Years Of Age In Mexico Research Articles

Overweight and obesity in children aged 5-11 years in Mexico - Why is necessary an interdisciplinary approach?

overweight and obesity in children are serious public health problems in Mexico. to analyze the behavior of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children from 5 to 11 years of age and to present projections on the prevalence for the period 2022-2026. ecological and retrospective study whose units of analysis were groups of children of Mexico with overweight and obesity in the period 1999-2021, according to information collected from six National Health and Nutrition Surveys. For the projections the classical method of least squares was used, for a trend analysis of both conditions for the period 2022-2026. Overweight in girls and obesity in boys shows a high prevalence in the period 1999-2021, even though the trend analysis for the period 2022-2026 shows a slight decrease in overweight for the group of boys and a slight increase in overweight for girls, as well in obesity for both groups. due to the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in children from 5 to 11 years of age in Mexico, an interdisciplinary approach is required to identify which dimensions (biochemical, psychological, interpersonal and social) participate in the problem, considering three environments contributing for psychological and social development of children, the ecological-social, the family and the school.

Mexican consensus on cow's milk protein allergy.

The aim of this study is to present the current views of a diverse group of experts on the diagnosis and treatment of Cow's Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) in children under 2 years of age in Mexico. The study, led by a scientific committee of five experts in CMPA, was divided into six phases, including a modified Delphi process. A total of 20 panelists, all of whom were pediatric specialists, participated in administering a comprehensive 38-item questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into two blocks: Diagnosis and Treatment (20 items each). Consensus was reached on all the proposed items, with an agreement rate of over 70% for each of them. As a result, a diagnostic and treatment algorithm was developed that emphasized the reduction of unnecessary diagnostic studies and encouraged breastfeeding whenever possible. In cases where breast milk is not available, appropriate use of hypoallergenic formulas was recommended. In addition, recommendations on treatment duration and gradual reintroduction of cow's milk protein were provided. The recommendations endorsed by 20 Mexican pediatricians through this study are applicable to everyday clinical practice, thereby enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of children under 2 years of age with CMPA. This, in turn, will foster improved health outcomes and optimize the utilization of healthcare resources.

Association Between Precarious Employment and Disability in Adults Over 50 Years of Age in Mexico

BackgroundThe risk of disability increases when workers perform a precarious job, in unsafe conditions and without social benefits or any type of contract. The objective of the study was to identify the relationship between exposure to unstable employment and the prevalence of disability in men and women over 50 years of age. MethodsSecondary analysis of the 2018 round of the National Survey on Health and Aging (ENASEM). A precarious employment variable was constructed using historical information on the main job; work activities were classified as cognitive or manual. Disability was assessed by limitations in performing the basic and essential activities of daily living. Bivariate analyses and a logistic regression model were conducted and stratified by sex to assess the association between employment and disability. An interaction between precarious employment and manual labor was calculated and adjusted for schooling and economic situation. ResultsThe final sample consisted of 3480 adults over the age of 50. Fifty-eight percent of the population was classified as having had precarious employment throughout their working life. Associations were found between precarious employment and disability in women (OR 2.92, 95% CI: 1.33–18.87), as well as marginally significant associations with manual activities (OR 2.92, 95% CI: 0.99–8.59), and for the interaction between precarious employment and manual labor (OR 4.01, 95% CI: 0.96–16.61). ConclusionDisability is associated with precarious working conditions, especially in women.

Multidimensional Child Poverty from the Child Rights-Based Approach: A Latent Class Analysis to Estimating Child Poverty Groups in Mexico.

The study aims at estimating multidimensional poverty groups among children under five years of age in Mexico. Our analysis is based upon the framework on the Rights of the Child. For this purpose, we focus on identifying different types of child deprivation and the various risk factors that determine child poverty in Mexico, such as the type of locality, ethnicity and the region of Mexico where children live, among others. The study is based on the theoretical notion that children must realize their specific rights, established in the Mexican legal framework, in order to achieve an adequate standard of living and guarantee the well-being and development of children. For this reason, child development has been included as one of the analytical dimensions of poverty, because this has been often discarded in child poverty studies. We support the idea that any violation of social rights means deprivation. The method applied in this research is a conditional latent class analysis and we use covariates which have helped for better predicting the average probabilities of experiencing deprivations in each latent class. Thus, the main objective of the study is to identify groups of children experiencing extreme, moderate and no poverty. The results show that children under five years in Mexico, belonging to the poorest stratum have represented about twenty percent; however, fifty percent of them have experienced moderate poverty and only thirty percent are non-poor. We conclude that universal and targeted policies should be implemented to eradicate multidimensional child poverty.

Trends in Mortality by HIV/AIDS in Children in Mexico: Towards the Elimination of Mother-To-Child Transmission

To examine mortality trends in children under 15 years of age due to HIV/AIDS in Mexico and describe their differences by insurance coverage. Time series analysis of deaths from 1990-2019 through a Bayesian poisson regression model with linear splines and knots in 1994, 1997, and 2003. Overall, we observed a reduction in the mortality rate due to HIV from 2003 onwards, except in the group of 10-14 years. In the population covered with Social Security, mortality rates decreased in all age groups. However, in the group without Social Security or with Popular Security (subsidized system), mortality rates significantly decreased only for children below 5 years. of age. Health insurance through the contributory system is associated with faster and larger reductions in HIV related infant mortality. Universal access to health insurance was not sufficient to close the gap in HIV-mortality among children under 15 years of age in Mexico.

Escherichia coli enterotoxigénica y enteroagregativa: prevalencia, patogénesis y modelos múridos.

Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) pathotypes are important etiological agents causative of diarrhea in children younger than 5 years of age in Mexico and in developing countries, where they cause numerous deaths. Both have been associated with delayed growth in children and are the main causative agents of traveler's diarrhea. The pathogenesis of both bacteria starts by adhering to the intestinal epithelium by means of fimbriae, called colonization factors in human ETEC isolates and aggregative adherence fimbriae in EAEC isolates. Once ETEC adheres to the enterocyte, it produces one or both of its toxins and induces the secretion of chloride and sodium ions and water into the intestinal lumen, producing its characteristic watery diarrhea. EAEC binds to the intestinal epithelium forming a biofilm, induces the production of mucus, releases its toxins and promotes inflammation. EAEC and ETEC infection models with wild-type C57BL/6 and CD40 ligand-deficient mice (with intact microbiota), respectively, revealed that undernutrition and low-zinc diet increases EAEC infection, causing growth retardation, and that ETEC colonizes, persists and induces local and systemic humoral immune response.

Prenatal Fluoride Exposure and Cognitive Outcomes in Children at 4 and 6-12 Years of Age in Mexico

Background: Some evidence suggests that fluoride may be neurotoxic to children. Few of the epidemiologic studies have been longitudinal, had individual measures of fluoride exposure, addressed the impact of prenatal exposures or involved more than 100 participants.Objective: To discuss our recently published as well as key unpublished results of the association of prenatal exposure to fluoride with offspring measures of intelligence.Methods: We studied participants from the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) project. An ion-selective electrode technique was used to measure fluoride in archived urine samples taken from mothers during pregnancy and from their children when 6-12 years of age, adjusted for urinary creatinine and specific gravity, respectively. Child intelligence was measured by the General Cognitive Index (GCI) of the McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities at age 4 and full scale intelligence quotient (IQ) from the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) at age 6-12 years.Results: We had complete data on 299 mother-child pairs, of whom 287 and 211 had data for the GCI and IQ analyses, respectively. Mean (SD) values for urinary fluoride in all of the mothers (n=299) and children with available urine samples (n=211) were 0.90 (0.35) mg/L and 0.82 (0.38) mg/L, respectively. In multivariate models, an increase in maternal urine fluoride of 0.5mg/L (approximately the IQR) predicted 3.15 (95% CI –5.42, –0.87) and 2.50 (95% CI –4.12, –0.59) lower offspring GCI and IQ scores, respectively. Trimester-specific results suggest that exposure during the 1st trimester may have the strongest negative effect.Conclusion: In this study, prenatal fluoride exposure, in the range of exposures reported for other general population samples of pregnant women and non-pregnant adults, was associated with lower scores on tests of cognitive function in the offspring at age 4 and 6–12 years.

Prenatal Fluoride Exposure and Cognitive Outcomes in Children at 4 and 6-12 Years of Age in Mexico.

Background:Some evidence suggests that fluoride may be neurotoxic to children. Few of the epidemiologic studies have been longitudinal, had individual measures of fluoride exposure, addressed the impact of prenatal exposures or involved more than 100 participants.Objective:Our aim was to estimate the association of prenatal exposure to fluoride with offspring neurocognitive development.Methods:We studied participants from the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) project. An ion-selective electrode technique was used to measure fluoride in archived urine samples taken from mothers during pregnancy and from their children when 6–12 y old, adjusted for urinary creatinine and specific gravity, respectively. Child intelligence was measured by the General Cognitive Index (GCI) of the McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities at age 4 and full scale intelligence quotient (IQ) from the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) at age 6–12.Results:We had complete data on 299 mother–child pairs, of whom 287 and 211 had data for the GCI and IQ analyses, respectively. Mean (SD) values for urinary fluoride in all of the mothers () and children with available urine samples () were and , respectively. In multivariate models we found that an increase in maternal urine fluoride of (approximately the IQR) predicted 3.15 (95% CI: , ) and 2.50 (95% CI , ) lower offspring GCI and IQ scores, respectively.Conclusions:In this study, higher prenatal fluoride exposure, in the general range of exposures reported for other general population samples of pregnant women and nonpregnant adults, was associated with lower scores on tests of cognitive function in the offspring at age 4 and 6–12 y. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP655

Impact of vaccination on influenza mortality in children

BackgroundInfluenza is a leading cause of respiratory tract infections among children. In Mexico, influenza vaccination was included in the National Immunization Program since 2004. However, the population health effects of the vaccine on children have not been fully described. Thus, we estimated the impact of influenza immunization in terms of mortality associated with this virus among children younger than 5years of age in Mexico. MethodsMortality rates and years of life lost associated with influenza were estimated using national mortality register data for the period 1998–2012. Age-stratified and cause-specific mortality rates were estimated for all-cause, respiratory and cardiovascular events. Influenza-associated mortality was compared between the period prior to introduction of the influenza vaccine as part of the National Immunization Program (1998–2004) and the period thereafter (2004–2012). ResultsDuring the 1998–2012 winter seasons, the average number of all-cause, respiratory and cardiovascular deaths attributable to influenza were 1186, 794 and 21, respectively. Influenza-associated mortality was higher prior to the vaccination period than after influenza was included in the immunization program for all-cause (mean 1660 vs. 780) and respiratory (mean 1063 vs. 563) mortality, but no reduction was seen for cardiovascular mortality. The proportion of all-cause and respiratory deaths attributable to influenza was significantly lower in the post-vaccine period compared with the pre-vaccine period (P<0.001), but no reduction was seen in the proportion of cardiovascular deaths. There was an average annual reduction of 66,558years of life lost in the post-vaccine compared with the pre-vaccine period. ConclusionThe introduction of influenza vaccination within the Mexican Immunization Program was associated with a reduction in mortality rates attributable to this virus among children younger than 5years of age.

Review of complementary feeding practices in Mexican children.

The early introduction of food is consistent with a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, particularly in children, partly because of the resulting changes in feeding patterns. The purpose of this study was to describe the complementary feeding practices of Mexican children younger than two years of age. Medline, Lilacs and manual methods were used to search for studies that assessed feeding practices in children younger than two years of age in Mexico. The following terms were used: complementary feeding, supplementary feeding, Mexico and weaning. Data on complementary feeding practices, including the age of initiation, the type of foods eaten, the frequency of food intake and the reasons for starting complementary feeding, were collected. The information gathered was subjected to qualitative analysis, and the data are presented as proportions in the tables. The seven studies included in this evaluation revealed that children were introduced to complementary feeding before the age of 6 months. Although fruits were the foods most commonly provided when complementary feeding began, processed juices, soft drinks and fried snacks were also offered. The intake of these products increased as the children grew older and coincided with a low intake of foods containing high-biological value protein, particularly red meats. The results of the included studies showed that during complementary feeding, infants receive high-energy density foods, whereas the intake of foods that provide animal protein and iron in particular is low. In addition, common conditions associated with complementary feeding include overweight, obesity, malnutrition, and anemia, which may contribute to health problems.

Assessment of the vitality of the newborn: An overview

Four million newborns die in the world every year, and reports indicate that 98% of those deaths occur in developing countries. The infant mortality rate in children under 5 years of age in Mexico has decreased progressively, in contrast to the neonatal mortality rate, where the reduction was not significant. For this reason, it is necessary and important to have resources that make it possible to assess, rapidly and efficiently, the physiological status of newborns. The objective of this review is to identify the factors involved in the vigor of the newborn. This review will thus allow us to understand the relation that exists between the vitality scores and birth weight, the repercussions of the process of prenatal asphyxia, age of gestation and mortality. Once the factors involved in decreases in the vigor of the newborn have been reviewed, additional studies will be required to use animal models to test different pharmacological therapies that newborn humans have shown their value for early diagnosis and treatment, as a means of improving their physiological and hemodynamic condition during the first hours of extra uterine life, as this is a fundamental factor in their survival.

Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination on Diarrhea-related Hospitalizations Among Children &lt;5 Years of Age in Mexico

Single-strain rotavirus vaccine was added to the national immunization program in Mexico in May 2007. We assessed the impact of vaccination on the number of diarrhea-related hospitalizations in Mexican children in 2008 and 2009. We obtained data on all-cause diarrhea-related hospitalizations from January 2003 to June 2009 in Mexican children <5 years of age. We compared diarrhea-related hospitalizations during the 2008 and 2009 rotavirus seasons with the median number of diarrhea-related hospitalizations at baseline (2003-2006), before rotavirus vaccine introduction, at 306 Ministry of Health hospitals. We estimated vaccine coverage using administrative data. A median number of 10,993 diarrhea-related hospitalizations (range: 9877-11958) occurred each prevaccine rotavirus season from 2003 to 2006 among children < 5 years of age. Diarrhea-related hospitalizations decreased by 11% (N = 9836) in 2008 and by 40% (N = 6597) in 2009. The greatest declines occurred in infants < 12 months of age during 2008 (25%) and 2009 (52%), with 1-dose rotavirus vaccination coverage of 74% and 89% during these years, respectively. A 43% decline was also noted among children 12 to 23 months of age during the 2009 season. No declines were noted during either 2008 or 2009 among unvaccinated children >24 months of age during the study period. Marked declines in diarrhea-related hospitalizations among vaccine-eligible Mexican children < 24 months of age have occurred during the first 2 complete rotavirus seasons following rotavirus vaccination. Rotavirus-specific surveillance and epidemiologic studies are necessary for a better understanding of the changes in disease epidemiology and public health impact from rotavirus vaccination.

Sildenafil Citrate Improves Self‐Esteem, Confidence, and Relationships in Men with Erectile Dysfunction: Results from an International, Multi‐Center, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial

Erectile dysfunction (ED) can significantly impact a man's relationships and well-being. We assessed changes in self-esteem, confidence, sexual relationship satisfaction, and overall relationship satisfaction in men with ED using the validated Self-Esteem And Relationship questionnaire (SEAR). This was a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose (25, 50, 100 mg, as needed) international study of sildenafil in men > or =18 years of age in Mexico, Brazil, Australia, and Japan. The primary study outcome was change in self-esteem from baseline to the end of treatment. Secondary study measures were changes in other SEAR components, International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) domains, percentage of intercourse attempts that were successful, and the response to a global efficacy question at the end of treatment. Patients were well balanced for age and duration of ED (placebo = 149 and sildenafil = 151). Compared with placebo, sildenafil significantly improved self-esteem, confidence, sexual relationship satisfaction, and overall relationship satisfaction (P < 0.0001). The psychosocial measures of well-being assessed with the SEAR were positively correlated (range 0.60-0.86, P < 0.0001) with erectile function, the frequency of achieving erections that allowed satisfactory sexual intercourse, the percentage of successful sexual intercourse attempts, and global treatment efficacy. Significant improvements in self-esteem, confidence, sexual relationship satisfaction, and overall relationship satisfaction after treatment of ED with sildenafil were consistent among countries. These data suggest a substantial cross-cultural improvement in well-being after successful treatment of ED with sildenafil.

Susceptibility to Varicella-Zoster Infection in Individuals 1 to 29 Years of Age in Mexico

Background The prevalence of varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection has been poorly studied in Latin America. The aim of this work was to study the seroprevalence of antibody to VZV infection in Mexico. Infection was determined in 3,737 individuals. Methods Samples were collected during a national serologic survey performed during 1987–1988 and represented individuals 1- to 29-years-old from all socioeconomic levels and from rural and urban communities throughout the country. Antibodies anti-VZV were measured with a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (VARELISA Merck, Germany). Results In the population studied, 464 individuals (12.4%) were seronegative or susceptible to infection, whereas about 17.0% of individuals 1- to 19-years-old were susceptible to infection. Between the ages of 20 to 24 years, 8.4% were susceptible and between 25 to 29 years, 5.0% of persons were still susceptible to infection. Conclusions Socioeconomic level, density of population, crowding, and gender were not found as risk factors for susceptibility to VZV infection in adolescents and young adults. Low educational level was found as a risk factor for susceptibility. High proportions of adolescents and young adults in Mexico are susceptible to VZV infection and should receive special attention when designing vaccination programs.