Years In Urban Slum Research Articles

The Burden and Risk Factors of Reproductive Tract Infections among Married Women Aged 15-49 Years in Urban Slum of Agra Uttar Pradesh

Introduction: In developing countries, reproductive tract infection among women commonly goes undiagnosed and their sequel causes various complications. Objectives: To find out the prevalence of RTI/STI through a syndromic case approach and its correlates among women of reproductive age group. Material and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 500 eligible married women residing in urban slums of Agra by using WHO Syndromic case approch for diagnosis of RTIs/STIs. Results: The overall prevalence of RTI/STD was found to be 32.80% where vaginal discharge (22.60%) and lower abdominal pain (8.20%) were the most common syndromes. On multivariate analysis, religion, caste, type of absorbent used during menses, and history of IUD use were found to be significantly significant. Conclusion: The result of this study highlights the high prevalence and potential risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of RTI. It also emphasizes the need of training and education session of the participants to identify the early symptoms of RTI.

A study on knowledge of contraceptive usage and its determinants among married women in urban slum of Nalgonda district

Background: India was the first country in the world to launch National Family Welfare Programme in 1951.Modern contraceptive use remains an important public health intervention to reduce maternal mortality, avert unintended pregnancies, and to control population explosion especially in developing countries. To determine the extent of knowledge, awareness and practices of contraceptive use among married womenMethods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done for a period of three months duration conducted among married women in reproductive age group of 15-49 years in urban slums of field practice area. Results: Among eligible couple, those who want to avoid pregnancy, though they have knowledge and awareness (93.5%), Out of them only 21% of participants were using temporary methods. Most of them (37.4%) were opting for tubectomy. The source of information is mostly from health personnel (46.8%), followed by friends and family members 42%. Partner (38.7%) and “in-laws” (14.8%) consent, fear of side effects (29.6%), illiterates (31.6%) and low socio-economic status (47%) playing major role as barriers of acceptance of birth control methods.Conclusions: The prevalence of contraceptive usage in our study was found to be 58.7%. In present study 41.2% women use no contraceptives which clearly indicate that awareness about contraceptives is not sufficient for its actual use in this community and extended efforts will be needed.

Developmental delay and its associated factors among children under five years in urban slums of Nepal.

Children from low-resource settings are more likely to encounter those factors that adversely influence their ability to acquire developmental potential. This study was conducted to assess the developmental status and its associated factors among children under five years of slum areas of Butwal Sub Metropolitan City, Rupandehi, Nepal. We conducted a community-based cross-sectional descriptive study using Developmental Milestone Chart (DMC) among 165 children under five years. Ethical approval was obtained from Ethical Review Board of Nepal Health Research Council. R software was used for data analysis. The association between developmental status and associated factors were examined with Chi-square and followed by logistic regression. Notably, more than half of the children (56.4%) had delayed development across two or more domains of gross motor, fine motor, language/ speech, and social development. Age, sex, socio-economic status, availability of learning materials, the occurrence of infectious diseases, and height-for-age of children were found to be significantly associated with the developmental status of children under study (p<0.05). More than half of the children taken under the study had delayed development on different four domains. Findings from the study suggest that there should be similar studies conducted among children living in slum-like conditions. Additionally, programs should be designed as such which aims to mitigate the effect of socio-economic status on child development and has learning and nutritional aspects embedded central to its deliverance.

Assessment of feeding practices in children of age group 6 months–3 years in Urban Slums of Arvi Naka

Assessment of feeding practices in children of age group 6 months–3 years in Urban Slums of Arvi Naka

Relationship between the Neck Circumference, StandardAnthropometric Measures, and Blood Pressure in youngadults in Urban slums, Bengaluru

Background Neck circumference NC is a simple and reliable anthropometric measure whereas measurement of waist circumference WC has substantial variability and body mass index BMI is associated with significant limitations as not representing the body fat distribution. Upper body subcutaneous fat UBSF has a higher metabolic risk than abdominal visceral fat and this can be estimated by neck circumference NC.Objective To assess an impact of gender on NC values and to determine whether the NC correlates with standard anthropometric measures and BP values in apparently healthy young adults in urban slums of Bengaluru.Methodology A cross-sectional study included young adults of 19 to 24 years in urban slums of Bengaluru conducted during the month of October ndash November 2019 by snowball sampling. A face validated semi structured self-administered questionnaire consisting.Results In 46 young men the value of NC was 36.68plusmn1.47 cm while in 58 young women the value of NC was 32.12plusmn1.63 cm plt0.001. There is a significant positive correlation in both genders between the NC and BMI r0.80 plt0.001 in men r0.49 plt0.001 in women and between the NC and WC r0.48 plt0.001 in men r0.38 plt0.01 in women. Significant correlation was not observed between the NC and SBP r0.07 p0.69 and DBP r0.19 p0.20 in young men and between the NC and SBP r0.06 p0.54 and DBP r0.09 p0.51 in young women.Conclusion NC can be considered as a simple useful and reliable tool to identify overweight and obesity instead of standard anthropometric measures like BMI and WC which causes discomfort during measurement.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Undernutrition among Children Less than 2 Years in Urban Slums of Pune, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACTUndernutrition and its risk factors among children aged 0-23 months in urban slums of Pune was studied. Maternal and child characteristics, household food security and anthropometric measurements of 400 children were recorded. Results identified prevalence of stunting to be 34%, wasting 15.3% and underweight 21.8%. Odds of stunting was higher among children 7 to 12 months of age (AOR=7.064, 95% CI: 1.908-26.150). Odds of wasting was higher among children 7 to 12 months (AOR=3.144, 95% CI: 1.631-6.060), age < 6 months (AOR=2.546, 95% CI: 1.259-5.149) and not feeding colostrum (AOR=2.806, 95% CI=1.059 -7.478). Birth weight < 2500gm increased the risk of all three manifests of undernutrition. Children who were not immunised or received partial immunization had 1.5 times greater risk of being underweight (AOR=1.933, 95% CI: 1.118-3.342). Age specific interventions to address specific risk factors is a priority to address this public health issue.

Risk Factors of Diarrhea in Children Under Five Years in Urban Slums

Introduction: Diarrhea is a leading cause of mortality in children in developing countries and the condition is worse in slums. In order to provide effective preventive and management strategies, it is important to identify factors associated with the disease. This study was carried out to investigate the risk factors of diarrhea in children under five years of age in urban slums.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methods: Parents of all children under five years from the urban slums of Tansen municipality, Palpa, Nepal were interviewed using a standardized pretested questionnaire and proforma. Parental variables, environmental factors, and presence of diarrhea in those children in past three months were collected by trained enumerators and the data were analyzed with statistical software SPSS-10.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: A total of 450 under five years children were enrolled in the study. There were 216 (48%) male and 234 (52%) female children with F:M ratio of 1.08:1. Occurrence of diarrhea was lower if the children were breast-fed for more than six months, well-nourished, used fountain water for drinking, or used boiled or treated water. Similarly, diarrhea prevalence was lower if father had a regular job, daily income in the family was more than one US dollar, there was a toilet in the house, practice of hand washing was followed before feeding or preparing food, or there was no child suffering from diarrhea in the neighborhood.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: There are a few variables that are significantly related to diarrhea in children under five years of age. In order to decrease the diarrheal episodes in children in the slums of the developing countries, priority could be given in the improvement of those variables.

Prevalence of malnutrition, acute respiratory infections and diarrhoea in children aged 1-5 years in urban slums of Puducherry, South India

Background: Aim of current study was to document the prevalence of malnutrition, burden of acute respiratory and diarrhoeal diseases in children aged 1-5 years in urban slums of South India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Villianur municipal area of Puducherry district, South India. A semi-structured pretested interview schedule was used to collect information on demographic details of the family, episodes of ARI and diarrhoea and health seeking behaviour. Anthropometric measurements were also done. Results: A total of 242 children were studied. The prevalence of stunting and wasting was 25.2% and 12.2 % respectively. Nearly 60% reportedly had at least one episode of ARI (144/242) and one-fourth had at least one episode of diarrhoea (60/242; 24.8%) in the last three months prior to the interview. There were no sex based differences in the treatment seeking practices. Conclusions: Considerable burden of malnutrition, ARI and diarrhoea exists in children of this urban slum. Health seeking behaviour was appropriate.

PEM in Relation to Birth Order and Birth Interval in Children Aged 1–6 Years in Urban Slums of Mysore City

PEM in Relation to Birth Order and Birth Interval in Children Aged 1–6 Years in Urban Slums of Mysore City

Prevalence of Hypertension among Adults Residing In Urban Slums of Ramnagar, Belgaum City-A Cross-Sectional Study

Hypertension is a global public health challenge and major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. It is third leading silent killer which is affecting 1 billion adults and is estimated to cause 7.1 million deaths annually. India being low & middle income country and larger proportion of population are living in urban slum where overcrowding and standard of living are due to this, prevalence of hypertension is more, and have a major impact on health and health care. Therefore, it is important to find the prevalence of hypertension among adults residing in urban slum of Ramnagar, Belgaum city. A cross-sectional community based study among 364 adults of aged 20-59 years in urban slum. The anthropometric measurement and blood pressure was taken according to WHO criteria. The data was analyzed by using percentage for prevalence and Chi-square test was used to find out the association. The overall prevalence of hypertension was found to be 90(24.7%). Majority of the hypertensive (60.4%) were seen in the age group between 50-59 years. The higher prevalence of hypertension was found with overweight (37.5%, obesity (48.6%), extra salt intake (30%), lack of physical exercise (22.9%), saturated fat intake (29.6%), non-vegetarian diet (24.5%) and shown significant association. Prevalence of hypertension was high among adults. Advancing age, sex, lack of physical exercise, BMI were found to be important factors contributing to the causation of hypertension. Therefore, preventive programs are necessary to tackle the rising burden of hypertension.

Anemia in children: early iron supplementation.

Iron deficiency anemia is the most wide spread micronutrient deficiency disorder in the world, being most prevalent in women and young children. The present study was conducted to find out the prevalence of anemia in children and its contributory factors with reference to early iron supplementation. It was a cross sectional study done on 137 children of age 1-2 years in urban slums of Meerut. Prevalence of anemia in the study group was 59.9%. The socio-economic status, mother's educational status, birth weight, sibling order, and type of weaning food did not show any significant relationship with the prevalence of anemia in these children, whereas, weaning time, nutritional status and early iron supplementation had a positive impact on it. Exclusive breast feeding upto 4 months followed by weaning, adequate nutritional status and early iron supplementation have a definite role in prevention of anemia in children.