Years Of Ban Research Articles

Asbestos cement materials: impacts on the use and waste generation in Brazil

This article updates data on consumption of chrysotile (white asbestos), in the global and national context, and presents an estimate of the amount of MCA in use in the country; discusses situations of risk to health and the environment, due to the release of chrysotile fibers, and proposes warnings for their use; questions waste disposal routes at the end of life. For the global update, the evolution of the market and ban were researched, by collecting data on domestic consumption of chrysotile, from 1998 (period of permission to use) to 2017 (year of ban), the generation of asbestos-cement waste (RCA) (2012 to 2017), as well as the percentage of fibers per composite and durability factor. There was a significant difference between the average annual production of MCA (1.38 million t) and the generation of RCA (17 thousand t), evidencing a large amount in use and that the installed capacity of class I landfills in the country is below the projected RCA demand. Considering aspects of reuse, maintenance, pollution, and climatic actions, in addition to situations associated with the construction characteristics of low-income housing with asbestos-cement tiles (TCA), hazards were identified for residents due to the possibility of inhaling asbestos fibers. These situations require adequate management of the MCA and RCA, with routes for treatment and recovery, mapping of areas of use, monitoring and preventive actions, such as measuring the concentrations of fibers/cm³ in the environment, and creating technical instructions for training the hands of work for safe removal and disposal with a view to reducing risk to the health of the exposed population.

Current state of stock and fishery of red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus at West Kamchatka

Current state of the red king crab population at West Kamchatka is considered on the data of bottom trawl surveys and fishery statistics since 2013. Some biological parameters of the crabs and assessments of the commercial stock are presented; recent condition of the red king crab fishery and evaluation of the total allowable catch are discussed. The red king crab fishery was resumed in 2013, after 8 years of ban caused by the population decrease. During the ban, the stock restored and exceeded the value observed before the ban: the total accounted abundance of red king crab in 2017 was about 244 . 106 ind. that was the highest level for the last two decades, with the number of commercial males estimated as 110 . 106 ind. — this amount was never observed before on the shelf of western Kamchatka, at least in four decades of surveys. Recently the northern forbidden district and Khayryuzovsky district of the shelf zone lost their role of the main areas of crabs reproduction and their juveniles feeding, in favour to the Ichinsky district located southward. Recent fishery of red king crab is fruitful and sustainable. In the last 3 years, the major part of annual catch is transported alive to ports of China and South Korea. For this purpose, the caught crabs are sorted strictly aboard fishing vessels and the largest males are released back to the sea. Possibly, year-to-year increasing of the males size on the West Kamchatka shelf is caused by this sorting and releasing; another effect of the large-sized crabs releasing is relatively low number of recruits in the last couple of years. The fishery elimination coefficient is estimated in the range 5–16 % of the total accounted stock for 2013–2019, that shows a highly precautionary approach. Gradual decreasing of the crab commercial stock is forecasted for the nearest future, though the stock will remain above the target value. Current state of the red king crab population at West Kamchatka is not considered as dangerous, and ongoing intense fishery of this valuable species within the recommended volumes will not affect this sustainable state.

Perception of Rural and Urban Homemakers Regarding Ban on Polythene Use in the State of Himachal Pradesh

Polythene once considered as a boon by the people is turning out to be a big nuisance and threatening the environment due to its non-biodegradable nature. In the state of Himachal Pradesh, the use of polythene bags was banned in June'2004 .In th e present study, perception of rural and urban masses regarding the ban on polythene bags was studied in the district Kangra of Himachal Pradesh. Information was collected from rural and urban homemakers to know their views after a period of one year of ban on polythene bags. The tools applied for this purpose included interview schedule, observations and discussion with the use rs. It was noticed that a large proportion of the respondents preferred to carry polythene bags before ban .The urban people experi enced its effect on their day-to-day activities and they took a long time to acclimatize to this ban. On the contrary, rural people w ere less affected and more conscious about the use of polythene bags. Majority of the users were ignorant about ill-effects of polythene bags (especially recycled and coloured ones) on the health.