Yam Output Research Articles

Determinants Affecting Input-Output Relationship in Yam Production in Ikom Agricultural Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria

The study was carried out in the Ikom Agricultural Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria, to examine the relationship between the inputs and outputs of yam. A multistage sampling technique was used for the study. A total of 240 respondents were randomly selected from thirteen villages. Questionnaires were administered to the respondents by the interview method. The data collected were analyzed using regression analysis from STATA v17. The double-log result showed that inputs that significantly influenced yam output in the study area were quantity of fertilizer, seedlings, labour, access to credit, and farm size, at 1% and 5%, respectively. It is recommended that yam farmers increase their farm sizes in cultivation, fertilizer usage, and yam seedlings to increase yam output.

The Effect of Government Expenditure on Yam Yield in Nigeria

The broad objective of this study is the analysis of the long and short run effect of government expenditure on yam yield in Nigeria. The study applied descriptive statistics and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) econometric approach to the secondary data collected from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and FAOSTAT. The descriptive analysis shows that yam output was increasing in Nigeria with decreasing trend in yield. The result of the econometric analysis indicates that agricultural government expenditure does not have significant long and short-run effects on yam production and yield. This is because the real per capita agricultural government expenditure is small. The study concludes that although, agricultural government expenditure does not have significant long and short-run effects on yam production and yield, it is positively correlated with agricultural inputs used in yam production. Based on the findings from the study, various recommendations were made, which include the need to increase the share of agricultural public expenditure in total government expenditure in Nigeria, which stood at 2%, can be increased to 4% which is the average for Sub-Sahara Africa, while targeting 10% recommended in the Maputo Declaration.

Effect of Climate Change and Weather Variability Perception on Yam Production in Ondo State

Purpose: The study was carried out to investigate the effect of climate change and weather-variability perception on yam production in Owo Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to: describe the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents in the study area; identify the perceptions of yam farmers on climate change in the study area; identify the adaptation strategies adopted by farmers in the study; determine the cost and return of farmers; determine the effect of climate change variables perception on yam output.
 Methodology: Multi –stage sampling procedure was used in the selection of respondents in the study area. A total of 120 respondents were selected for this study. Descriptive statistics, Gross Margin analysis, Likert Rating Scale, Multiple Regression Analysis were used to analyze data collected from the field. The study revealed that 38.0% of the yam farmers fell within the ages of 36 and 45 years. This implies that yam farmers in the study area are relatively young and energetic which enhance sustainable production.
 Findings: Gross Margin analysis revealed that yam production is profitable as it leaves a profit margin of N31995 for each farmer in the study area. Likert Rating Scale showed that majority of the respondents had a high perception on climate change but there is need for more sensitization of yam farmers on climate change. Multiple Regression Analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between climate change variables perception and yam output which rejects the hypothesis of this study.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended among others that there is need for government to sensitize farmers on climate change and provide them with reasonable adaptation options to mitigate the negative effects of climate change on Agricultural production.

EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND WEATHER VARIABILITY PERCEPTION ON YAM PRODUCTION IN ONDO STATE

Purpose: The study was carried out to investigate the effect of climate change and weather-variability perception on yam production in Owo Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to: describe the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents in the study area; identify the perceptions of yam farmers on climate change in the study area; identify the adaptation strategies adopted by farmers in the study; determine the cost and return of farmers; determine the effect of climate change variables perception on yam output.
 Methodology: Multi –stage sampling procedure was used in the selection of respondents in the study area. A total of 120 respondents were selected for this study. Descriptive statistics, Gross Margin analysis, Likert Rating Scale, Multiple Regression Analysis were used to analyze data collected from the field.
 Findings: The study revealed that 38.0% of the yam farmers fell within the ages of 36 and 45 years. This implies that yam farmers in the study area are relatively young and energetic which enhance sustainable production. Gross Margin analysis revealed that yam production is profitable as it leaves a profit margin of N31995 for each farmer in the study area. Likert Rating Scale showed that majority of the respondents had a high perception on climate change but there is need for more sensitization of yam farmers on climate change. Multiple Regression Analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between climate change variables perception and yam output which rejects the hypothesis of this study.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended among others that there is need for government to sensitize farmers on climate change and provide them with reasonable adaptation options to mitigate the negative effects of climate change on Agricultural production.

Effects of Extreme Flooding on Output of Selected Crops in Anambra State, Nigeria from 1990 to 2019

The study has analyzed effects of extreme flooding on output of selected root and tuber crops in Anambra State, Nigeria for the period of 1990-2019using secondary data collected on cassava, yam and sweet potato output from the agricultural production survey of Anambra State Agricultural Development Programme and annual averages of rainfall from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency inAwka station. Data collected were analysed by using multivariate simple linear regression and trend analysisin linear trend analysis and line graph. Results respectively showed an increasing trend in output of cassava, yam and sweet potato within the researched period with a depression in output of cassava and yam in 2014 and 2015. The regression results showed that coefficients of determination (R2) values of yam output were (0.620), cassava output (0.560) and sweet potato (0.580), which implied that 63%, 56% and 58% changed in output of roots and tuber crops accounted for rainfall within the research period. Specifically, rainfall (0.002) was positively related to yam output at (p<0.05). This implied excessive amount of rainfall resulting flooding, which influenced the output of production of yam. Rainfall (-0.015) and (-0.003) were negatively related to output of cassava and sweet potato at 5% probability level, which indicated extreme rainfall translating into flooding, which adversely affected the output of cassava and sweet potato in this area. The result of the tested hypothesis showed that extreme flooding had significant negative effects on output of roots and tuber crops in the researched area. Based on results, it was concluded that extreme flooding deleteriously affected output of root and tuber crops in Anambra state, Nigeria. Therefore, farmers were advised to change their crop production technologies including time of planting to suit changes in rainfall pattern in order to avert their adverse effects.

Near-term impact of climate variability on yam rot incidence over a humid tropical region: projections in CORDEX-Africa scenarios

AbstractThe global population is projected to be enormous by the mid-21st century, whereas, most essential crops being sustained by the rain-fed agriculture are threatened by climate change. Therefore, the study investigated the projected near-future effect of rainfall variability on rot incidence and yam production in humid tropical Nigeria. Production data from the Food and Agriculture Organization and the Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics showed the significant increasing trend in the annual yam output. The field survey conducted in 2018 showed that the maximum percentage of rot incidence occurred in July. Climate Research Unit observational rainfall data from 1979 to 2018 showed the nonsignificant trend in the interannual rainfall variability; however, it showed low variability and a significant decreasing trend in the July rainfall. A pathogenicity test on yam samples confirmed rot by fungi, bacteria and nematodes as virulent pathogens, whereas, the nutritional qualities of the rotted yams were indicated. Monthly rainfall and rot incidence showed positive correlation (r = 0.84, significant at 99% from t-test). The positive characteristic impact values indicated that increase (decrease) in the monthly rainfall corresponds to increase (decrease) in the magnitude of monthly percentage rot incidence. Thus, the significantly decreasing rainfall reduced the quantity of rot incidence and consequently increased the annual yam production for the period. Selected CoOrdinated Regional Downscaling EXperiment-Africa models and the ensemble mean showed a good measure of agreement with observational rainfall in the historical experiments. The efficiencies of the bias-corrected outputs in the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 indicated improved ‘reasonable’ performances. Bias-corrected projections of the July rainfall showed an increasing trend in both the RCPs, which indicate a potential increase in rot incidence and the consequent decline in annual yam production. The findings are imperative in sustaining the global food supply.

Awareness and adaptation to climate change among yam-based farmers in rural Oyo state, Nigeria

Climate change is a serious environmental and economic issue confronting our world. Climate Change is a threat multiplier that makes poverty more chronic, worsens adverse health conditions and capable of inducing conflicts. The adverse climate change impacts materialise in various sectors of the economy. However, the effect is unique in developing countries that rely on agriculture. The paper examined the level of awareness and adaptation to climate change among yam-based farmers in rural areas of Oyo state. Yam is a root crop with huge economic and nutritional importance in Nigeria. However, Nigerian agriculture being rain-fed is exposed to the vagaries of weather hence the constraint to yam production. Primary data were used for the study. Personal interviews and well-structured questionnaire were used to elicit pertinent information. The information collected includes socioeconomic characteristics, perceptions on climate change, adaptation strategies and constraint to adaptation in the study area. Multistage sampling technique was used for the selection of respondents. At the first stage, three Local Government Areas (LGAs)-Saki East, Iseyin and Itesiwaju were purposively selected based on the dominance of yam production. The second stage involved the random selection of three communities from each LGA. At the third stage, simple random sampling technique was used to select 21 farming households from each community making a total of 189 households. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logit regression model. The results of the descriptive analysis showed 92.1 percent of the respondents were married with an average household size of 9. Majority of the respondents (67.6 percent) cultivate yam on less than 2 hectares. The study revealed about 59 percent and 57 percent of the respondents do not have access to credit and extension services respectively. The farmers are aware of climate change effects with varying levels of knowledge. Majority of the farmers claimed yam output has been declining in the study area. However, adaptation strategies used by farmers to improve yam production in spite of climate change include mixed cropping, irrigation, diversification and change in planting dates. Meanwhile, climate change-induced problems in the study area are dwindling income and alteration of farm calendar, soaring labour cost, clashes between pastoralists and crop farmers and health issues. The paper recommended increased awareness on climate change through making existing information channels accessible to farmers. There is the need for government and microfinance institutions to provide credit to farmers in order to enhance their adaptive capacities.

GROWTH RATE AND DOUBLING TIME OF YAM AND CASSAVA PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA

The growth rate and doubling time of yam and cassava output, yield and acreage was investigated from data obtained from a secondary source and analyzed using the exponential and quadratic function in trend variable. The study revealed the growth rate during the period under consideration, there were growth as well as retardation, and it also shows acceleration, stagnation and deceleration at different sub-periods for the variables. Average growth rate of 6.7% for yam hectares, 0.03% for yam yield and 7.2% for yam output, translating into doubling time of 10 years for yam hectare, -0.8 year for yam yield and 62 years for yam output were estimated. The average rate of growth for cassava hectare was 11.1%, -0.498% for cassava yield and 8.5% for output. This translates to doubling time of 1 year for cassava hectare,-0.5 year for cassava yield and 14 years for output. This study also revealed that the growth rates of yam and cassava production over the years have more of stagnation than acceleration and deceleration based on the changes in the macroeconomic policy of the country, which implies that planning of the macroeconomic policies were not better than the previous ones. It therefore, indicates that, although there has been some level of increase in some of the sub-periods, the policy presentation for yam and cassava did not in any way translate to sustained increase.

A Gender based Economic Analysis of Yam Production among Resource Poor Farm Households in Kwara State, Nigeria

Abstract The study carries out a gender based economic analysis of yam production among resource poor farm households in Kwara State with implication for poverty reduction in the state. One hundred and eighty randomly selected representative farm households were used for the study. Descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis and multiple regression model were the analytical tools. The results of the descriptive statistics show that 85% of the heads of the farm households were male with 66% of the male heads having no western education against 59% for the female-headed households. Labour cost was the major cost of production accounting for 64% and 66% of the total cost of production for the male and female-headed households, respectively. Yam production enterprise was profitable in the study area with net farm income of N136,950 and N128,800 for male and female-headed households, respectively. The return on capital employed was 48% and 45% for male and female-headed households, respectively. This shows that for every naira invested in yam production enterprise in the study area, average returns of 48kobo and 45kobo were obtained for the male and female-headed households, respectively. Farm size, family labour and yam seeds were the significant variables explaining the variation in yam output in the study area. Farm size and labour were under-utilised while yam seeds were over-utilised. The study recommends increased farm size and labour use per hectare and reduction in yam seeds per hectare for efficient resource use and increased net farm income for better living standard for the farm households.

English

This study examined the economic assessment of yam production in Kabba- Bunu Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. Data used for the study were obtained using structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to 150 randomly selected yam farmers in the area. Descriptive statistics, multiple regression and gross margin (GM) analysis were used to analyze the data. The regression result showed that, farm income (2.778), age (1.820) and education level (2.334) have significant effects on yam output in the area. The GM analysis also revealed that, yam production is profitable in the study area with an average profit of N 121,200 ha-1. It was therefore recommended that, farm inputs be made available to farmers at subsidized prices as a way of improving income from yam production.   Key words: Yield, profit, farmers, variables and socioeconomic.

English

  The study was conducted to examine the effects of property rights and other factors on the outputs of maize, yam and cassava in three zones of Osun State in Nigeria. This study employed a multi-stage sampling technique to select 105 farmers involving growers of maize, yam and cassava in the study area. Data were analyzed with the aid of descriptive statistics, budgetary techniques and a multiple linear regression model. The results of budgetary analysis showed that variable cost was highest in yam production. The average revenues per hectare for maize, yam and cassava were (N is Nigerian currency equivalent to about $0.0067) N104, 487.50, N583, 846.20 and N438, 208.50, respectively. However, the average net incomes were N19, 908.40, N432, 079.00 and N96, 543.90 for maize, yam and cassava, respectively. Based on the rates of returns, N1 invested in each of maize, yam and cassava production yielded N1.2, N3.4 and N3.1, respectively implying that yam was the most profitable crop in the study area. The result of the multiple regression model revealed that farm size significantly affect the outputs of the three crops. Land rights type (having either use right/use and transfer right) and security of land defined by duration of land use affected maize output while duration and ownership type affected yam output, whereas, duration only affect cassava output. There is therefore the need to review the land distribution and administration policies based on the identified significant factors affecting each crops.   Key words: Nigeria, Osun State, crops, maize, yam, cassava, land rights.

Impact of mulching technology adoption on output and net return to yam farmers in Osun State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Soil erosion and nutrient depletion present a threat to the food security and sustainability of agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, limited rigorous empirical work on the economics of soil conservation exists. This study examines the factors affecting the adoption of mulching technology and its attendant impact on yam output supply and net returns among sampled yam farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. Probit model and propensity score matching were used to analyse the factors influencing the adoption of mulching technology and its impact on yam output and net returns among yam farmers respectively. The study shows that seed quantity and access to credit are the most significant factors influencing the adoption of mulching technology. Yam farmers in the study area who adopted mulching technology were found to experience a higher output supply than non-adopters, which resulted in a positive and significant effect on their output and net return. Hence, policies targeted at increasing yam output through increasing soil fertility need to include mulching technology as a potentially viable option.

Production efficiency of yam in Zing Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria

The research was carried out to analyze the efficiency of yam production in Zing Local Government Area of Taraba State. Data were collected from 103 respondents using multistage sampling techniques, and analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, multiple regression and profitability analysis. Findings indicated that 95% of the respondents were males, 38.8% fall within 31 to 40years of age. 84.4% were married and about 72.8% have one formal educational level or the other. 53.4% operate only 1 to 2 hectares of farm land. The double log function with R2 of 0.745 was the best fit. The study established that farm size, yam seed and fertilizer were positively related to yam output and significant at 1 and 5% levels respectively. The marginal analysis of input utilization revealed that farm size, yam seed and labour (family and hired) were rationally used but not at optimal levels. Therefore, more than 97, 66.55 and 36% increase in MVP respectively were required. Average gross income was found to be N241,800.00 with average total cost of N125,320.00 per hectare. Yam seed constituted the greatest share of the total cost representing 66.8% with an average cost of N85 per kg. Operating ration of 0.43 indicates moderate total revenue over total variable cost. RRI was 92.9% and profitability index of 48.2%. Issuing of micro soft loan at bearable interest rate, technical research and the provision of improved practices was therefore recommended. Key word: Zing, economic analysis, yam, production, efficiency.

Contribution of Farm-Radio Broadcasts to Yam Output in Benue State, Nigeria

This study analyzed farmers’ perceptions of the contribution of farm-radio broadcasts to yam production. Data collected from 200 randomly selected farmers in Benue State, Nigeria using a structured questionnaire showed that 94.0% considered hours of broadcasts (8 a.m., 11 a.m., 2:30 p.m., and 7 p.m.) suitable, 98.5% were satisfied with the language of broadcasts, 97.5% found the contents adequate, and 88.5% utilized the messages. The paired sample t test showed significant differences between yield of yams before and after listening to radio (p < .01), indicating farm-radio broadcasts’ contribution to productivity. It is recommended that farm-radio broadcasts be intensified and sustained to enhance output and food security.

Determinants yam output among women farmers in imo state, nigeria.

The determinant of yam output among women farmers in Imo State, Nigeria was studied. Using a multistage sampling techniques, 276 women yam farmers were selected from the three Agricultural Zones of the State. Frequency distribution, Percentage and Regression Estimate were analytical tools used. The results showed that majority of the women belonged to the activate age range (36-40yrs) and were married, 52.2% of the women cultivate family lands and more than 47.10% bought seed yams and fertilizer from open markets and used hired labour for their farm production. Output of yam was related to size of land cultivated, quantity of seed yams planted and quantity of fertilizer used. However, good yam management practice was another major factor that affected yam output. Keywords: yam yield, women farmersGlobal Approaches to Extension Practice Vol. 3 (2) 2007: pp. 155-121

DETERMINANTS OF YAM PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AMONG SMALL-HOLDER FARMERS IN SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA

The determinants of yam production in Southeastern Nigeria were investigated using a stochastic frontier production function, which incorporates a model of ineffi ciency effects. Farm-level data were collected from a sample of 120 yam farmers in Enugu State and used for the analysis. The results indicate that labour and material inputs are the major factors that infl uence changes in yam output. The effects of selected farmer-specifi c socio-economic characteristics on observed ineffi ciencies among the farmers were also examined. Farmer-specifi c variables, such as education, farming experience and access to credit, were the signifi cant factors implicated for the observed variation ineffi ciency among yam producers.