Yangcheng Lake Research Articles

Do pyrethroid pesticide residues in Chinese mitten crab aquaculture areas have an impact on the ecological environment? ——A case study of Yangcheng Lake

Pyrethroid pesticides are widely used in agriculture, aquaculture, and daily life in China, leading to concerns about their environmental residues. However, there is limited information available regarding the compositional distribution, bioaccumulation, and associated health and environmental risks of pyrethroids in the aquaculture areas of Eastern China. This study investigated the residues, distribution, and risk assessment of pyrethroids including deltamethrin, permethrin, fenvalerate, cypermethrin and bifenthrin in Yangcheng Lake using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The risk assessment of water, sediment, and aquatic products of Yangcheng Lake was conducted using various evaluation methods. The results revealed that pyrethroids were found at higher levels in both water and sediment in Yangcheng Lake with some seasonal variations observed in their distribution patterns. Compared with other watersheds in China, typical aquaculture areas of the Yangtze River Delta showed higher detection rates and quantities of pyrethroid pesticides. Ecological risk assessments indicated high risks to the environment from all five tested pyrethroids at Yangcheng Lake; deltamethrin posed the highest risk among them. Dietary assessment results showed no risks associated with aquatic products from Yangcheng Lake but drinking water at certain sites presented unacceptable health risks.

Blockchain Traceability Process for Hairy Crab Based on Cuckoo Filter

With the rapid development of global information technology, smart agriculture has gradually become an important force to promote agricultural modernisation. Taking Yangcheng Lake hairy crabs as the research object, this paper constructs a full-chain traceability process for hairy crabs integrating blockchain and Internet of Things technology in response to the demand for the enhancement of its brand value and market competitiveness. The model covers all aspects of breeding, processing, and transport to sales; realises end-to-end transparent regulation; effectively guarantees the authenticity and non-tamperability of information; and enhances consumers’ trust in the brand. At the technical level, this paper designs the ECMI (Enhanced Cuckoo Merkle Index) model, optimises the data storage and retrieval mechanism, and experimentally verifies the advantages of cuckoo filters over traditional Bloom filters in reducing false positives and improving query efficiency. This paper not only provides an efficient and safe traceability solution for the hairy crab industry in Yangcheng Lake but also provides technical support and practical cases for the further application of blockchain technology in smart agriculture, which is of great value for the realisation of the national rural revitalisation strategy.

Elemental and stable isotopic signatures for dynamic traceability of genuine and "bathing" cultured Yangcheng Eriocheir sinensis crabs

This study examines whether the "bathing" culture of Chinese mitten crabs Eriocheir sinensis outside the Yangcheng Lake area converges with the origin characteristics of crabs from Yangcheng Lake and Kunshan Ponds. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) were used to analyze mineral elements and stable isotopes in crabs at various stages of "bathing". The results indicated a dynamic transformation in the origin characteristics of "bathed" crabs; however, full convergence with genuine crabs was not achieved. Notably, disparities persisted between genuine crabs and "bathed" crabs. The combination of mineral elements and stable isotopes exhibited a discrimination accuracy of 95 % and 81.3 % between genuine crabs and "bathed crabs" from Kunshan Ponds and the Yangcheng Lake during each period of “bathing", respectively, which was higher than that using either method alone. This suggests limitations in altering original characteristics through "bathing". The combination of mineral elements and stable isotopes provides promising avenues for origin identification and understanding changes in crab characteristics during the "bathing" process. These findings highlight the complexities of crab culture practices and have implications for quality control and origin authentication in the crab industry.

Study on the Design Scheme of Vehicle Flow Lines in Unilateral Agglomerative Open Service Area

In recent years, with the introduction of the strategy to strengthen the country’s transportation infrastructure and the continuous implementation of new economic development models such as integrating transportation with tourism, various open service areas integrating highway service areas with local tourism have emerged nationwide. Examples include the Yangcheng Lake service area in Jiangsu and the Lengshui service area in Chongqing. This paper focuses on the design example of the Dazu Stone Carving service area on the Chongqing section of the Yurong Expressway, comprehensively considering factors such as construction scale, terrain conditions, and local urban planning. It analyzes and studies the traffic flow design of unilateral agglomerative open service areas around two vehicle traffic conversion links: between the main expressway and the service area, and between the service area and local roads. The aim is to provide a case study reference for similar projects.

Arsenic distribution characteristics and release mechanisms in aquaculture lake sediments

It is well known that aquaculture can alter the microenvironments of lakes at sediment-water interface (SWI). However, the main mechanisms underlying the effects of aquaculture activities on arsenic (As) transformations are still unclear. In this context, the present study aims to investigate the variations in the sediment As contents in Yangcheng Lake, as well as to assess its chemical transformations, release fluxes, and release mechanisms. The results showed substantial spatial differences in the dissolved As concentrations in the sediment pore water. The As release fluxes at the SWI ranged from 1.32 to 112.09 μg/L, with an average value of 33.68 μg/L. In addition, the highest As fluxes were observed in the aquaculture areas. The transformation of crystalline hydrous Fe oxide-bound As to adsorbed-As in the aquaculture lake sediments increased the ability of As release. The Partial least squares path modeling results demonstrated the great contributions of organic matter (OM) to the As transformations by influencing the sediment microbial communities and Fe/Mn minerals. The changes in the As fractionation and competing adsorption increased the dissolved As concentrations in the 0–10 mm surface sediment. Non-specifically and specifically adsorbed As were the major sources of dissolved As in the sediments. Specifically, microbial reduction of As[V] and dissolution of Fe oxides increased the dissolved As concentrations at the SWI (20 to −20 mm). The results of the current study highlight the positive enhancement effects of aquaculture on As release from sediments.

Characteristics of microbial community structure and influencing factors of Yangcheng Lake and rivers entering Yangcheng Lake during the wet season.

Yangcheng Lake, a typical fishery lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, is threatened by eutrophication. As the main performers of biogeochemical cycles, microorganisms affect the ecological stability of the lake. To study the structural characteristics of the microbial community in Yangcheng Lake and rivers entering Yangcheng Lake and the response relationship with environmental factors, the microbial community was categorized based on the contour of Yangcheng Lake, the major rivers entering Yangcheng Lake, and the pollution sources. The distribution characteristics of seven physicochemical indices were analyzed, including total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), water temperature (WT), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus (TN/TP). Characterization of microbial community structure based on 16S rRNA high-flux sequencing technology and ANOSIM analysis were used to explore the differences in the relative abundance of microorganisms at each sampling point in the lake and rivers, and redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to analyze the relationship between the microbial community and physicochemical factors. The results showed that the dominant phyla, genera of microorganisms, and the total number of OTUs in the lake and rivers were similar. The dominant phyla included Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia; the dominant genera included the hgcI clade, CL500-29 marine group, Microcystis PCC-7914, Chloroplast_norank, Clade III_norank, and Flavobacterium. ANOSIM analyses revealed that the microbial community of Yangcheng Lake exhibited an association with geographical space, while the microbial community in the rivers that was linked to the type of pollution source. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that dissolved oxygen (DO), total nitrogen (TN), and pH were significantly correlated with the dominant phyla in Yangcheng Lake (p < 0.05), while total nitrogen (TN), water temperature(WT), and the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus (TN/TP) were significantly related with the dominant genera in Yangcheng Lake (p < 0.05). Total nitrogen (TN) was also significantly linked to the dominant phyla and genera of the tributaries (p < 0.05). Despite the structural similarities in microbial communities between Yangcheng Lake and its inflowing rivers, environmental factors demonstrated significant associations with these communities, providing crucial data support for pollution prevention and the ecological restoration of Yangcheng Lake.

Genomics and transcriptomics of the Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis)

To gain a deeper understanding of the genetic factors influencing the growth and development of Eriocheir sinensis, a well-known species of hairy crab found in Yangcheng Lake, this study focused on the de novo genome and full-length transcriptome information of the selected subjects. Specifically, Yangcheng Lake hairy crabs were chosen as the experimental samples. Initially, a genome analysis was performed, resulting in the identification of gene fragments with a combined length of 1266,092,319 bp. Subsequently, a transcriptome analysis was conducted on a mixture of tissues from four different sites, namely muscle, brain, eye, and heart, to further investigate the genetic characteristics at the transcriptome level. The Pacific Biosciences (Pacio) single-molecule real-time sequencing system generated a total of 36.93 G sub-fragments and 175,90041 effective inserts. This research contributes to the indirect comprehension of genetic variations underlying individual traits. Furthermore, a comparison of the obtained data with relevant literature emphasizes the advantages of this study and establishes a basis for further investigations on the Chinese mitten crab.

Construction of ecological network in Suzhou based on the PLUS and MSPA models

Building regional ecological network can alleviate the notable contradiction between land use and ecological development in the process of rapid urbanization. Suzhou is the center city of the Yangtze River Delta urban cluster and a typical water network city, but high intensity land use has fragmented its ecological space. The study firstly introduced the patch generation land use simulation (PLUS) model to simulate the land use under the ecological priority scenario in Suzhou in 2032, combining the land use data in 2002, 2012 and 2022 to provide basis for the construction of ecological network in the later stage. Secondly, the ecological sources of the four periods were identified by combining morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) and landscape connectivity analysis, and the ecological corridors and nodes of each period were screened and classified by minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model, gravity model and hydrological analysis. Then we superimposed the screened sources, corridors, and nodes to construct an ecological network pattern in Suzhou that can develop in harmony with the land use dynamics. Finally, the degree of optimization was verified by the network structural evaluation in comparison with the ecological network in 2022. The results indicate that (1) Suzhou has the largest area of water among the land use types, with good ecological substrate. Under the guidance of the ecological green development strategy, the woodland and grassland areas will slightly increase in 2032. The overall land use pattern will generally remain consistent with that in 2022, and landscape fragmentation will be mitigated. (2) A total of 23 ecological sources are identified, mainly located near Taihu Lake, Yangcheng Lake and Yangtze River. Among them, Taihu Lake is the most important ecological source. 76 ecological corridors are screened, including 31 construction corridors, 22 protected corridors and 23 potential corridors, mostly water corridors. 54 ecological nodes are selected, divided into 21 general strategic points, 12 potential strategic points, 11 restorative strategic points and 10 break points. (3) The plan forms an ecological spatial pattern of “three cores, four pieces, multiple corridors and multiple sources” and proposes corresponding refined management measures to promote sustainable development in the Yangtze River Delta region. In addition, this study aims to propose a framework for ecological network construction coupled with land use simulation, which can provide new ideas for ecological construction of similar regions affected by urbanization around the globe.

Assessing lake health in China: Challenges due to multiple coexisting standards

Study RegionYangcheng Lake is located northeast of Suzhou city, one of the most economically developed cities in the Yangtze River Delta plain, China. Yangcheng Lake serves as a storage pool for flood control and water diversion; as well as a potable water source for Suzhou City. In recent years, summer cyanobacterial blooms began appearing in Yangcheng Lake, which urgently requires a health evaluation. Study FocusCurrently, there is a three-tier analysis system consisting of national, provincial, and local assessments in China. However, each tier has a unique set of standards, meaning that: 1) evaluations between tiers are not comparable and 2) conducting a unified survey and analyzing the results is exceedingly difficult. How to develop ways to standardize existing river and lake health evaluation systems in China become a global concern. New Hydrological Insights for the RegionAlthough the evaluation index system and assessment techniques are consistent throughout all three methods, they differ in their handling of index weights and assignment criteria. The health evaluation scores of Yangcheng Lake are in the Healthy to Sub-healthy range, with gradually decreasing health from east to west. This work synthesized the existing Chinese national-provincial-local health evaluation system and suggested standardizing the index system, index weights, and evaluation process to provide theoretical support for water resources management and water ecology restoration in freshwater water bodies in China.

Taste Attributes of the “June Hairy Crab” Juveniles of Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in Yangcheng Lake, China—A Pilot Study

This is the first report on the use of a taste sensing system to quantitatively evaluate the taste attributes of two groups of native “June hairy crab” juveniles (commonly referred to as “Liu-Yue-Huang”) of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir Sinensis H. Milne Edwards, 1853) from a net enclosure culture area in Yangcheng Lake (lake culture) and aquaculture ponds near the lake (pond culture). We showed that umami was the predominant basic taste of steamed June hairy crabs, followed by bitterness and astringency. The intensity value of saltiness was aberrant and could not be determined using this system. The average values of aftertaste-U reached 8.7 and 10.7 in the male June hairy crabs from the lake and pond cultures, respectively, which was significantly higher than their respective aftertaste-B and aftertaste-A values (p &lt; 0.01). Female crabs did not have aftertaste-B, while their aftertaste-U was significantly higher than aftertaste-A (p &lt; 0.01). Although principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis were not able to completely distinguish among crabs from different cultures, they could robustly distinguish between male and female crabs.

Multi-mineral fingerprinting analysis of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in Yangcheng Lake during the year-round culture period

Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis), originating from Yangcheng Lake, are valuable aquatic products in China. To characterize changes in nutrients in this species in Yangcheng Lake during the year-round culture period, the contents of ten mineral elements in the third pereiopod were evaluated. Principal component analysis revealed that mineral elements changed substantially in the first three months. Thereafter, the elemental “fingerprint” stabilized, and samples could not be accurately distinguished. This pattern was supported by linear discriminant analysis and self-organizing map analysis. These results demonstrate that a long period of time is required for element characteristics to stabilize, suggesting that short-term breeding is insufficient to obtain the natural elemental “fingerprint.” In addition, our findings provide a basis for verifying the origin of Chinese mitten crab and other aquatic taxa in Yangcheng Lake.

Distribution and Release of Volatile Organic Sulfur Compounds in Yangcheng Lake

Volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) function as a water–atmosphere link in the global sulfur cycle. It is generally believed that the vast majority of VOSCs are released from the ocean. However, due to the pervasive eutrophication and pollution of inland waters, the VOSC production and emission in rivers, lakes and reservoirs are attracting more attention. In this study, the temporal and spatial distributions of three VOSCs, including methanethiol, Dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide in Yangcheng Lake, a eutrophic shallow lake, are investigated monthly and seasonally. Results show that VOSCs are higher in summer and autumn, with the western region as a hotspot. Our results show a positive correlation between VOSC and phytoplankton biomass (p &lt; 0.05). Interestingly, from algal phylum composition, all the phylum, except those with low biomass, played a positive effect on VOSCs’ concentration. We did not find any specific phylum or species of cyanobacteria that contributed solely to the VOSCs. The water-air effluxes of Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) are estimated by a stagnant film model. The DMS effluxes from Yangcheng Lakes were higher than deep lakes and similar to the ocean, indicating that VOSCs, particularly DMS, in those eutrophic shallow lakes were non-negligible.

Three new Gomphonema Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta, Gomphonemataceae) species from the lower reaches of Yangtze River, China

In this study, three new species of the genus Gomphonema from freshwater lakes of the lower reaches of Yangtze River, China. They include G. qii sp. nov. from Yangcheng Lake, G. poyangense sp. nov. from Poyang Lake, and G. longganense sp. nov. from Longgan Lake, and all of these new species were collected on stone. We detailed morphological features of these new species are described based on light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the LM and SEM photographs illustrate the size ranges and particular ultrastructure of these new species. G. qii sp. nov. with clavate-lanceolate valves, bluntly rounded headpole and narrowly-rounded footpole, narrowly axial area, uniseriate striae. G. poyangense sp. nov. with clavate-lanceolate valves, rounded headpole and narrowly-rounded footpole, broadly rhombic-lanceolate axial area, short uniseriate striae, c-shaped to irregularly shaped areolae. G. longganense sp. nov. with slightly heteropolar, linear-lanceolate valves, protruded headpole and rounded footpole, narrowly axial area, variously-shaped areolae. Additionally, three new species only have one stigma per valve. We compare these new species with other similar species of Gomphonema based on valve outline, shape of the axial and center areas, and striae density. While their valve features and symmetry easily assign them to Gomphonema, their differences with 'core' species of the genus are discussed.

Shape variation in the carapace of Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne Edwards, 1853) in Yangcheng Lake during the year-long culture period

To evaluate whether ontogenetic development over the grow-out culture period can cause geographical plasticity of carapace shape in a certain region, geometric morphometric analysis was used, in this study, to determine the ontogenetic changes in the carapace morphology of Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) originating from Yangcheng Lake, China, during a year of growth from coin-sized juveniles to market-sized adults. The morphological differences in the carapace throughout the year of culture were characterized using a 35-landmark point system. We used principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis to determine morphological variation using thin-plate spline analysis and mesh deformation. During the growth process, the changes in the carapace were mainly concentrated in the third and fourth anterolateral teeth and on the M-shaped pattern. During the growth of male and female crabs throughout the year, the shape of the carapace changed considerably over the first six months. Afterwards, the shape of the carapace began to stabilize and could not be differentiated through discriminant analysis. This study is the first to use geometric morphometrics to analyze the ontogenetic changes in the carapace shape of E. sinensis crabs native to Yangcheng Lake. The results demonstrate that it takes a long time for the carapace morphology of native crabs to stabilize.

Multi-Mineral Element Profiles in Genuine and “Bathing” Cultured Chinese Mitten Crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) in Yangcheng Lake, China

The authentication of high-quality fishery products originating from specific geographical regions is urgently needed worldwide. Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis), originating from Yangcheng Lake, are prime counterfeiting targets for the same reasons. Foreign crabs that are cultured briefly in the lake, known as “bathed” crabs, are illegally marketed as natives, negatively impacting the product quality. To establish a method for distinguishing “bathed” and genuine crabs, in this paper we conduct a comparative investigation by an Agilent 7500ce ICP-MS on multi-mineral element profiling of the third pereiopod from genuine and one month deliberately “bathing” cultured crabs. The profiles of 11 elements were significantly different between the genuine and foreign crabs before and after bathing. The discriminant analysis reached 100% accuracy to separate the genuine and “bathed” crabs into different groups. Bathing culture was unable to converge element profiles between the genuine and foreign crabs. The biogeochemical profiles can be effective for distinguishing “bathed” crabs.

Analysis on the effect of large-scale compound ecological engineering system on pollution control of the estuary of a lake

Abstract The quality of the water and the water environment in the estuary of a lake directly affect the water quality and ecological functions of the entire lake. Multi-technology systems, which integrate biotechnological analysis of a lake estuary and restoration of the ecological functions of the water in situ, have gradually been adopted for lake management and restoration. The Xielugang Estuary is located north of the Yangcheng Middle Lake and always exhibits a certain degree of eutrophic phenomena. To ensure the safety of the ecological environment in Yangcheng Lake, a multi-level purification and ecological system with ‘intercept precipitation–ecological restoration–coupled biological treatment’ was developed. Water quality monitoring results for the inlet and outlet of different units in the system from October 2020 to May 2021 showed that the system was effective. We also found that the purification capacity of the composite system was high and the system could significantly enhance the reduction of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, potassium permanganate index and total suspended solids. The average removal rates for these components were 41.34, 61.76, 35.21 and 67.21%, respectively, and the removal rate for typical heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb) was 30.4–48.9%. The composite system substantially improved the water quality of the estuary and the wetland ecological function, demonstrating its effectiveness and significance.

Metagenomics-based antibiotic resistance genes diversity and prevalence risk revealed by pathogenic bacterial host in Taihu Lake, China.

In recent decades, antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been regarded as emerging pollutants. In Taihu Lake, as a typical representative of freshwater system in China, the ARGs occurrence and abundance was of great importance for ecological risk control and public health protection. In this research, high-throughput sequencing and metagenomics technique were used to investigate the seasonal ARGs profile in overlying water and sediment at typical area of Taihu Lake. Besides, taxonomy pattern of ARGs host bacteria and potential pathogens were identified. The results showed that 33 ARG subtypes and 11 ARG types were detected in research area, among which bacitracin, multidrug and sulfonamides resistance gene were with the highest abundance. The relative abundance of ARGs in overlying water and sediment ranged from 1.68 to 661.05ppm and from 1.93 to 49.47ppm, respectively. ARG host (18 bacteria genus) were identified and annotated, among which Clostridium botulinum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia were pathogenic bacteria. The pathogens were mostly detected at Xukou Bay in spring and fall, which might be caused by the inlet water from aquaculture area of Yangcheng Lake. Pseudomonas was the most abundant ARGs host (ant2ib, baca, bl2d_oxa2,mexb, mexf, mexw and oprn), which may facilitate the propagation of ARGs in freshwater system.

Comparison of methodological proposal in sensory evaluation for Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) by data mining and sensory panel

Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) needs sensory evaluation for grading. This study compared data mining (DM) and sensory panel evaluation (SPE), using data visualization (DV) and quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), respectively. Results showed that Yangcheng Lake Crab (YLC) was the most welcomed for “umami” and “sweet” according to DV; and QDA (7-scale) showed similar results of the highest “aroma-sweet” (Average Score 4.5) and “taste-umami” (Average Score 4.6) in YLC. The difference was that, DV was fast based on big data (1.4 million words); while QDA quantified detailed attributes (principle components > 85.3% averagely) based on highly-trained sensory panel of good distinguishing- and repeating- ability that F value showed 76.4% of all attributes > 5% for panelist averagely, and mean square error < 0.500 except one panelist. In conclusion, DM was quick but qualitative; while SPE was laborious but informative.

High Plasticity of the Gut Microbiome and Muscle Metabolome of Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in Diverse Environments.

Phenotypic plasticity is a rapid response mechanism that enables organisms to acclimate and survive in changing environments. The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) survives and thrives in different and even introduced habitats, thereby indicating its high phenotypic plasticity. However, the underpinnings of the high plasticity of E. sinensis have not been comprehensively investigated. In this study, we conducted an integrated gut microbiome and muscle metabolome analysis on E. sinensis collected from three different environments, namely, an artificial pond, Yangcheng Lake, and Yangtze River, to uncover the mechanism of its high phenotypic plasticity. Our study presents three divergent gut microbiotas and muscle metabolic profiles that corresponded to the three environments. The composition and diversity of the core gut microbiota (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes, and Firmicutes) varied among the different environments while the metabolites associated with amino acids, fatty acids, and terpene compounds displayed significantly different concentration levels. The results revealed that the gut microbiome community and muscle metabolome were significantly affected by the habitat environments. Our findings indicate the high phenotypic plasticity in terms of gut microbiome and muscle metabolome of E. sinensis when it faces environmental changes, which would also facilitate its acclimation and adaptation to diverse and even introduced environments.

Biological manipulation of eutrophication in West Yangchen Lake

This paper aims to share findings on nonclassical biomanipulation from a field study on eutrophic West Yangcheng (WY) Lake. In the forty years before 2009, cyanobacteria frequently bloomed in WY Lake, an event which has not occurred since 2009. The stocking density of filter-feeding carp was estimated to be more than 50 g/m3 in July after 2009, approximately double the amount observed before 2009, and the ratio of silver carp to bighead carp (SBR) increased from 0.8 to more than 1.6. Compared with the water quality between 2004 and 2007, the total nitrogen (TN) and the chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration decreased while total phosphorus (TP) and transparency (SD) increased significantly after 2009 (P < 0.05). The decreasing Chl-a concentration was observed in Jul, Jun, May, Jul, and Mar in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2016, and 2017, respectively. The Chl-a concentration was significantly negatively correlated with TP (P < 0.05), and no significant correlation with TN was observed (P > 0.05). A significant negative correlation was observed between fish yield and SD (P < 0.05). The results also showed that filter-feeding carp more effectively restrained algae growth when SD was low. These results indicated that a high density of filter-feeding fish with increased SBR interfered with the driving effects of nutrients and temperature on the growth of algal biomass and then restrained bloom of algae. It may be necessary to take SD into consideration for determining the appropriate fish stocking density for the biomanipulation of algae.