Y-axis Scale Research Articles

Viscoelastic or Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #36): Applying the VEGT or VPGT to Study the Cancer Risk Probability Percentage Versus Medical Conditions and Lifestyle Details Over a 10+ Year Period from Y2012 to Y2022 based on the GH-Method: MathPhysical Medicine (No. 617)

Since 2012, the author has collected his body weight and finger-piercing glucose values each day. Next, he accumulated medical conditions data including blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), blood lipids along with lifestyle details of diet, exercise, sleep, stress, water intake and daily routine details. Based on these collected big data, he organized them into two main categories. The first is medical conditions (MC) with 4 categories: weight, glucose, BP, and lipids. The second is lifestyle details (LD) with 6 categories: food, exercise, water intake, sleep, stress, and daily routines. Furthermore, he summarized and calculated the two separate individual category scores of MC and LD. In this article, the author applies the viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity theories to conduct his research to discover some hidden behavior or relationship between the Cancer risk probability (as an output or strain) versus either MC score or LD score (as inputs or stresses). The hidden behaviors and relationships between the output biomarker of Cancer Risk and the two input biomarkers, MC score and LD score, are time-dependent which change from time to time. The following two defined equations are used to establish the stress-strain diagram in a space-domain (SD): strain = ε = individual Cancer risk value at present year Stress = σ = η * (dε/dt) = η * (d-strain/d-time) = (viscosity factor η using individual MC score or LD score at present year) * (Cancer risk at present year - Cancer risk at previous year) / 1 year To offer a simple explanation to readers who do not have a physics or engineering background, the author includes a brief excerpt from Wikipedia regarding the description of basic concepts for elasticity and plasticity theories, viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity theories from the disciplines of engineering and physics in the Method section. In summary, the following three observations outline the findings from this research work: 1. From the TD waveforms, the correlation between Cancer risk and MC is 96%, while the correlation between Cancer risk and LD is also 96%. This means that the Cancer risk is highly correlated with both MC and LD, but lifestyle is more like a “root-cause” for Cancer risk even though many patients with cancer also suffer from other chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. 2. From the SD stress-strain diagrams between CVD risk vs. MC and CVD risk vs. LD, these two curves are similar in shapes and appearance except for their stress scale (y-axis scale) which has a ratio of 1.75 to 1 (-1.4% for stress of MC and -0.8% for stress of LD; or an average MC score of 88% to the average LD score of 50%). This 1.75/1=1.75 ratio also influences the hysteresis loop area ratio of 0.005/0.003 = 1.72. In addition, both of these two stress-strain curves demonstrate viscoplastic behavior. Their largest strain change rate (Cancer risk change rate) occurs during the period between Y2012 and Y2017. 3. The comparisons for the calculated Cancer risk waveform versus two predicted Cancer risk waveforms due to both MC and LD using a viscoelastic perturbation model has shown an extremely high 98% to 99% prediction accuracy. However, the calculated Cancer risk versus the predicted Cancer risk based on LD has a 96% correlation, while the calculated Cancer risk versus the predicted Cancer risk based on MC has also a 96% correlation. This 96% of correlations further demonstrates the importance of MC and LD for Cancer risk reduction.

Contemporary Challenges for the Economic Security of Enterprises in Poland

The article presents a multidimensional comparative analysis of the exchange rates of five currencies: dollar, euro, franc, pound and ruble in zlotys and crude oil in dollars per barrel from 2005 to 2022. The research was conducted in terms of the identification of contemporary challenges for the economic security of enterprises in Poland. Grouping was used as part of multidimensional comparative analyzes. In the categorized line charts, in order to observe the trends in dynamic terms as a decrease and an increase in the rates of the analyzed data, a separate Y-axis scale was assigned to each of the analyzed dependent variables.

Design and Characterization of a Novel Biaxial Bionic Hair Flow Sensor Based on Resonant Sensing.

This paper presents the design, theoretical analysis, simulation verification, fabrication and prototype characterization of a novel biaxial bionic hair flow sensor based on resonant sensing. Firstly, the device architecture, mainly consists of a polymer hair post, a silicon micro signal transducer and a glass substrate, is described, the theoretical simplified model is established and the mechanical sensitivity to air flow is deducted. Then, the structure simulations based on Ansys software are implemented to preliminarily verify the feasibility of the proposed sensor conception and optimize the structure parameters simultaneously. Subsequently, a closed-loop control scheme based on digital phase-locked loop and an amplitude demodulation algorithm of oscillatory flow velocity based on the least mean square method are proposed to transform and extract the air flow signal, and then verify it by circuit simulations based on SIMULINK. Finally, the fabricated prototype is illustrated and comprehensively tested. The tested prototype possesses an x-axis scale factor of 1.56 Hz/(m/s)2 and a y-axis scale factor of 1.81 Hz/(m/s)2 for the steady air flow and an x-axis detection threshold of 43.27 mm/s and a y-axis detection threshold of 41.85 mm/s for the oscillatory air flow.

Is Cobalt Needed in Ni-Rich Positive Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries?

LiNi1-x-yCoxAlyO2 (NCA) was developed from LiNiO2 by partially substituting Ni with Co and Al, and it has been successfully commercialized and used in electric vehicles by Panasonic and Tesla, respectively. Because Co has a relatively high price of $29.98 USD/lb as of Aug. 3, 2018, while the prices of Ni and Al are only $6.00 and $0.92 USD/lb, respectively, as reported on InfoMine (http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices), reducing the Co content in NCA materials has become a priority.1 , 2 For NCA materials, substitution of Al for Ni was shown to improve the thermal stability and safety.3,4 Partial replacement of Ni with Co was thought to improve structural stability by hindering the mixing between Ni2+ and Li+ 5,6, and suppressing the multiple phase transitions during charge and discharge. Partially substituting Ni with other elements such as Mn and Mg has been investigated as well.7 , 8 However, it is hard to make a head to head comparison between the different substituents because of various synthesis conditions and analysis methods chosen by different researchers. With the increasing demand for reducing Co content, it is important to go “back to basics” and systematically study the impact of different cation substitutions. In this work, cations including Al, Co, Mn, and Mg, were selected for investigations. LixNi1-nMnO2 (M=Al, Co, Mn or Mg, n=0.05 or 0.1) were synthesized and studied with differential capacity versus voltage (dQ/dV vs. V) methods. In-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were carried out on selected samples, and the unit cell parameters and unit cell volumes were carefully measured versus x. Figure 1a shows the clipped dQ/dV vs. V of LiNiO2, in which the peaks corresponding to the phase transitions have been circled. Figures 1b – 1d show that 5% Al, 5% Mn, or 5% Mg substitutions diminish these dQ/dV vs. V peaks, suggesting an effective suppression of the multiple phase transitions observed in LiNiO2. Figure 1e shows dQ/dV vs. V of 5% Co substitution, and it shows almost identical peak features as LiNiO2 (Figure 1a), indicating the existence of multiple phase transitions. However, the dQ/dV curves for the 5% Co and LiNiO2 samples are partially off-scale in Figures 1e and 1a, respectively. Therefore, Figures 1f – 1g show the same dQ/dV vs. V with a larger y-axis scale. Figures 1f and 1j show that both LiNiO2 and LiNi0.95Co0.05O2 have similar sharp and intense dQ/dV peaks compared to the other samples. The conclusions from dQ/dV vs. V analysis were supported by in-situ XRD measurements. The studies on 5% and 10% cation doped series showed trends in the changes in material structure and specific capacities. Based on the observed trends, a preliminary theory of how the various cations impact LiNi1-xMxO2 has been developed and will be reported. References Y. K. Sun, D. J. Lee, Y. J. Lee, Z. Chen, and S. T. Myung, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 5, 11434–11440 (2013).K. Ghatak, S. Basu, T. Das, V. Sharma, H. Kumar, and D. Datta, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 120, 22805-22817 (2018).T. Ohzuku, A. Ueda, and M. Kouguchi, J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, 4033–4039 (1995).M. Guilmard, A. Rougier, M. Grüne, L. Croguennec, and C. Delmas, J. Power Sources, 115, 305–314 (2003).S. T. Myung, F. Maglia, K. J. Park, C. S. Yoon, P. Lamp, S. J. Kim, and Y. K. Sun, ACS Energy Lett., 2, 196–223 (2017).C. Delmas, I. Saadoune, and A. Rougier, J. Power Sources, 44, 595–602 (1993).H. Arai, S. Okada, Y. Sakurai, and J. Yamaki, J. Electrochem. Soc. , 144 , 3117–3125 (1997).C. C. Chang, J. Y. Kim, and P. N. Kumta, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 1722–1729 (2000). Figure 1. Cell voltage as a function of specific capacity (V vs. Q) of LiNiO2 (A), LiNi0.95Al0.05O2 (B), LiNi0.95Mn0.05O2 (C), LiNi0.95Mg0.05O2 (D), and LiNi0.95Co0.05O2 (E); Differential capacity as a function of cell voltage (dQ/dV vs. V) of 2nd charge and discharge of LiNiO2 (a), LiNi0.95Al0.05 O2 (b), LiNi0.95Mn0.05O2 (c), LiNi0.95Mg0.05O2 (d), and LiNi0.95Co0.05O2 (e); The same dQ/dV vs. V curves with larger Y axis scale (f – j). Figure 1

A novel method to study contact inhibition of locomotion using micropatterned substrates.

There was an error published in Biol. Open2, 901-906.In Fig. 4D, the y-axis scale was incorrect; the correct Fig. 4 is shown below. There are no changes to the figure legend, which is accurate. This error does not affect the conclusions of the paper. The authors apologise to the readers for any confusion that this error might have caused.

Erratum to: The Auditory Enhancement Effect is Not Reflected in the 80-Hz Auditory Steady-State Response

Erratum to: JARO DOI 10.1007/s10162-014-0455-y The y-axis scale in Fig. 3 was incorrectly shifted upwards because of a coding error, and the unit of measure in the y-axis label was incorrectly reported as μV instead of μV2. The correct figure is shown below. FIG. 3 A ASSR levels for the background components as a function of precursor type. B ASSR levels for the target component as a function of precursor type. Each colored point represents an individual listener. The color code is the same as in Figure 2. The ...

Erratum: X-ray micro-beam characterization of lattice rotations and distortions due to an individual dislocation

Nature Communications 4: Article number: 2774 (2013); Published: 12 November 2013; Updated: 31 January 2014. This Article contains an error in Fig. 4 that was introduced during the production process. In Fig. 4c, the y-axis scale was mislabelled. The correct version of Fig. 4 appears below.

The Design of a New Biaxial Decoupled Resonant Micro-Accelerometer

A new biaxial decoupled resonant micro-accelerometer is researched. The new biaxial resonant micro-accelerometer consists of four same tuning forking resonators, four pair of decoupled beams, four lever mechanisms and a proof mass. The decoupling between two orthogonal axes is realized by the decoupling beams, which will benefit to isolate two axes acceleration detection. The simulation is implemented to verify the basic principle by the Ansys. The simulation results prove that the effective frequencies of two acceleration sensitive modes are 3.699 kHz and 3.718 kHz separately. Two pair of resonator modes which are 23.893 kHz, 23.946 kHz, 26.974 kHz and 26.999 kHz separately have about 3kHz difference in frequency in order to prevent the mutual interference. And the interference modes are isolated with effective mode apparently. The input-output characteristic simulation results indicate the y-axis scale factor is 57.1Hz/g and the coupling output in the x-axis is 0.0148Hz/g, while the x-axis scale factor is 56.1Hz/g and the coupling output in the y-axis is 0.0073Hz/g, which proves that the new biaxial resonant micro-accelerometer is practicable and has an excellent decoupled performance.

Evaluation of glutamate concentration transient in the synaptic cleft of the rat calyx of Held

Establishing the spatiotemporal concentration profile of neurotransmitter following synaptic vesicular release is essential for our understanding of inter-neuronal communication. Such profile is a determinant of synaptic strength, short-term plasticity and inter-synaptic crosstalk. Synaptically released glutamate has been suggested to reach a few millimolar in concentration and last for <1 ms. The synaptic cleft is often conceived as a single concentration compartment, whereas a huge gradient likely exists. Modelling studies have attempted to describe this gradient, but two key parameters, the number of glutamate in a vesicle (N(Glu)) and its diffusion coefficient (D(Glu)) in the extracellular space, remained unresolved. To determine this profile, the rat calyx of Held synapse at postnatal day 12-16 was studied where diffusion of glutamate occurs two-dimensionally and where quantification of AMPA receptor distribution on individual postsynaptic specialization on medial nucleus of the trapezoid body principal cells is possible using SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica labelling. To assess the performance of these receptors as glutamate sensors, a kinetic model of the receptors was constructed from outside-out patch recordings. From here, we simulated synaptic responses and compared them with the EPSC recordings. Combinations of N(Glu) and D(Glu) with an optimum of 7000 and 0.3 μm(2) ms(-1) reproduced the data, suggesting slow diffusion. Further simulations showed that a single vesicle does not saturate the synaptic receptors, and that glutamate spillover does not affect the conductance amplitude at this synapse. Using the estimated profile, we also evaluated how the number of multiple vesicle releases at individual active zones affects the amplitude of postsynaptic signals.

Evolving a robust signal transduction pathway from weak cross‐talk

We have evolved a robust two-component signal transduction pathway from a sensor kinase (SK) and non-partner response regulator (RR) that show weak cross-talk in vitro and no detectable cross-talk in vivo in wild-type strains. The SK, CpxA, is bifunctional, with both kinase and phosphatase activities for its partner RR. We show that by combining a small number of mutations in CpxA that individually increase phosphorylation of the non-partner RR OmpR, phosphatase activity against phospho-OmpR emerges. The resulting circuit also becomes responsive to input signal to CpxA. The effects of combining these mutations in CpxA appear to reflect complex intragenic interactions between multiple sites in the protein. However, by analyzing a simple model of two-component signaling, we show that the behavior can be explained by a monotonic change in a single parameter controlling protein–protein interaction strength. The results suggest one possible mode of evolution for two-component systems with bifunctional SKs whereby the remarkable properties and competing reactions that characterize these systems can emerge by combining mutations of the same effect.

Balloon-assisted Guglielmi Detachable Coiling of Wide-necked Aneurysms: Part I— Experimental Evaluation

Balloon-assisted Guglielmi Detachable Coiling of Wide-necked Aneurysms: Part I— Experimental Evaluation

CORRIGENDUM

ERRATUMCORRIGENDUMPublished Online:01 Dec 1999https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.6.1/cOriginal articleMoreSectionsPDF (32 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat Volume 81, May 1999 Pages 2267–2278: M. Prakriya and C. J. Lingle, “BK Channel Activation by Brief Depolarizations Requires Ca2+ Influx Through L- and Q-Type Ca2+ Channels in Rat Chromaffin Cells.”The Ba current bars in Fig. 6 were not plotted on the same Y-axis scale as the BK current bars, producing an incorrect histogram. The corrected Fig. 6 appears here.Download figureDownload PowerPoint This article has no references to display. Download PDF Previous Back to Top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationRelated articlesBK Channel Activation by Brief Depolarizations Requires Ca2+ Influx Through L- and Q-Type Ca2+ Channels in Rat Chromaffin Cells 01 May 1999Journal of Neurophysiology More from this issue > Volume 82Issue 6December 1999Pages c1-c1 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1999 The American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.6.1/cHistory Published online 1 December 1999 Published in print 1 December 1999 Metrics Downloaded 68 times

Representing within-session response rates proportionally and entirely.

In this technical article, methods for collecting and representing response rates maintained by schedules of reinforcement are presented. First, the time in a session that each important event (e.g., responses, reinforcers) occurs is collected and stored by a computer. Another computer program is used, then, to convert each response to a percentage of the total responses in a session and to plot these percentages cumulatively as a function of the time in the session that they occurred. In this manner, response rates may be expressed proportionally (i.e., using the same y-axis scale regardless of absolute response rate) without requiring the arbitrary selection of an interval over which responses are aggregated and expressed relative to the entire-session rate. A property of these records is that deviations in the slope of the obtained record from the diagonal, which connects (x, y) = (start of session, 0%) to (x, y) = (end of session, 100%), occurring at any point and for any duration, represent changes in the local response rate from the entire-session rate. This method of representing ongoing responding is illustrated by several records of key pecking of a pigeon on a variable-interval 60-s schedule of food reinforcement. Relative local response rates were also computed from these data at several levels of resolution (i.e., the time over which responses were aggregated), including the level typically employed by those interested in within-session changes in response rates.

Visual arithmetic, computational graphics, and the spatial metaphor.

People who interact with graphs to perform arithmetic tasks typically employ quantitative features. However, they may employ the spatial metaphor under two alternative conditions: if they have been trained to apply visual arithmetic methods to traditional line and bar graphs, or if they interact with specially constructed and special-purpose computational graphics. Two experiments explored a visual arithmetic method used to train subjects to determine a mean by locating the spatial midpoint of a set of indicators (bars in a bar graph or points in a line graph). In Experiment 1 visual arithmetic subjects determined the mean of five indicators as quickly as they did the mean of two indicators; control subjects performed slower with five indicators. Both groups took more time to add the values of five indicators than to add two indicators. In Experiment 2, unlike control subjects, visual arithmetic subjects' response times in mean trials were unaffected by changes in the y-axis scale. However, both groups were affected by the y-axis scale on addition trials. Neither group was influenced by changes in the distance between indicators. The discussion addresses the transfer of visual arithmetic training to tasks that differ from the one used during training, uses for visual arithmetic and computational graphics, and the role of parallel processing and task restructuring in visual arithmetic.