Y-Balance Test Performance Research Articles

Functional performance profile of Under-20 soccer athletes from a Brazilian first division team during the COVID-19 pandemic: A descriptive study

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic led to widespread social isolation and the suspension of sports activities, significantly impacting the physical and psychological performance of athletes worldwide, particularly soccer players. This study aims to evaluate the effects of pandemic-related training suspensions on the functional performance of U-20 soccer players from a first-division club in Rio de Janeiro. MethodsForty-one male U-20 soccer players were assessed during the preseason (PS) periods of 2020 and 2021. The following functional tests were performed: Single Leg Step Down (STEP DOWN), Ankle Mobility Test (LUNGE), Y-Balance Test (YBT), and Single Leg Bridge Test (BRIDGE). Comparisons were made between seasons and against established cutoff values. ResultsMost athletes demonstrated moderate-to-good performance in the functional tests during PS-20. However, in PS-21, the players showed significantly improved performance in the LUNGE test (P = 0.001) but a decline in YBT performance (P = 0.009). Specifically, 68% and 21% of the U-20 players exhibited moderate-to-good performance in LUNGE and YBT, respectively, in PS-21. ConclusionAfter a period of restricted social and sports activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic, most U-20 soccer players experienced changes in their functional test performance. These findings highlight the need for medical and health professionals working with soccer teams to carefully plan exercise and rehabilitation programs during periods of activity restrictions.

The relationship between lower extremity range of motion and dynamic balance

<p>目的：本研究欲探討，青少年運動員下肢關節活動度與動態平衡表現的相關性，以及兩者在測量表現上的差異。方法：招募 20 名國高中男性運動員，測量下肢髖關節及踝關節活動度、改良版星狀偏移平衡測試 (modified star excursion balance test, mSEBT) 和 Y 字平衡測試 (Y balance test, YBT)。以皮爾森積差相關係數，比較慣用腳 mSEBT、YBT 與下肢關節活動度之相關性。透過多元迴歸分析，分析下肢關節活動度對 mSEBT 和 YBT 的預測性，以成對樣本 t 檢定比較 mSEBT 和 YBT 之差異。結果：mSEBT 與踝背屈、髖外展和髖外轉活動度呈顯著正相關，前側以踝背屈活動度解釋力最大 (R2 ＝ .506)，後內側 (R2 ＝ .544) 和後外側 (R2 ＝ .399) 以髖外轉活動度解釋力最大。YBT 前側與踝背屈活動度 (r ＝ .519，p < .05)；YBT後外側與髖外轉活動度 (r ＝ .561，p < .05)；YBT後內側與髖外展活動度 (r ＝ .558，p < .05) 呈顯著正相關。mSEBT 和 YBT 在 3 個方向上皆有中至高度相關 (r = .473 - .736，p < .05)，測量距離在前側、後外側和總分達顯著差異。結論：mSEBT 受多關節活動度影響，而 YBT 僅和單一關節活動度有關。mSEBT 和 YBT 雖有中至高度相關，但測量距離表現上並不相同。日後實驗設計及臨床應用上，應考量測試之差異，針對受試者的動態平衡能力，選擇適合的評估方法。</p> <p> </p><p>Purpose: To examine the relationships of lower extremity range of motion (ROM), modified star excursion balance test (mSEBT) and Y balance test (YBT) and to compare the differences between mSEBT and YBT. Methods: Twenty adolescent high school male athletes were recruited to measure hip ROM, ankle ROM, mSEBT, and YBT. Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient were used to analyze the relationship between lower extremity ROM and dynamic balance. Multiple regression analysis were used to determine the predictors in explaining the variance to dynamic balance outcomes. Paired t test was used to compare the differences between mSEBT and YBT. Results: mSEBT was significantly correlated with ankle dorsiflexion, hip abduction and hip external rotation ROM. Ankle dorsiflexion ROM was the strongest predictor for anterior direction (R2 ＝ .506). Hip external rotation ROM was the strongest predictor for posteromedial direction (R2 ＝ .544) and posterolateral direction (R2 ＝ .399). Anterior YBT was correlated with ankle dorsiflexion ROM (r ＝ .519, p < .05). Posterolateral YBT was correlated with hip external rotation ROM (r ＝ .561, p < .05), and posteromedial YBT was correlated with hip abduction ROM (r ＝ .558, p < .05). There were significant correlations in all three directions between mSEBT and YBT (r = .473 - .736, p < .05). Conclusion: There were significant differences in anterior, posterolateral and composite performance between YBT and mSEBT. mSEBT performance was affected by multi-joint ROM and YBT performance was affected by single-joint ROM. Even though mSEBT and YBT were highly correlated, the absolutely reach distances are different. Future works should consider the differences between two dynamic balance measures and select the proper tool while examining dynamic balance in different sports.</p> <p> </p>

What is the influence of biomechanical variables on the Y balance test performance in recreational runners?

BackgroundAsymmetries and poor Y balance test (YBT) performance are associated with an increased risk of injuries in athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between YBT performance with biomechanical variables in runners. MethodsThe runners underwent the YBT, followed by the assessment of center of pressure, plank position, muscle strength (MS) of hip flexors, extensors, abductors, and external rotators, knee extensors, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), Q angle, forefoot alignment, and passive hip internal rotation. Associations between variables were examined using multiple linear regression models with the Bayesian Information Criterion. Results122 cases were analyzed. The R2 values were 0.38; 0.05; 0.06; and 0.15 for the anterior, posteromedial, posterolateral and composite directions models, respectively. The anterior reach in the YBT was associated with ankle dorsiflexion ROM [Sβ 95%IC: 0.43 (0.32–0.55)], passive hip internal rotation [Sβ 95%IC: 0.35 (0.24–0.47)], MS of the hip extensors [Sβ 95%IC: 0.19 (0.07–0.31)] and forefoot alignment [Sβ 95%IC: 0.14 (-0.25-0.02)]. The posteromedial and posterolateral reach were associated with MS of the hip flexors [Sβ 95%IC: 0.23 (0.09–0.37) and 0.24 (0.11–0.38)], respectively. The composite score was associated with MS of the hip flexors [Sβ 95%IC: 0.31 (0.18–0.45)], ankle dorsiflexion ROM [Sβ 95%IC: 0.24 (0.10–0.37)] and Q angle [Sβ 95%IC: 0.18 (0.04–0.31)]. ConclusionYBT performance in different directions demonstrated specific associations with key biomechanical factors.

Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and hip abductor strength can predict Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test performance in healthy males

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to assess whether strength and range of motion (ROM) of the hip and ankle are the factors determining performance in the Lower Quarter Y-Balance test (YBT-LQ). DesignCross-sectional study. Participants66 healthy males (age: 25.2±6.8 years) participated in this study. Main outcome measuresParticipants underwent assessments of ankle dorsiflexion (DF) ROM, hip internal rotation (IR) ROM, external rotation (ER) ROM and isometric strength of hip abductor (ABD), extensor (EXT) and external rotators (ERS) muscles together with YBT-LQ for both legs. A forward 2-steps multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between the predictor variables and the criterion variable. ResultsAnkle DF ROM predicted anterior (ANT) reach (R2 = 0.49; R2 = 0.33; p < 0.001). The model with hip ABD strength and ankle DF ROM explained posteromedial (PM) reach variance for stance leg (R2 = 0.35; p < 0.001), while only hip ABD strength was included for kicking leg (R2 = 0.19; p = 0.007). The model with ankle DF ROM and hip ABD strength explained posterolateral (PL) reach for stance leg (R2 = 0.41; p < 0.001). Hip ABD was the only predictor for kicking leg PL reach (R2 = 0.15; p < 0.001). YBT-LQ composite score was explained by ankle DF ROM and hip ABD strength for both legs (R2 = 0.44; p < 0.001) and (R2 = 0.25; p = 0.002). ConclusionHip ABD strength and ankle DF ROM can determine performance in the YBT-LQ. Strength of hip EXT, ERS as well as ROM of hip IR and ER did not predict YBT-LQ performance.

Role of Thigh Muscle Strength and Joint Kinematics in Dynamic Stability: Implications for Y-Balance Test Performance.

The Y-Balance Test Lower Quarter (YBT-LQ) is a widely utilized tool for evaluating dynamic postural control, requiring a combination of mobility and strength. This study aimed to investigate the combined relationship between isometric thigh muscle strength and joint kinematics on YBT-LQ performance. Cross-sectional laboratory study. Isometric quadriceps and hamstrings strength were measured before the YBT-LQ in 39 healthy participants (27 females and 12 males). The test was performed under 3-dimensional markerless motion capture, where joint kinematics were extracted from the maximum reach position from each direction. Three multivariable linear regression models were then used to determine the strongest combination of predictors for YBT-LQ performance. Greater hamstrings strength and increased knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion, and trunk ipsilateral-flexion joint angles explained 56.8% (P < .001) of the variance in anterior reach. Hip flexion, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion angles were the strongest predictors for posteromedial reach distance, explaining 73.0% of the variance (P < .001). Last, 43.3% (P < .001) of the variance in posterolateral reach distance was predicted by hamstring strength and knee-flexion angle. These results emphasize the importance of hamstring strength in YBT-LQ performance across different reach directions. Additionally, the kinematics illustrate a potential movement strategy for maximizing reach distance on the YBT-LQ in healthy individuals. Clinicians can utilize this information to guide interventions aimed at improving dynamic postural control, particularly by focusing on increasing hamstring strength and testing for impairments in specific movement patterns.

Acute effects of kinesiology tape on dynamic balance control in chronic ankle instability: An exploratory study

ObjectiveTo investigate the acute effect of the four-strip kinesiology taping (KT) technique on dynamic balance control in the Y Balance Test (YBT), and to explore the relationship between the YBT and Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) scores in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI). Methods16 CAI and 16 non-CAI participants were involved. Two groups completed the YBT in the no-tape barefoot and the KT condition at random. The CAIT was completed on the first day. Bonferroni test was used to analyze YBT scores in three directions for post hoc analysis. Spearman's correlation was used to analyze the relationship between YBT scores in the no-tape barefoot condition and CAIT scores. ResultsThis KT application significantly improved YBT performance. The YBT scores in the anterior direction (YBT-A), posteromedial direction (YBT-PM), and posterolateral direction (YBT-PL) for the CAI group were significantly improved after taping. However, in the non-CAI group, only YBT-PM score was significantly improved after taping. Three YBT scores were all moderately correlated with the CAIT score. ConclusionThis KT technique can immediately improve dynamic balance in CAI patients. Dynamic balance performance was moderately related to the degree of self-perceived instability in individuals with and without CAI.

Effect of quadriceps training at different levels of blood flow restriction on quadriceps strength and thickness in the mid-term postoperative period after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized controlled external pilot study

BackgroundMore than 2 million anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur worldwide each year. Most surgeons suggest that athletes and active persons with significant knee functional demands, including cutting motions, require and should be offered ligament reconstruction surgery. Despite concentrated rehabilitation efforts, deficits in quadriceps size and strength can persist for years after surgery. Blood flow restriction (BFR) training can help overcome disuse muscular atrophy in the mid-term postoperative period after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of quadriceps training with different levels of blood flow restriction on quadriceps strength and thickness of participants after ACLR.MethodsIn this study, 30 post-ACL reconstruction participants were randomly divided into three groups (control, 40% Arterial Occlusion Pressure [AOP] and 80% AOP groups). All patients were subjected to different levels of BFR, combined with conventional quadriceps rehabilitation, for 8 weeks. Assessments included scaled maximal isokinetic knee extension strength at 60°/s and 180°/s, the sum of the thickness of the affected femoris rectus and vastus intermedius, Y-balance test performance, and International Knee Documentation Committee questionnaire responses before and after the intervention.ResultsIn total, 23 participants completed the entire study. The 80% AOP compression group showed an increase in quadriceps femoris muscle strength and muscle thickness (p < 0.01). As compared with the control group, outcome indicators in the 40% AOP and 80% AOP group were improved (p < 0.05). After 8 weeks of experimental BFR intervention, the results were better for the 80% AOP compression group than for the 40% AOP compression group in quadriceps peak torque to body weight at 60°/s and 180°/s angular velocity, as well as the sum of the thickness of the rectus femoris and vastus intermedius.ConclusionThe combination of BFR and low-intensity quadriceps femoris training can effectively improve the muscle strength and thickness of knee extensors in participants with ACLR and help reduce the difference between the healthy and surgical sides of the knee joint while improving knee-joint function. Choosing quadriceps training with 80% AOP compression intensity could provide the most benefits. Meanwhile, BFR can accelerate the rehabilitation process of patients and allow early entry into the next rehabilitation cycle.RegistrationTrial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, registration number ChiCTR2100050011, date of registration: 15/08/2021.

Associations between upper quarter Y-balance test performance and sport-related injuries in adolescent handball players.

Handball players are at a high risk of suffering a sport-related injury. Recent studies in various adult populations (e.g., US Army soldiers/warrior athletes, and military members) showed that poor scores in the upper quarter Y-balance test (YBT-UQ) are related to an increased risk of injury. Yet, it is unclear whether this also applies to adolescent handball players. Thus, the present study aims to determine if pre-season YBT-UQ performance is associated with sport-related injuries during the competitive season in adolescent handball players. One hundred and thirty-three adolescent handball players (age: 15.4 ± 1.7years; m = 99, f = 42) who competed in the second highest league in the Rhine-Ruhr region, Germany, during the 2021/2022 season participated in the study. Before the competitive season, the players performed the YBT-UQ to assess upper extremity mobility and stability of the throwing and non-throwing arm. Over the 8-month competitive season, the coaches monitored the occurrence of sports-related injuries once a week, using an injury report form from the legal accident insurance. Fifty-seven players (43%) incurred a sport-related injury during the competitive season, of which 27 (47%) had upper body injuries, and 30 (53%) were lower body injuries. The YBT-UQ performance of the throwing and non-throwing arm did not significantly differ between injured and non-injured players. Further, Cox proportional hazard survival regression model analyses revealed that only the presence of an inferolateral reach asymmetry score ≥7.75% arm length was associated with a moderate increase in the risk (hazard ratio = 2.18, 95% confidence interval = 1.02-4.68, p = 0.045) of lower but not upper or whole-body injuries. Our findings suggest that the YBT-UQ has limited value as a field-based screening tool to assess the risk of sport-related injuries in adolescent handball players.

Changes in Attitudes and Functional Performance After an Educational Intervention and Participation in the DIME in Cadets

Introduction: Cadets frequently suffer from lower extremity injuries, but fail to participate in effective injury prevention programs (IPPs). The purpose of this study was to determine if an intervention focused on benefits and barriers of IPP with participation in an IPP would change attitudes towards participating in IPPs and functional performance. Methods: Thirty-four ROTC cadets (Male: n=28, Age: 19.67±1.45 years, Height: 175.57±8.30cm, Mass: 75.38±14.30kg) volunteered to participate in the study. Participants completed the Health Belief Model Scale (HBMS), Theory of Planned Behavior Scale (TPBS), Y-Balance test, Landing Error Scoring System, 2-mile run, push-up test, and sit-up test. During the Army Physical Fitness program, the Dynamic Integrated Movement Enhancement (DIME) program was implemented by cadet student leaders whom also tracked compliance. Every 2 weeks, participants would self-report participation in the DIME and also be exposed to the intervention presented as an infographic on the benefits and barriers of the DIME as well as potential solutions for barriers. All testing was repeated at the end of the fall semester. Results: Compliance over the 10-week period was 87.2%. Participants had improvements in individual self-efficacy, Y-Balance test performance, 2-mile run, and sit-up test. However, HBMS perceived consequences, HBMS perceived benefits, HBMS community-led self-efficacy, TPBS perceived benefits, TPBS perceived barriers, TPBS social norms, TPBS social influence, and TPBS intention to participate all worsened. The most common reason for lack of participation in the DIME was time. Discussion: Participants were more confident in their ability to participate in IPPs after the intervention and also improved in several aspects of functional performance. However, several subscales worsened after participation. Future research should focus on determining effective strategies to improve attitudes towards IPP participation to enhance compliance.

Relationships between Functional Movement Quality and Sprint and Jump Performance in Female Youth Soccer Athletes of Team China.

This study aimed to determine the optimal functional movement screen (FMS) cut score for assessing the risk of sport injury, and to investigate the correlations between functional movement quality and sprint and jump performance. Twenty-four (N = 24) athletes performed all tests in one day at 10–30 min intervals, and the FMS test was performed first, without a warm-up session. After a standard warm-up, athletes then completed the Y-balance Test (YBT), sprint, counter-movement jump (CMJ), and standing long jump (SLJ), in turn. For each test, the best of three attempts was recorded for further analysis. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area-under-the-curve (AUC) were used to determine the optimal FMS cut score for assessing the risk of sport injuries, and Spearman’s rank correlation analysis was used to quantify associations between functional movement scores and athletic performance. The average FMS score was 16.2 and the optimal FMS cut score for assessing the risk of sport injuries was 14.5. There were moderate relationships between total FMS score and 10–20 m sprint time (r = −0.46, p < 0.05), between In-line Lunge and 0–20 m sprint time (r = −0.47, p < 0.05), between Shoulder Mobility and 0–10 m sprint time (r = −0.48, p < 0.05), and between Trunk-stability Push-up and 10–20 m sprint time (r = −0.47, p < 0.05). Moreover, Hurdle Step score was largely correlated with 0–10 m time (r = −0.51, p < 0.05). For Y-balance, moderate correlations were observed between CMJ height and anterior asymmetry score (r = −0.47, p < 0.05) and posteromedial asymmetry score (r = −0.44, p < 0.05). However, there were no significant associations between YBT performance (asymmetric in three directions and composite score) and sprint performance (p > 0.05). Taken together, the results indicate that a FMS score of 14 is not a gold standard for assessing the risk of injury in all populations; we recommend that the FMS cut score of 14.5 should be the optimal score for assessing risk of injury in young female elite soccer players. Moreover, the FMS and YBT were introduced to assess the quality of functional movements, and they cannot be used to assess sprint and jump performance. Practitioners can use components of the FMS that have similar characteristics to specific sports to assess athletic performance.

Limb Dominance Does Not Affect Y-Balance Test Performance in Non-Athlete Adolescents.

BackgroundThe Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT-LQ) has been shown to be reliable for assessing dynamic balance in children and adolescents. However, limited research is available about the effects of leg dominance on YBT-LQ performance in adolescents. In addition, there is no consensus on the use of maximum reach or mean reach distance being a better measure of YBT-LQ performance.Hypothesis/PurposeThe purposes of this study were to determine if there is a difference in the YBT-LQ performance between the dominant and non-dominant limbs in non-athlete adolescents, and to compare the reliability of the maximum reach scores to that of the mean reach scores in this population.Study DesignProspective cohort studyMethodsTwenty-six healthy non-athlete adolescents (13.6 ± 1.0 years, 22 girls, 4 boys) performed the YBT-LQ on two separate days while the same investigator scored their performance. Paired t-tests were used to compare reach distances on dominant and non-dominate stance limbs. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3,1) were calculated for the maximum and mean reach distances for three directions (anterior, posterolateral, posteromedial) and the composite scores on each limb.ResultsThere was no significant difference in YBT-LQ performance between dominant and non-dominant stance limbs (p > 0.05). Overall, the between-day intra-rater reliability for maximum reach and mean reach scores was moderate-to-good for both limbs (ICC3,1 = 0.59 - 0.83), but was poor for the composite score on the dominant limb (ICC3,1 = 0.42) and maximum anterior reach on non-dominant limb (ICC3,1 = 0.48).ConclusionLimb dominance does not seem to be a factor for YBT-LQ performance in this population. The YBT-LQ appears to be a reliable tool for dynamic balance assessment in non-athlete adolescents using the individual score of each direction. The use of mean reach measures seems to slightly improve reliability, specifically the anterior reach direction, in this population.Level of EvidenceLevel 2b

Y-BALANCE TEST PERFORMANCE IN PROFESSIONAL FIREFIGHTERS

The most common injury mechanisms among firefighters (e.g. slips, trips, falls) are due to loss of balance. The Y-Balance test (YBT) has been reported to be a valid and reliable assessment of dynamic postural stability in a variety of populations. To date, YBT data has not been reported for the professional firefighter population. PURPOSE: To examine YBT performance in professional firefighters. METHODS: Thirty-three healthy, professional firefighters were studied ( age = 35.6 ± 7.0 yr, height = 177.5 ± 8.1 cm, mass = 86.6 ± 15.5 kg, BMI = 27.3 ± 3.3 kg/m2, bodyfat% = 24.6 ± 7.1%, fat mass = 21.8 ± 8.0 kg, fat-free mass = 66.4 ± 11.8 kg, years of service = 8.0 ± 6.2 yrs). Leg length was measured in centimeters from the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) to the medial malleoli of the same leg. YBT reach distances were then normalized to leg length for both legs in the anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral directions. Associations between demographic (age, gender, years of service) and body composition variables with YBT performance (composite score, normalized composite score and anterior asymmetry) were investigated. Bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression models were used to assess the associations. Statistical significance was set to p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Due to multicollinearity, body-fat percentage and fat-free mass were the only body composition measures included in the regression models. No significant relationships were found between age, years of service, body composition measures and YBT performance. None of the multiple regression models were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: In the current study, demographic and body composition variables do not appear to be associated with YBT performance. This suggests that physical characteristics do not influence YBT performance in firefighters. Interestingly, as compared to previously reported YBT performance this cohort of firefighters performed more similarly to collegiate athletes, rather than healthy adults. Future research should assess the effects of equipment, physical fatigue, and mental fatigue on YBT performance in the professional firefighter population.

Comparison of Y-Balance Test Performance by maturation status in youth distance runners

Background:Distance running is a popular interscholastic sport, but also has an associated high risk of running-related injuries. Recent literature suggests that functional tests may help to identify athletes at increased risk of injury. The Y-Balance Test (YBT) is an objective measure used to assess functional muscle strength and balance and to expose asymmetries between tested limbs.Purpose:To determine if YBT performance was associated with maturation status in healthy, youth distance runners. We hypothesized that mid-pubertal (MP) runners would demonstrate less functional reach distance than pre-pubertal (PrP) or post-pubertal (PoP) runners.Methods:A convenience sample of 142 (Females: n=79, Males: n=63) uninjured youth runners (ages 13.5±2.7 years; weekly running distance: 18.2±20.4 km) were recruited from the local community. All runners met inclusion criteria, indicating that they were between 9 and 19 years old and participated in long-distance running activities such as school/club track and field, cross country, road races, trail running, and/or soccer. The runners completed a modified Pubertal Maturational Observation Scale (PMOS), then were screened for right (R) and left (L) anterior (ANT), posteromedial (PM) and posterolateral (PL) reach distances (cm) normalized by lower limb length (cm). Composite reach distance was calculated by the sum of the three reach distances divided by three times the limb length multiplied by 100 for R and L limbs. ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to compare maximum normalized reach distances for the three directions and composite reach distance by maturation status and sex.Results:Overall, 31.7% were classified as PrP status, 26.1% as MP, and 42.3% as PoP, with similar percentages by sex (p=0.84). The only significant mean difference was found for R ANT maximum normalized reach distance between PrP and PoP (p=0.02), indicating a greater normalized reach in PrP athletes. No significant mean differences were found for R or L PM and PL maximum normalized reach distances, or for R or L composite reach distances, by maturation status or when stratified by maturation and sex (p>0.05).Conclusions:In this sample of youth runners, the YBT was only a discriminator of anterior reach distance between pre-pubertal and post-pubertal runners. As decreased anterior reach is associated with reduced quadriceps muscle strength and anterior knee pain, reduced anterior reach in post-pubertal runners may potentially signify an increased risk of sustaining a running-related injury. Thus, preventive efforts to ensure good functional quadriceps muscle strength may be merited.

The effect of scapular strengthening exercise using elastic band on balance and quality of life in the old people.

The old people are weakened and misaligned due to aging, and their balance and quality of life are reduced. We investigated that the effect of scapular strengthening exercise on balance and quality of life in the old people. A scapular strengthening exercise was applied to the experimental group, and the general conditioning exercise was applied to the control group for 40 min per session, 5 times a week, for a total of 4 weeks. As a result, the static balance and Y-balance test performance improved in the experimental group (P<0.05). The physical function and mental health, and general health of 36-item Short Form health survey improved in the experimental group (P<0.05). Therefore, the scapular strengthening exercise could be suggested as an intervention method that could improve the balance and quality of life of the old people.

Kinematic and Kinetic Predictors of Y-Balance Test Performance.

BackgroundThe Y-Balance Test (YBT) assesses dynamic stability and neuromuscular control of the lower extremity. Several authors have analyzed kinematic predictors of YBT performance with conflicting results, but the influence of kinetic factors is not well understood.PurposeTo examine kinematic predictors of YBT performance and determine the joint kinetics which predict YBT performance.Study DesignCross-sectional study.MethodsThirty-one physically active individuals performed YBT trials on a force plate while whole body kinematics were recorded using a motion capture system. Sagittal, frontal, and transverse plane joint kinematics and joint moments were calculated at maximum reach in each YBT reach direction. Variables correlated with reach distances at the p < 0.2 level were entered into a stepwise linear regression.ResultsIn the anterior direction, knee flexion and torso rotation (R2=0.458, p<0.001) and knee extensor and hip abductor moments (R2=0.461, p<0.001) were the best kinematic and kinetic predictors of reach distance. In the posterior medial direction, hip flexion, ankle dorsiflexion, and ankle rotation accounted for 45.8% of the variance in reach direction (p<0.001) while hip and knee extensor, and hip abductor moments explained 72.6% of the variance in reach distance (p<0.001). In the posterior lateral direction, hip flexion and pelvic rotation (R2=0.696, p<.001) and hip extensor moments (R2=0.433, p=0.001) were the best kinematic and kinetic predictors of reach distance.ConclusionThe ability to generate large hip and knee joint moments in the sagittal and frontal plane are critical for YBT performance.Level of Evidence3.

Acute fatigue alters brain activity and impairs reactive balance test performance

Conflicting results in Y-Balance Test (YBT) performance are found when participants are exposed to acute physical fatigue (APF). Even though APF is known to impair isolated neurocognitive performance, the effects of APF on reactive balance test (RBT) performance have never been investigated. Furthermore, research on the underlying APF-induced neurophysiological mechanisms during these functional tests is scarce to non-existent. Therefore, the aim was to assess the influence of APF on two clinician-friendly balance tests: the YBT and RBT, as well as its effects on brain activity. Twenty healthy adults participated in this randomized crossover study. APF was induced by a 30 seconds modified Wingate test. YBT performance was expressed in maximal reach distances, and RBT performance involved visuomotor reaction time and accuracy. Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to measure brain activity during these balance tests. Balance test performance and EEG recordings were analyzed pre-post. APF was successfully induced given that secondary outcome measures (eg, heart rate, blood lactate concentration) significantly increased following the modified Wingate. Decreased RBT accuracy was observed after APF, yet YBT performance and RBT visuomotor reaction time were unaffected. APF induced spectral power increments in the brain during both YBT and RBT performance.

Anterior Reach and Symmetry on the Y-Balance Test are Related to Dorsiflexion Range of Motion but not Single-Limb Balance in Physically Active Young Adults

Background: The anterior reach distance and symmetry of the Y-Balance Test (YBT) has been associated with increased injury risk in collegiate athletes. Examining the influence of dorsiflexion range of motion (DROM) and single-limb balance (SLB) on YBT performance may identify underlying factors associated with injury risk. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine if YBT anterior reach is related to DROM or SLB in collegiate varsity and club sport athletes. Methods: A convenience sample of 124 university varsity and club sport athletes (females: 99, age: 20.0 ± 1.6 years, height: 168.9 ± 12.5 kg, body mass: 68.8 ± 14.0 kg) completed the anterior direction of the YBT, weight-bearing DROM, and SLB components (firm and foam surface) of the Balance Error Scoring System on both limbs at one testing session. Relative symmetry was calculated by subtracting values of the left limb from the right limb. Results: For the left and right limb, normalized anterior reach distance was moderately correlated to DROM (R = .55, p &lt; .001). Anterior reach distance and symmetry was weakly correlated to SLB and SLB symmetry (R = −.16 to −.03). Conclusion: There was a positive relationship between YBT anterior reach and weight-bearing DROM which was also observed in the between-limb symmetry. However, weak relationships were exhibited between YBT anterior reach and SLB. These findings may be useful for future injury prevention initiatives in athletic settings.

Effects of Mulligan Mobilization with Movement in Subacute Lateral Ankle Sprains: A Pragmatic Randomized Trial

ABSTRACT Objective: In a pragmatic and randomized clinical trial, patients with lateral ankle sprains were assessed, under blinded conditions, for their responsiveness and improvements during Mulligan mobilization-with-movement (MWM) therapy. Methods: Overall, 51 participants with subacute lateral ankle sprains (Grade I–II) were recruited. Following an MWM screening procedure, responders were randomized to either an intervention group (MWM) or a sham group. The MWM group received inferior tibiofibular, talocrural, or cubometatarsal MWM. The treatment or sham was administered upon three sessions, each 4 days apart. Changes from baseline were measured and compared between the sessions for dorsiflexion range of motion, pain, stiffness perception, and the Y-balance test. Results: In total, 43 participants were considered responders to MWM. Using a two-way repeated-measure ANOVA, a statistical and clinically meaningful improvement in dorsiflexion range of motion was revealed in the MWM group (p = 0.004, 1rst = +1.762 cm; 3rd = +2.714 cm), whereas no improvement following the first session occurred in the sham group (p = 0.454, 1rsttrial = +1.091 cm; 3rdtrial = +1.409 cm). Pain and stiffness significantly improved, yet below the clinically meaningful level. The MWM group demonstrated a significant improvement after three sessions for the Y-balance test (p = 0.001, +8.857 cm). Conclusion: More than 80% of participants with subacute lateral ankle sprains responded well to the MWM approach. Three sessions of pragmatically determined MWM provided a significant and clinically meaningful benefit in dorsiflexion range of motion and Y-balance test performance compared to a sham treatment.

Hip and knee muscle torque and its relationship with dynamic balance in chronic ankle instability, copers and controls

ObjectivesWe compared hip and knee isometric muscle torque between individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI), those who have sustained one ankle sprain with no ongoing problems (copers) and healthy controls. Our secondary objective was to compare balance between groups and investigate the relationship between muscle torque and balance. DesignCross-sectional study. Methods22 CAI, 20 copers and 22 uninjured participants were tested. Isometric torque (normalised to body mass (Nm/kg)) was measured using a rigidly-fixated hand-held dynamometer. Balance was assessed with the Y-balance test. ResultsKnee and hip flexor and extensor, and hip adductor and abductor muscle torque was less in individuals with CAI compared to controls (standardised mean difference (SMD) >1.2). Hip and knee flexor and extensor muscle torque was less in CAI participants than copers (SMD: 0.69–1.1). Hip external and internal rotator torque did not differ between groups. There was no difference in hip or knee muscle torque between controls and copers (SMD: 0.01–0. 54). Balance was impaired in CAI participants compared to copers and controls in all directions. There was a strong positive correlation between posterolateral Y-balance test performance and torque of the hip adductors (r=0.53), flexors (r=0.52) and extensors (r=0.50). ConclusionsIndividuals with CAI have weak knee and hip muscles compared to copers and controls. Hip strength was shown to be related to posterolateral balance performance. Future studies may investigate the effect of hip and knee strengthening exercise on ongoing ankle problems, such as episodic giving way in individuals with CAI.

Relationships between balance and physical fitness variables in firefighter recruits.

Research has suggested that balance ability contributes to musculoskeletal injury (MSKI) rates in firefighters. Though the Y-Balance Test (YBT) can predict injury, it is unclear what physical measures inform YBT performance in firefighters. Thus, there is a lack of knowledge regarding best practice for improving balance in firefighters. To evaluate the relationship between the YBT and fitness measures, including body composition, aerobic capacity, functional total-body power, upper and lower-body strength, and movement efficiency, among firefighters. Dynamic balance (YBT), body mass index (BMI), body-fat percentage (BF%), fat free mass (FFM), aerobic capacity (VO2max), stair climb (SC), upper (1RMbench) and lower-body (1RMsquat) strength, and Fusionetics™ Movement Efficiency Screen (ME) measures were collected among 35 firefighter recruits. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine relationships between YBT and the performance measures. Dynamic balance ability in firefighter recruits is significantly (p < 0.05) related to BMI, lower-body strength, and movement quality, but not with aerobic capacity, stair climb performance, and upper body strength. Greater YBT performance in firefighter recruits is associated with lower BMI, greater functional movement, and greater lower-body strength. Future research is warranted to incorporate these elements into balance training programs for firefighter recruits.