Years In Household Research Articles

Factors associated with private or public breast cancer screening attendance in Queensland, Australia: A retrospective cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to estimate participation in private breast screening in Queensland, Australia, where public-funded screening is implemented, and to identify factors associated with the screening setting, using an online survey (999 female respondents aged 40-74). Screening-specific and socio-demographic factors were collected. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with screening setting (public vs private) and screening recency (<2 vs ≥2 years). Participation estimates were 53.2% (95% confidence interval, CI: 50.0%-56.3%) and 10.9% (9.0%-13.0%) for national screening program and private screening, respectively. In the screening setting model, participation in private screening was significantly associated with longer time since last screening (>4 versus <2 years, odds ratio (OR) = 7.3, 95%CI: 4.1-12.9, p < 0.001), having symptoms (OR = 9.5, 5.8-15.5, p < 0.001), younger age (40-49 versus 50-74 years, OR = 1.8, 1.1-3.0, p = 0.018) and having children <18 years in household (OR = 2.4, 1.5-3.9, p < 0.001). In the screening recency model, only screening setting was statistically significant and private screening was associated with screening recency ≥2 years (OR = 4.0, 2.8-5.7, p < 0.001). Around one in nine women screen outside of the BreastScreen Queensland program. Clinical and socio-demographic factors associated with participation in private screening were identified, providing knowledge relevant to the program's endeavours to improve screening participation.

Determinants of Healthcare Services for Aged Women in Rural Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, one of the world’s poorest nations, a significant share of the deprived inhabitants are elderly women who live in rural regions with little access to healthcare. The primary goal of this investigation was to analyse the determinant of healthcare services for aged women in rural Bangladesh. This study was conducted using survey research method through interview schedule. It was carried out in four villages in the Satkhira district. It was followed by purposive sampling and a sample size of 260 was selected. The study revealed that 53.1 percent of the respondent took medical help promptly during the time of illness. Besides this 73.1 percent of the respondent took medical care from a qualified doctor and only 42.2 percent of the respondent get the old allowance. However, nature of the treatment was influenced by the distance to get health facility (p&lt;.001) and response in seeking health care (p&lt;.001). The results indicate that the head of the household's year of schooling (p=.001) and monthly household income (p. =001) had a significant link with the response to seeking health care.

Nutritional status of children under five years and associated factors in 24 districts of Burkina Faso.

Malnutrition in children is a serious health problem, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, with heavy socioeconomic burdens. The prevalence of stunting remains high in Burkina Faso. There is a need to further investigate undernutrition and identify the major factors contributing to its persistence. We aimed to assess the nutritional status of children aged under five years and the associated factors of undernutrition in Burkina Faso. We conducted a second study using a baseline household survey of the impact assessment of a performance-based financing program. The analysis focused on data of 10,032 children aged 0-59 months collected from households in 537 villages. Anthropometric indicators were assessed using the World Health Organization standards, and their association with children, mothers, and households' characteristics were assessed using logistic regression. Stunting occurred in 40.1% of children, wasting in 25.1%, and underweight in 34%. Children having both stunting, wasting, and underweight were 7.3%. Stunting and underweight was associated with the sex. Stunting was associated with ethnic groups: Fulani with AdjOR = 1.20 (95%CI: 1.01-1.42), household economic level: poorest AdjOR = 1.25 (95%CI: 1.10-1.43), two and more children aged under five years in households: AdjOR = 1.16 (95%CI: 1.05-1.27), distance more than 5km from household to health facility: with Adj OR = 1.21 (95%CI: 1.10-1.35) and household food insecurity. This study identified the modifiable factors that determine the high prevalence of undernutrition in Burkina Faso. Strategies and interventions to improve the health and economic status of the community are needed to reduce the occurrence of undernutrition.

Estimation of Injuries in a Population-based Study by Stratified Cluster Sampling and Network Scale-up Methods

Introduction: Today, one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality among people all across the world is Injury. Injuries pose an important challenge for the health system and account for 28% of the deaths per day in Iran. Iran is in the 5th place for road traffic death rates globally.&#x0D; Objective: This was a cross sectional study aimed to estimate annual incidence rates of injury in individuals above 15 in Kashan, Iran.&#x0D; Methods: In this population-based cross-sectional study, people above 15 years in households residing in Kashan during 2018-2019 were studied The sample had a twofold design, Stratified Cluster Sampling method and network Scale-up method. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 22 (Chi-square and T-test and Logistic regression analysis) and Stata 14 software.&#x0D; Results: This study describes the study setting, sampling, data collection and management, quality control and assurance, and the statistical analysis. In this study, the annual incidence rate from all kinds of trauma was estimated at 70.61(62.60-78.70) per 1000 person-years, and the death caused by injury was 4.63(34.32-56.12) per 1000 person-years. In addition, in network scale-up method incidence rate of all kinds of trauma was 57.1 and the death caused by trauma was 3.47 per 1000 person-years.&#x0D; Conclusion: population-based studies were used to evaluate injuries and outcomes of trauma, so that managers realize where attention is needed regarding preventive programs in this city. Using indirect sampling techniques can be cost-effective and time-consuming, and can provide us with the information urgently needed.

Valuing the ecosystem service losses from land reclamation by contingent valuation in Zhoushan, China

The process of formulating reclamation strategies is a complex and multi-disciplinary process. In life, the characteristic of relevant policy formulation is the lack of information related to the economic value of ecosystem services, which involves the consequences of losses caused by land reclamation. This article presents a present in order to introduce a willingness to pay (WTP) valuation method based on an easy-to-understand questionnaire for the loss of ecosystem services. A sample of 750 residents chooses and uses a hypothetical open payment card question, the purpose is to ask the interviewee WTP to be interviewed face to face. The results showed that the respondents, overall 88.7%, produced a positive WTP (WTP>0), while the average WTP was 362.19 yuan (RMB) per household year.

Dietary practices, WASH conditions, and disease occurrence among children below five years in households of Nangabo, Wakiso district, Uganda

Amidst various global and local interventions, children below five years still die of preventable illnesses. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary practices on disease cases and the various factors that contribute to diseases among children below five years in households Nangabo, Wakiso district-Uganda.This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. A total of 100 households with children below five years were randomly selected from the different villages of Nangabo sub-county.The study found out that 54% of households (HHs) had 3–5 members, 72% headed by fathers, 56% of HHs heads were in business and transport, and 88% had 1–2 children below five years. All HHs had toilets, but 90% did not have tip water taps for washing hands after using the toilet, 62% had proper sanitation, and 82% got water from taps and tanks. 34% of HHs had children falling sick monthly, where 84% of them had children affected by flu, cough, and malaria. 90% of HHs purchased food, 54% had 3 meals a day, and 60% did not separate children's food when cooking. However, 95% of those who separately cooked children's food used boiling and steaming as primary cooking methods. 58% of HHs had children fed by themselves, but only 4% had children sharing plates, and 84% had a daily dietary-diversity score of 3/6 and above. There was a negative correlation between HHs daily dietary-diversity score and the incidence of diseases among children, −0.06 (0.66), although it was not statistically significant.Increasing knowledge towards IYCF practices followed by improved sanitation, hygiene, and access to clean water is critical for prevention and control for childhood diseases among HHs.

Adaptation to climate change and climate variability and its implications for household food security in Kenya

Climate change and climate variability affect weather patterns and cause shifts in seasons with serious repercussions such as declining food production and productivity for communities and households in Kenya. To mitigate the negative impacts of climate change and variability, farming households have been encouraged to adopt different strategies such as new crop varieties, crop and livestock diversification, and water-harvesting technologies. These adaptation strategies are expected to boost both the amount of food produced and food security of an adapting household; which in this case is defined one that has taken up one or more of the twenty-five climate change and climate variability adaptation techniques identified during the study. Using maize yield equivalent (MYE), which expresses farm production in equivalent kgs of maize grain, as a measure of total crop production and food security, this study assessed the factors influencing adaptation to climate change and climate variability, and the implications of adaptation for food security. To accomplish these objectives, an endogenous switching regression model was applied to household survey data of 658 households from 38 counties in Kenya. The results demonstrated that increases in mean air temperature and precipitation influenced levels of food production either negatively or positively depending on whether they occur at harvest, land preparation or during crop growing periods. The type of soil also influenced productivity as households living in areas with different soil types produce varying quantities of MYE in kgs/ha of land. Household characteristics and ownership of farm assets also influenced adaptation. By comparing production of adapting and non-adapting households, we demonstrated that households adapting to climate change and climate variability through uptake of technologies such as early planting, use of improved crop varieties, and crop diversification produced 4877 kgs of MYE/ha per year against 3238 kgs of MYE/ha per year for households that did not adapt (a 33.6% difference between the two groups). Given the nature of for smallscale households who produce mainly for household consumption, high crop yields translate to increased food security. We can therefore conclude that successful adaptation to climate change and climate variability significantly increases food security in Kenya.

Pensions for the Poor: the Effects of Non-contributory Pensions in El Salvador

Most Salvadorans reach retirement age without a formal pension, resulting in increased financial vulnerability and poverty in old age. Moreover, fewer women qualify for a formal pension and the average amounts for women are smaller. In this paper, we study gender-disaggregated effects of the Universal Basic Pension (UBP), a non-contributory pension of $50 per month for individuals aged 70 years and over in extreme poverty. We analyze a purpose-specific sample of 2256 households with adults between 66 and 74 years of age in the 32 poorest municipalities in the country using an instrumental variables approach. We contribute to the literature on non-contributory pensions by exploring new outcomes and analyzing gender differentiated effects. Independent of the recipient’s gender, we find that the pension increases non-labor income by 53% on average, lowering the probability that a beneficiary household lives below the extreme poverty line by 17 percentage points for males and 8.1 percentage points for females. Increases in food consumption and medical attention, and reductions in remittances are qualitatively larger for male pensioners. Pensioners appear to have gender-specific preferences with regard to investments in children, with increases in school enrollment and attendance for boys aged 11 to 18 years in households with a male pensioner and of girls of the same age in households with a female pensioner.

Transmission of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Among Children Under 5 Years in Households of Rural Communities, the Philippines.

BackgroundTo develop a more effective vaccination strategy for reducing the impact of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, especially in young infants (<6 months old), it is necessary to understand the transmission dynamics of RSV.MethodsWe conducted a community-based prospective cohort study from 2014 to 2016 in Biliran Province, the Philippines, on children <5 years old. We collected nasopharyngeal swabs from symptomatic children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) during household visits and at health facilities. In households (n = 181) with RSV-positive ARI cases (RSV-ARI), we also identified ARI episodes among other children <5 years old in the same household. In addition, we determined the serial interval to estimate the basic reproduction number (R0), the average number of secondary cases generated by a single primary case.ResultsIn the 181 households analyzed, we found 212 RSV-ARI in 152 households with a single case and 29 households with multiple cases, which included 29 1st RSV-ARI and 31 2nd RSV-ARI. We also found possible index cases among children <5 years old in the same household for 29.0% (18 of 62) of young infants with RSV-ARI. The estimated mean serial interval was 3.2 days, and R0 was estimated to be 0.92–1.33 for RSV-A and 1.04–1.76 for RSV-B, which varied between different times (2014 and 2015) and places.ConclusionsYoung infants are likely to acquire RSV infection from older children in the same household. Therefore, vaccination targeting older children might protect infants from RSV infection.

Economics and violence against children, findings from the Violence Against Children Survey in Nigeria

This study seeks to assess the impact of economic factors on sexual, emotional, and physical violence on Nigerian children and adolescents aged 13-24 years. Data collected from the Nigerian Violence Against Children Survey (VACS), a national, cross-sectional household survey of females and males aged 13-24 years were used to examine sexual, emotional, and physical violence victimization. Data were collected on household economic status, e.g., flooring and roofing materials, transportation. A poverty index was developed using the Simple Poverty Scorecard™ for Nigeria to determine the impact that economic factors have on these violence measures. Children aged 13-17 years in households with high economic status (ES) were 1.81, 1.78, and 4.91 times, more likely to experience sexual, emotional, and physical violence, respectively, within the last 12 months than those in the lowest ES. Individuals aged 18-24 years in households with high ES were 1.62 and 1.41 times more likely to experience emotional and physical violence, respectively, prior to age 18 than those in the lowest ES. Individuals aged 18-24 years in households with middle or high ES were 1.65 and 1.96, respectively, times more likely to experience physical violence prior to age 18 than those in the lowest ES. Highest tertile ES was significantly associated with sexual, emotional, and physical violence among Nigerians aged 13-24 years. Further research is needed to determine the cause of increased violence amongst high ES households. Targeted interventions towards this ES class are recommended to reduce violence against children in Nigeria.

Characterizing domestic electricity consumption in the Indian urban household sector

The aim of this work is to forecast electricity consumption for energy efficient management in the Indian urban household by evaluating current practices which are followed in a living place (residence/home). Conclusions and electricity consumption forecasting are derived from the data obtained through a questionnaire survey conducted in three different climate zones of India. Utilizing micro level primary data obtained through the household survey, authors have analysed the variation in the electricity consumption and the factors such as demographic and dwelling attributes which cause such variations. Ownership of major home appliances like air conditioner, refrigerator and electric water heaters (geyser) have seen a significant rise over the years in households. They are found to contribute high electricity consumption in Indian urban households.Price elasticity of electricity consumption is found as −0.72 (negative sign indicates that when the price of electricity increases, the consumption decreases). Electricity consumption in the Indian urban household is observed more responsive to ownership of air conditioner rather than demographic variables and other appliances. Considering predicted accountability of India for increased global emission due to air conditioning, ownership of air conditioners was investigated in depth, based on the data captured in the questionnaire survey. Factors considered were tonnage, energy star rating, usage duration, year of purchase, and numbers. It is observed that, electricity consumption in air conditioning could be reduced by 15% to 31%; if existing household air conditioners, older than 7 years were replaced by new energy efficient air conditioners, subject to all other parameters like tonnage and usage remain constant. The outcomes of this study can be utilized for swotting the electricity prices and policy making.

Does gender discrimination transformed its face over few generations? exploring gender inequalities among under-6 year children in rural Haryana

Background: Gender differences can be in any stage in the life cycle including before birth (feticide/sex selective abortions) which have been objectively documented. This study tries to identify the gender differentials among the children which is a basic step in cascade process of female discrimination in the society. Objective: To study the gender differentials among children under 6 years in households of rural Ballabgarh, Haryana in terms of nutrition, health care seeking, social aspects and to see whether they differ by socio economic status. Methods: Two hundred households were selected purposively from four villages (50 households each) by multi stage sampling during Mar – June 2010. Pre tested interview schedule was used to assess gender differences in nutrition (breast feeding, 'z' score); in health care seeking and in social aspects (Expenditure on birth related ceremonies and toys and dresses). Differences are measured in means or proportions. Determinants of Gender differentials were identified by logistic regression. Results: Girls were breast fed for five months lesser than boys (P < 0.02). Even though occurrences of common childhood illnesses were equal between the two, expenditures incurred to treat these illnesses were more among the boys (Boys Vs girls: Rs 181.3 Vs Rs 123.9). Proportion of illnesses treated from health facilities located outside the villages was higher among the boys [boys (22.2%), girls (11.4%)]. Expenditures incurred during birth related social ceremonies were higher for boys (Rs 20311 and Rs 2487.5 respectively for boys and girls). Conclusion: In this patriarchal society, socio cultural norms have produced the gender gap which can have adverse impact on health of the female children.

Determining Equity in Household's Health Care Payments in Hamedan Province, Iran.

Financial protection of household against the consequences of the health care expenditures is one of the most important functions of health care systems. The objective of this study was to determine the equity in health care payments and determining factors among households in Hamedan, a province in Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 772 families of patients, who were being discharged from hospitals in Hamedan, were selected for study by using a stratified random sampling method. Required data regarding households' health and non-health expenditures were collected through World Health Organization standard questionnaire by interviews and observation method. According to the findings, 20.7% of households experienced catastrophic health expenditure. The incidence of impoverishment due to out-of-pocket payments for health care was 2.8% among studied households. The highest incidence rate of out-of-pocket health payment indices occurred in the first quintile (poorest or Q1). Variables such as having members under 6 years or over 60 years in household, household size, employment of household head, households' income quintile, existence of the disabled member in households and the education level of the household's head are the most important factors that affect the incidence of out-of-pocket health payment indices. There is considerable inequity in health care financing as well as households' health payments. This requires designing and implementing the operative and protective programs for understanding the important factors that affect equity in health financing, especially for poor households, against the unexpected health expenditures through the health care system.

Personality disorder and violence in the national household population of Britain

Background: Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is strongly associated with violence but the effects of other personality disorder (PD) categories are uncertain. Purpose: To investigate associations between 10 DSM-IV PD categories and effects of co-occurring disorders on self-reported violence. Method: Cross-sectional survey of 8397 adults aged 16–74 years in households in Great Britain. Results: ASPD contributed strongly to the burden of violence in the British population. Paranoid and obsessive–compulsive PD made additional independent contributions, and narcissistic PD contributed to intimate partner violence. The prevalence of violence correlated with the number of PD categories. Comorbid alcohol dependence further increased the risk. Conclusions: Risk of violence increases with increasing severity of PD, measured by the number of PD categories, and with co-occurring alcohol dependence. Not all PD categories are associated with violence, and avoidant PD was protective. Identification of targets for future interventions may be obscured using a classification based solely on severity.

Rich Pickings? Risk, Return, and Skill in the Portfolios of the Wealthy

This paper empirically investigates the portfolios of wealthy households and their implications for the dynamics of inequality. Using an administrative panel of all Swedish residents, we document that returns on financial wealth are on average 4% higher per year for households in the top 1% compared to the median household. These high average returns are primarily compensations for high levels of systematic risk. Abnormal risk-adjusted returns, linked for instance to informational advantages or exceptional investment skill, contribute only marginally to the high returns of the wealthy. Implications for inequality dynamics and public policy are discussed.

Risk of Disease After Isoniazid Preventive Therapy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Exposure in Young HIV-uninfected Children.

Background:The risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) disease in HIV-uninfected children after isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) for a positive QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test (QFT-GIT) is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate risk of TB disease after IPT in young HIV-uninfected children with a positive QFT-GIT result, or household TB contact.Methods:HIV-uninfected South African infants aged 4–6 months were screened for enrolment in a TB vaccine trial. Baseline household TB contact and positive QFT-GIT result were exclusion criteria, and these infants were referred for IPT. Outcome data are reported for 36 months after IPT referral.Results:Four thousand seven hundred forty-nine infants were screened. Household TB contact was reported in 131 (2.8%) infants; 279 (6.0%) were QFT-GIT positive, and 138 of these 410 infants (34.0%) started IPT. Forty-four cases of TB disease (11.0%) were recorded within 991 child years of observation. TB disease incidence was 4.8 versus 3.6 per 100 child years in household exposed versus QFT-GIT-positive children [incidence rate ratio: 1.35; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67–2.88] and 2.4 versus 5.5 per 100 child years in children who received versus did not receive IPT, respectively (incidence rate ratio: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.17–0.96). Adjusted hazard ratio (Cox regression) for TB disease was 0.48 (95% CI: 0.21–1.05) for those who received IPT.Conclusion:In young HIV-uninfected children, the effect of IPT on risk of TB disease is similar, whether TB exposure was defined by household contact history or by positive QFT-GIT result. International IPT guidelines for HIV-uninfected children with a positive QFT-GIT result should be updated.

Desnutrición crónica y anemia en niños menores de 5 años de hogares indígenas del Perú – Análisis de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar 2013.

Introducción: La desnutrición crónica y anemia infantil son un problema importante de salud pública, cuyas consecuencias se manifiestan a lo largo de todo el ciclo vital. El Estado peruano se caracteriza por albergar una de las mayores riquezas etnoculturales del continente americano, siendo la Amazonía Peruana la región que posee la mayor diversidad de grupos indígenas del país. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de desnutrición crónica y anemia en niños menores de 5 años de hogares indígenas del Perú. Diseño: análisis secundario de los datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) 2013, del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI). Institución: Segunda Especialidad en Nutrición Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marco. Lima, Perú. Participantes: Niños menores de 5 años de hogares de la región natural selva en los cuales el idioma principal es una lengua indígena. Principales medidas de resultados: Desnutrición crónica (&amp;lt;-2 DE para valores Z de talla para la edad) y anemia (&amp;lt;11 g/dL de hemoglobina ajustado por altitud). Resultados: La desnutrición crónica afectó al 43,0%y la anemia al 43,5% de los niños menores de 5 años de hogares indígenas. No existió una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre desnutrición crónica con el sexo ni edad del niño, ni entre la anemia y sexo del niño. Sin embargo, sí se encontró asociación entre la edad del menor y la anemia (p &amp;lt;0,001). Conclusiones: La desnutrición crónica y anemia resultaron elevadas en niños menores de 5 años de hogares indígenas en la selva del Perú, siendo evidentes las grandes desigualdades en la situación de pobreza, servicios básicos y salud de los niños indígenas.

MRSA May Persist for Years in Households

MRSA May Persist for Years in Households

Socioeconomic evaluation of well-characterized allergy to staple foods in adults.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate if total, direct, indirect, and intangible costs differ between a cohort of adults with well-characterized allergy to staple foods ('cases') and controls. Swedish adults with objectively diagnosed food allergy to cow's milk, hen's egg, and/or wheat were recruited at an outpatient allergy clinic. Controls age- and sex-matched to cases were recruited from the same geographic area. For assessing the household costs of food allergy, a disease-specific socioeconomic questionnaire, developed within EuroPrevall, was utilized. Overall annual total costs at the household level were significantly higher among adults with food allergy compared with controls (the difference amounted to 8164 €), whereas direct costs did not differ between cases and controls. However, household healthcare costs and costs for medicines were significantly higher for cases vs controls. Furthermore, indirect costs were significantly higher for households with food-allergic adults vs households without food-allergic adults. Specifically, more time was spent on performing domestic tasks due to a family member's food-allergy-related illness, as well as shopping and preparing food, and seeking food-allergy-related information. Presence of food allergy also affected intangible costs. Adults with food allergy experienced overall lower health status compared with controls. Swedish adults with allergy to staple foods have higher total costs determined as direct, indirect, and intangible costs using the disease-specific socioeconomic questionnaire. Thus, total costs were 8164 € higher per year in households with at least one adult allergic to staple foods compared with controls.

Got milk? The impact of Heifer International’s livestock donation programs in Rwanda on nutritional outcomes

International animal donation programs have become an increasingly popular way for people living in developed countries to transfer resources to families living in developing countries. We evaluate the impact of Heifer International’s dairy cow and meat goat donation programs in Rwanda. We find that the program substantially increases dairy and meat consumption among Rwandan households who were given a dairy cow or a meat goat, respectively. We also find marginally statistically significant increases in weight-for-height z-scores and weight-for-age z-scores of about 0.4 standard deviations among children aged 0–5years in households that were recipients of meat goats, and increases in height-for-age z-scores of about 0.5 standard deviations among children in households that received dairy cows. Our results suggest that increasing livestock ownership in developing countries may significantly increase consumption of nutrient dense animal-source foods and improve nutrition outcomes.