suggested the Langmuir assumptions as the more suitable to describe the adsorption of SY onto ACMop. Additionally, monolayer adsorption capacity of ACMop was found to be 199.7 mg g−1 at temperature of 55 °C. The thermodynamic study showed the spontaneity of adsorption process, with increase of randomness on the solid/liquid interface, nevertheless occurring from an endothermic process.

Chitosan-coated sand and its application in a fixed-bed column to remove dyes in simple, binary, and real systems.

Adsorption of tartrazine yellow food dye, in a fixed-bed column, was carried out using a single system, a binary system (in the presence of sunset yellow food dye), and in a real effluent provides from an ice cream industry. Chitosan was used to coat sand particles by the dip-coating technique, and these particles were applied in fixed-bed adsorption. The assays were performed in flow rates of 3mLmin-1 and 5mLmin-1. The best performance was reached at 3mLmin-1. In this flow rate, for single and binary systems, the breakthrough time was 95min and 65min, and the maximum capacity of the column was around 595mgg-1 and 497mgg-1, respectively. In the assay conducted with the real effluent, the breakthrough time was 10min, and the maximum adsorption capacity of the column was reduced to 191mgg-1 for tartrazine dye. The dynamic models of Thomas and Yoon-Nelson were used, and both were suitable to represent the breakthrough curves.

Toxicological and ecotoxicological aspects of tartrazine yellow food dye: a literature review

The use of the tartrazine yellow additive in food products for human consumption is permitted within the acceptable daily intake of 7.5 mg/kg of body weight per day (following the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives standards). However, studies have described this as a toxic compo-nent. The dye, which is intensively used in the industry and commerce, enters the aquatic environ-ment through releases of non-treated or inadequately treated effluents; however, further ecotoxico-logical research is needed. We addressed studies reporting the toxic effects of the exposure to this dye developed in humans, guinea pigs, and Danio rerio (a fish with molecular bases and genomes similar to humans). Based on this review, the doses allowed for acceptable daily intake, or even lower, toxic effects, can be evidenced for different organisms, life stages, and tested times. The re-ported values may not be protective to aquatic life. In a paper about the exposure of D. rerio from embryos to larvae kept at values lower than 0.05 and 0.5 g.L-1 for pure and commercial tartrazine, there was ecotoxicological effect for embryos and larvae 48 hours after hatching, which implied cardiac edema, changes in the yolk sac, scoliosis, and tail distortions.

Some observations on the genotoxicity of the yellow food dye in Allium cepa meristematic cells

Some observations on the genotoxicity of the yellow food dye in Allium cepa meristematic cells

Low-cost fabrication and performance testing of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micromixers using an improved print-and-Peel (PAP) method

The research presents different configurations of microfluidic mixers made from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fabricated using an improved, low-cost print-and-peel (PAP) method. Processes, such as mixing, operated in the micro scale allow decreased equipment size-to-production capacity ratio and decreased energy consumption per unit product. In the study, saturated solutions of blue and yellow food dyes were introduced inside the channels using a LEGO® improvised microsyringe pump. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the average depth of the fabricated micromixers which was found to be around 14 ¼m. The flows were observed and images were taken using a light microscope. The color intensities of the images were then measured using MATLAB®. From the relationship between color intensity and concentration, the mixing indices were calculated and found to be 0.9435 to 0.9941, which falls within the standard mixing index range (0.8 – 1.0) regardless of the flow rate and the configuration of the micromixer as verified through the two-way ANOVA. From the cost analysis, the cost of the device fabricated in this study is a hundred-fold less than expenses from standard fabrication procedures. Hence, the fabricated device provides an alternative for micromixers produced from expensive and conventional lithographic methods.

THE ACID-BASE AND CHROMATICITY CHARACTE RISTICS OF FOOD DYE «SUNSET YELLOW FCF»

The acid-base properties of yellow food dye E110 «Sunset Yellow FCF» was studied by chemical chromaticity, spectrophotometric and potentiometric methods in aqueous solutions and identified relevant ionization constants. A probable scheme of dye functional-analytical groups’ dissociation and equilibrium its forms distribution diagram depending on the mediums acidity were proposed. The main spectrophotometric and colorimetric characteristics of the reagent individual forms were calculated.

A Kool Reaction from the Fine Print

Food and other consumer products are chemicals, too. Ignoring warnings, implied warnings, or fine-print instructions on consumer product labels may change the products. The Kool-Aid soft drink mix package states Do not store in a metal container. Why? In this activity, students investigate the reduction of artificial food dyes by citric acid-promoted oxidation of a metal (iron) in the form of fine or coarse steel wool. The artificial red and yellow food dyes present in the beverage contain azo linkages (nitrogen–nitrogen double bonds) that are readily reduced to colorless products under mild reducing conditions. Citric acid, which provides tart flavor in the drink, reacts with iron to create the mild reducing conditions. Comparing the reaction times for equal masses of fine and coarse steel wool allows the faster reaction time of the fine steel wool (with more exposed iron atoms) to be observed.

Methodology for rapid tritium determination in urine

The present work proposes a methodology for a rapid determina­tion of the tritium content in urine. The urine is treated with active carbon and tritium is determined by liquid scintillation counting. Different kinds of active carbon were experimented for the metabolites removal from urine samples. The counting efficiency was calculated by a quench curve using yellow food dye as a quenching agent. It was obtained a procedure which maintained a good reproducibility, low uncertainty and detection limit of 7 Bq/l (10 ml of urine, 120 minutes of counting time and efficiency of 23.9%).

Curry Inhibits Alzheimer-Like Plaque, in Mice

Curcumin is the active component of the spice turmeric, a widely consumed ingredient of yellow curry and yellow food dyes. Curcumin has long been noted