Textile Yarn Research Articles

A Novel-Potential Wave-Bump Yarn of Plain Weave Fabric for Fog Harvesting.

With the variety of fibers and fabrics, the studies of the surface structure of the textile yarns, the weave fabric, and their surface wettability are still potential factors to improve and optimize the fog harvesting efficiency. In this work, inspired by the fog harvesting behavior of the desert beetle dorsal surface, a wavy-bumpy structure of post-weave yarn (obtained from woven fabric) was reported to improve large droplet growth (converge) efficiency. In which, this study used tetrabutyl titanate (Ti(OC4H9)4) to waterproof, increase hydrophobicity, and stabilize the surface of yarns and fabric (inspired by the feather structure and lotus leaf surface). Moreover, PDMS oil was used (lubricated) to increase hydrophobicity and droplet shedding on the yarns (inspired by the slippery surface of the pitcher plant) and at the same time, enhance the fog harvesting efficiency of the warp yarn woven fabric (Warp@fabric). In addition, a three-dimensional adjacent yarn structure was arranged by two non-parallel fabric layers. The yarns of the inner and outer layers were intersected at an angle decreasing to zero (mimicking the water transport behavior of Shorebird's beaks). This method helped large droplets quickly form and shed down easily. More than expected, the changes in fabric texture and fiber surface yielded an excellent result. The OBLWB-Warp@fabric's water harvesting rate was about 700% higher than that of the original plain weave fabric (Original@fabric). OBLWB-Warp@fabric's water harvesting rate was about 160% higher than that of Original-Warp@fabric. This shows the great practical application potential of woven fabrics with a low cost and large scale, or you can make use of textile wastes to collect fog, suitable for the current circular economy model. This study hopes to further enrich the materials used for fog harvesting.

Overview of textile tensile surface structures with the largest uniform area

The innovative design of tensile surface structures is often a distinguishing feature of the entire construction project. The use of membranes gives buildings a sense of lightness and often a futuristic look. The construction materials used in the design of membrane roofing are, in addition to the steel cables tensioning and supporting the roof membrane, technical fabrics. This article focuses on describing structures made of continuous tensioned membranes spanning a rope or bar network with a total uniform area of more than 20,000 m2. Five structures with the largest uniform load-bearing area are described. The most commonly used yarn materials and coatings are described. The basic strength parameters of the most commonly used fabrics are summarized. The principles of shaping membrane surfaces were described. Attention was drawn to the difficulty of transferring laboratory test results to real objects. It is very likely that, for reasons of usability and manufacturing technology, continuous membrane surfaces with larger areas than described will no longer be designed.

The effects of MWCNT-STF on the impact resistance of fibre metal laminates

Fibre metal laminates (FMLs) have been widely used in the aerospace and transportation industries, due to their excellent impact and fatigue resistance. However, it is challenging to further improve the impact resistance of FMLs. In this study, shear thickening fluids (STFs) with different ratios of silicon nanoparticles to polyethylene glycol (PEG) were first produced to obtain the STF with optimized performance. Then, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to the STF to produce MWCNT-STF to further improve its shear thickening behaviour. The rheological test results have shown that the MWCNT-STF with the composition ratio of 30 wt% PEG200+0.2 wt% MWCNTs+69.8 wt% SiO2 demonstrates the best shear thickening function, with the peak viscosity being enhanced by 365 % but the critical shear rate reduced by 69 % compared with the original STF. The MWCNT-STF was then impregnated to Kevlar fabric by ultrasonic impregnation process. The experimental results show that MWCNTs contribute the best adhesion to Kevlar fabric when the ratio of MWCNT-STF to alcohol is 1:2, with the optimal add-on ratio as 53 %. The yarn pulling-out tests show that the addition of MWCNTs to STF improves the friction between the fabric yarns, which in turn increases their shear resistance. Then STF and MWCNT-STF Kevlar fabrics were integrated to FML manufacturing. The quasi-static perforation tests indicate that MWCNT-STF helps improve the specific energy absorption of the MWCNT-STF FMLs by up to 16 %, but with limited impact on the peak perforation force. More effectively, the low velocity impact tests show that the 3/2 FMLs made with 1, 2, and 3 layers of MWCNT-STF Kevlar fabric have an enhancement on their peak impact force by 20, 36 and 38 %, while on specific energy absorption by 30, 40 and 42 %, respectively, compared to 3/2 STF FMLs counterparts.

1D Textile Yarn Battery with MoS2@Si Anode and NCM Cathode

AbstractWearable electronics are surging for various applications ranging from critical functions like personal health monitoring to communication and entertainment. To power these electronic devices, advanced high‐performing textile‐based batteries are reckoned. In this work, a 1D textile yarn battery is designed using silicon (Si) nanoparticles wrapped in molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as an anode and layered Ni‐rich material Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 (NCM) as a cathode. The anode materials design is selected to ensure the use of Si due to its high specific capacity but suppressing its known issue of volume expansion by layered MoS2 nanosheets and, at the same time, MoS2 providing channels for lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) transport during electrochemical cycles. The NCM cathode, on the other hand, is adopted as it has higher energy density and improved cycle life. The full yarn battery (FYB) delivered an excellent electrochemical performance (areal capacity of 3.13 mAh cm−2, power density of 421 mW cm−3, and energy density of 78.9 mWh cm−3) with a capacity retention of 86% at 0.1 C and coulombic efficiency of 91.3%. This work pointed out a new way to design and fabricate textile‐based batteries with high‐performance materials using simple, cost‐effective, and scalable approaches targeting to be used as energy sources for future wearable electronics.

A progressive optimization of axial compression performance of 3D angle-interlock tubular woven composites through textile structure and yarn configuration innovations

Lightweight tubular composite materials with excellent compression performance are important structural components for load-bearing or energy absorption. Generally, outstanding performance depends on the structural design. Herein, a progressive structural optimization of 3D angle-interlock tubular woven reinforced composites (3DATWCs) is performed. The structural factors under consideration involve proportion of warp lining yarn, layers of weft yarn, surface constraint yarn and weft density. The axial compression performance and failure process of 3DATWCs with different structures are investigated through experiments and finite element method. The results indicate that increasing proportion of warp lining yarn can significantly improve the axial compression performance of 3DATWC. However, simply increasing proportion of warp lining yarn may decrease the straightness of yarn and constraint on warp yarns, leading to the performance reduction. The problem of performance reduction can be solved by introducing surface constraint yarn or increasing weft density. Finally, an optimization strategy is unveiled. Compared to ordinary structure, the ultimate load, plateau average load, ultimate stress, elastic modulus, total energy absorption and specific energy absorption of optimized 3DATWC increase by 101.88 %, 96.12 %, 77.46 %, 142.55 %, 119.06 %, and 77.39 %, respectively. Additionally, the axial compression performance is seriously affected by the fiber waviness, yarn waviness and interfacial properties, and can be further improved through reducing the waviness during the preparation of fabric preform.

Statistical Study of the Mechanical Behavior of the New Fiber from the Strelitzia Juncea Plant Fibers: Application in Ecological Yarns

ABSTRACT To develop efficient, durable, and eco-friendly natural fiber composites, this study examines the physical properties of Strelitzia Juncea (SJ) fiber for potential industrial use. The focus is on how gauge length affects mechanical properties of SJ fibers, aiming to manufacture textile yarns. Tensile tests were performed on SJ yarns of varying diameters (0.95, 1.26, and 1.76 mm). In addition, 150 fibers across five-gauge lengths (GL) from 10 to 50 mm gave a strength of 731 to 270 MPa and a Young’s modulus of 28 to 31 GPa, with statistical analysis applied to evaluate the data’s variability. Statistical techniques were applied to assess and quantify this dispersion. Results were analyzed using Weibull distributions with different probability indices, along with least squares (LS) and maximum likelihood (ML) estimation techniques. Furthermore, for each tensile strength characteristic, a one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed across the five groups.

Reel-to-Reel Coating of a Conductive Polymer on Synthetic Textile Yarns in a Semi-closed Batch Oxidative CVD System

In this manuscript, we demonstrate the ability to use a reel-to-reel processing technology for conductive surface functionalization of textile yarns using oxidative chemical vapor deposition in a continuous manner. We designed and built a vacuum deposition system, which allows the winding of yarns into the oCVD reactor by unreeling from the outside atmosphere, where the yarn is pre-treated with oxidant solution. Iron(III)chloride (FeCl3) and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene were used as the oxidant and monomer, respectively, to deposit thin films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) thin films on the synthetic PET yarn surfaces. FTIR and XPS analyses were carried out to verify the chemical structure of as-deposited PEDOT films. Effects of temperature, oxidant concentration, and winding speed on the electrical conductivities of the yarns after oCVD were studied. All yarns exhibited non-zero conductivity values independent of the deposition conditions studied. Very high conductivity uniformities were observed along the longitudinal direction of the yarns even at the highest studied winding speed of 24 cm/min.

Spinning the Future: The Convergence of Nanofiber Technologies and Yarn Fabrication.

The rapid advancement in nanofiber technologies has revolutionized the domain of yarn materials, marking a significant leap in textile technology. This review dissects the nexus between cutting-edge nanofiber technologies and yarn manufacturing, aiming to illuminate the pathway toward engineering advanced textiles with unparalleled functionality. It first discusses the fundamentals of nanofiber assemblies and spinning techniques, primarily focusing on electrospinning, centrifugal spinning, and blow spinning. Additionally, the study delves into integrating nanofiber spinning technologies with traditional and modern yarn fabrication principles, elucidating the design principles that underlie the creation of yarns incorporating nanofibers. Twisting technologies are explored to examine how they can be optimized and adapted for incorporating nanofibers, thus enabling the production of innovative nanofiber-based yarns. Special attention is given to scalable strategies like centrifugal and blow spinning, which are spotlighted for their efficiency and scalability in fabricating nanofiber yarns. This review further analyses recently developed nanofiber yarn applications, including wearable sensors, biomedical devices, moisture management textiles, and energy harvesting and storage devices. We finally present a forward-looking perspective to address unresolved issues in nanofiber-based yarn technologies.

A novel functional electrical stimulation sleeve based on textile-embedded dry electrodes

BackgroundFunctional electrical stimulation (FES) is a rehabilitation technique that enables functional improvements in patients with motor control impairments. This study presents an original design and prototyping method for a smart sleeve for FES applications. The article explains how to integrate a carbon-based dry electrode into a textile structure and ensure an electrical connection between the electrodes and the stimulator for effective delivery of the FES. It also describes the materials and the step-by-step manufacturing processes.ResultsThe carbon-based dry electrode is integrated into the textile substrate by a thermal compression molding process on an embroidered conductive matrix. This matrix is composed of textile silver-plated conductive yarns and is linked to the stimulator. Besides ensuring the electrical connection, the matrix improves the fixation between the textile substrate and the electrode. The stimulation intensity, the perceived comfort and the muscle torque generated by the smart FES sleeve were compared to hydrogel electrodes. The results show a better average comfort and a higher average stimulation intensity with the smart FES sleeve, while there were no significant differences for the muscle torque generated.ConclusionsThe integration of the proposed dry electrodes into a textile is a viable solution. The wearable FES system does not negatively impact the electrodes’ performance, and tends to improve it. Additionally, the proposed prototyping method is applicable to an entire garment in order to target all muscles. Moreover, the process is feasible for industrial production and commercialization since all materials and processes used are already available on the market.

Ultralight air-filled hollow yarn fabrics for efficient thermal insulation and its heat and mass transfer mechanism

Fibrous thermal insulating materials rely on retaining stationary air in their porous structure for effective insulation. However, hollow fibers lose their insulation when turned into textiles due to compression. In this study, we developed connected knitted loop sheaths to create stable hollow yarns. This direct formation allowed immediate use in fabric weaving, avoiding flattening during spinning. Comprehensive experimental analyses examined hollowness, porosity, mass density, and thermal resistance of air-filled hollow (AFH11AFH: air-filled hollow.) yarn fabrics. Results showed remarkable hollowness (41.62%) and porosity (87.509%), effectively trapping stagnant air and enhancing insulation while maintaining a lightweight structure. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) revealed that minor temperature gradients and negligible airflow within the hollow structure minimized heat transfer, resulting in superior thermal insulation performance. These insights aid in designing textiles with hollow yarns for desired insulation and thermal comfort.

Characterization of tensile properties of chain stitch structure fabric with negative Poisson’s ratio yarn

Negative Poisson’s ratio textiles have expanded deformation behavior and special mechanical properties under tension. According to the previous research, the negative Poisson’s ratio effect of fabrics was always lower than yarns. The main reason was that negative Poisson’s ratio yarns showed little structural deformation because of the fabric structures. In this study, chain stitch structure fabrics with negative Poisson’s ratio yarns as inserted weft yarns were designed and prepared. The effect of inserted weft yarns, symmetrical and parallelization arrangement and density on the Poisson’s ratio of chain stitch fabrics were tested and analyzed. The results showed that the negative Poisson’s ratio effect of fabrics was as similar as yarns and yarns in fabric. When the knitting loops provided fixation role in the fabrics, the negative Poisson’s yarns could also present obvious deformation behavior to successfully improve the expand effect of fabrics. Poisson’s ratio and porosity of fabrics under cyclic stretching were carried out to study the structure and property stability. The chain stitch structure fabrics with negative Poisson’s ratio are expected to provide more choices for improving the property and applicability.

Comparative Analysis of Winding of Multiple Yarns on Automated Winding Machine

In this work, an automated yarn winding machine for small-scale industry is attempted to be designed and developed. Any nation’s economy benefits greatly from the textile industry, but in India, where it employs almost 66 million people, this is particularly true. The demand for premium yarn is rising along with the ready-to-wear industry. In order to determine if it is feasible to wind a rod of varying length on an automated winding machine, a comparative investigation of the various yarn materials is conducted in this paper. A few phenomena that may cause yarn strength to decline are also investigated. This led to the discovery that non-traditional winding procedures produce better results than conventional winding approaches. In this the experiments performed on cotton, polyester and wool and compared analysis is done.

Jute textiles with enhanced interfacial bonding as reinforcement for cementitious composites

In fabric-cement composites, the limited impregnation of cementitious matrix products due to thick and twisted yarns leads to premature failure due to poor bonding strength. In addition, cellulosic textile reinforcements have many challenges about durability, appearance of voids at mortar-fiber interface, and rise of microcracks. Textile performances were evaluated in different conditions: coated with micro-silica powder, pretreated, and without any treatment. This study also assessed how textile weave structure and yarn geometry configuration affect the interactions of two different jute textiles (Close Weave Jute Fabric – CJF and Open Weave Jute Fabric - OJT) when used as reinforcement in mortar matrix. Textile characterization and composite analysis (by four-point bending tests, SEM/EDS, and physical tests) were conducted to assess the different textile reinforcements, the mechanical behavior of produced composites, and visual and chemical compounds analysis of the interfacial transition zone between textile and mortar matrix after silica coating. Micro silica powder coating was deemed necessary to address limited impregnation and to avoid telescope pull-off. Weave structure determined the difference between jute fabrics to reinforce mortar matrix, being only OJF (larger interstices in the weave structure) with micro silica coating allowed a better matrix interaction and stood out from the other textiles and achieved the best specific energy of all samples, (4.28 ± 0.91) kJ.m-2. Calcium and silicon inside the yarn interstices and textile-matrix interface indicate the formation of strong bonds by calcium-silicate-hydrate products. The silica coating treatment enhanced formation of strong bonds, which demonstrated future promise for natural fiber application.

Prediction of tensile behavior of compression therapeutic biomedical materials by mesoscale laid-in loop model

Tubular laid-in weft-knitted compression (LWC) therapeutic materials have been extensively applied in medical clinic treatment and daily healthcare management. Limited studies have explored the mechanical mechanisms through the numerical analytical models for the development and performance prediction of laid-in fabrics. This study developed the three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) laid-in loop model to simulate and predict the tensile behaviors of LWC materials based on the determination of geometric models and investigation of yarn mechanical properties. Through the constructed FE mesoscale models with various physical-mechanical characteristics of inlay yarn materials, it was found that the ground yarns and inlay yarns played distinct roles in producing tensile stresses under the course and wale direction of stretching strains. These tensile stresses determined the selection of yarn materials for controlling the tension of laid-in knitted fabrics in end applications. Then, the interfacial pressure dosages exerted by LWC materials were quantitively obtained based on the simulated Young's moduli values and modification of Laplace's Law model. The accuracy and acceptability of proposed mechanical laid-in models (mean error: 10.22 %) and pressure prediction models (mean error: 14.70 %) were validated by the comparative studies. The simulation methods and results created a visual tool for dynamically illustrating the tensile behaviors and predicting pressure performances of the elastic therapeutic materials in functional material design of biomedical compression textiles.

Characterization of 3D-printed filament yarns using various parameters

Smart clothing refers to clothing that is enhanced with technology to add functionality beyond its traditional use. It capable of perception and response it can mimic the characteristics of living systems. Conductivity in textiles is essential for smart clothing because electrical conductivity provides pathways for carrying information or energy for various functions. Textile conductivity can be imparted at various stages. Conductive polymers, fibers, yarns, fabrics, embroidery, and finishing are vital for the construction of smart clothes. most smart materials, electronic sensors or actuators are used to integrate the desired interactions with the environment. Typical textile methods, such as sewing, necessitate the adequate construction of electronic components, for example, by first soldering an electronic component on a flexible substrate with holes that can then be used for a sewn connection to a conductive yarn in a textile fabric. Most currently commercialized 3D printing processes involve fused deposition modeling (FDM) methods, which extrude thermoplastic filaments through nozzles. This process is similar to melt spinning, and modeling to print lines using one layer can yield a filament yarn shape. 3D printing outputs molten polymers by discharging thermoplastic filaments though a nozzle by an extrusion process. This method is similar to melt spinning. Currently, various types of materials are used in 3D Printing, However not all of these materials are suitable for textile applications. In addition, dogbone-type outputs were used to evaluate physical properties in previously reported studies in which the parameters of existing 3D printing were changed. but unlike filament-type outputs, dogbone-type outputs are composed of multiple layers rather than single layers. therefore, their properties are different from those of single-layer filament outputs. This study, as a basic study to develop smart textiles using 3D printing, herein we aimed measuring and analyzing the impact of conditions like printing speed and nozzle temperature on the surface structure, crystallinity, and mechanical properties of the outputs. Therefore, unlike dogbone-type sample forms, which have been used in many previous 3D-printing property evaluation studies, there is no adhesion between layers as the temperature increases. Therefore, the physical properties do not increase. This study entailed research to develop smart textiles using FDM-type 3D printing. A follow-up study that aims to evaluate the 3D printing spinning properties that combine extrusion 3D printing and melt spinning spools is underway.

Study on bulletproof performance of functionalized fabrics modified by microcapsules

AbstractThe incorporation of microcapsule particles (MPs) into fabrics offers the potential to enhance both the friction between fabric yarns and the bulletproof impact performance. In this study, MPs were prepared using the interfacial polymerization method. Furthermore, an innovative modification of the AF fabric was achieved by introducing a silane coupling agent and MPs. This resulted in the development of a microcapsules‐aramid fibers (MPs‐AF) composite material exhibiting excellent protective performance. The characterization experiment demonstrated the successful adhesion of MPs to the AF fabric, forming a robust bond between the fiber and the particles. Importantly, the modification process did not have any adverse effects on the fiber structure. The study further investigated the ballistic performance and protection mechanism of the modified fabrics through mechanical performance tests and ballistic impact tests. The yarn pull‐out experiment revealed that the MPs‐AF composite material exhibited a significant increase in pull‐out force, with a remarkable improvement of 175.6% compared to AF fabric. In the ballistic impact experiments, the MPs‐AF composite material demonstrated a substantial increase in ballistic limit velocity, rising from 52 to 118 m/s when compared to the AF fabric. These findings highlight the potential application of the MPs‐AF composite material in the field of wearable protection.Highlights Fiber surface modification grafting reaction. A simple and novel solution impregnation method was used to prepare modified AF. Preparation of microcapsule particles by interfacial polymerization. Green new fiber bulletproof material. Chemical grafting produces strong chemical bonds to increase interfacial resistance.

Study on the relationship between structure and moisturizing performance of seamless knitted fabrics of protein fibers for autumn and winter

Abstract With dry weather and low humidity in autumn and winter, human skin is usually prone to dryness, even leading to itchy skin and other problems, so it is important to do a good job of skin moisturizing. The fabrics produced by using protein fiber have a certain moisturizing effect on human skin. Five types of yarn including collagen fiber, cheese protein fiber, silkworm pupa protein fiber, cashmere protein fiber, and viscose are chosen as veil materials, while nylon/spandex composite fiber is chosen as inner yarn material. Three fabric structures including the weft plain stitch, 1 + 1 mock rib, and 1 + 3 mock rib are selected for the study. Based on the full factorial experimental design method, 15 samples of seamless knitted fabrics are produced using a circular knitting machine. In order to investigate the effects of different veil materials and fabric structure of seamless knitted fabric on skin moisturizing performance, the skin moisture content test and the trans-epidermal water loss test were carried out before and after the fabric samples were wrapped around the skin of 20 participants. The results show that both the veil materials and the fabric structure have significant effects on the skin moisture content. The use of collagen yarn as the veil material and 1 + 1 mock rib as the fabric structure results in better moisturizing effects on human skin. In terms of the trans-epidermal water loss test, the fabric structure has significant effects on the results, while the veil material has no significant effect on it. However, the value of trans-epidermal water loss of the fabric with protein yarn is smaller than that of the fabric with ordinary viscose. Therefore, using cheese protein yarn as the veil material and 1 + 1 mock rib as the fabric structure results in a smaller trans-epidermal water loss value.

Simulation and experimental study on transverse nonlinear vibration of axially moving yarn

This article focuses on the nonlinear dynamics of transverse vibration of the axially moving yarn system. In this article, the motion of yarn in actual production is analyzed, and the transverse nonlinear vibration equation of the viscoelastic axially moving yarn system with Kelvin model is established by using Newton’s second law. In the modeling process, the viscoelasticity of yarn material and the periodic fluctuation of tension in the process of movement are considered. The partial differential control equations of the system are transformed into ordinary differential equations by the Galerkin method. In the first three modes, when the speed is low, the related trial functions occupy the main part, and with the increase of speed, the trial functions of other orders occupy more proportion in the modal functions. Through numerical analysis, it is found that when the moving yarn is subjected to external excitation, the lateral vibration displacement has an increasing trend, and it is found that the nonlinear dynamic phenomenon alternates with the change of system parameters, such as single periodic motion, double periodic motion, and multiple periodic motion. Finally, an experimental platform for lateral vibration of yarn transmission was built and its working principle introduced. The lateral vibration of axially moving yarn was studied from the experimental point of view. It was proved that there are abundant phenomena of periodic motion, period doubling motion, and chaotic motion in the axially moving yarn system, which provides an experimental reference for theoretical research of lateral nonlinear vibration of axially moving yarn.

Challenges of polyester-cotton textiles co-fractionation

Waste problem on plastic relates to micro plastic issue and synthetic textile fibers pronounce part of the problem. Inherently the problems in recycling are rising form the structure of the textiles, comprising of textile fiber blends, yarn and garment structures and well the components typical for clothing. In chemical separation methods, the sensitivity of both of the polymers defines strict limits to which conditions are possible without depolymerizing or damaging markedly either of the main components. In this paper we discuss the challange of available processes.

Biomedical therapeutic compression textiles: Physical-mechanical property analysis to precise pressure management

Biomedical therapeutic compression textiles (TCTs) have been extensively applied in the prevention and treatment of chronic venous insufficiency of lower extremities. An efficiency and operable development strategy to achieve the morphologic control and pressure fitness of TCTs needs to be proposed to improve the medical precision and patient adherence. Therefore, the present study qualitatively explored the influencing mechanisms of each knitting variable on physical-mechanical properties and pressure behaviors of TCTs. Then constructed the quantitative models to digitalize the knitting variables for determination of yarn-machinery setting design values. The results revealed that the feeding velocity of elastic inlay yarn materials and loop size settings impacted the pressure values owing to the diversities of fabric dimensions and mechanical tensile properties, respectively. Simultaneously, the derivation ratios of proposed circumferential and pressure models evaluated by experimental validated trials were approximately 1.1% and 10.8%, respectively. This study provided the fundamental references for the design, manufacturing, and property controlling of compression textiles to improve the biomedical therapeutic effectiveness for targeted users.