Xylanase Supplementation Research Articles

The Effects of Corncob and Xylanase Supplementation on Performance, Ileal Digestibility, Intestinal Morphology, Gastrointestinal pH and Serum Biochemical Traits in the Broiler Chickens

This study evaluated the effects of corncob as a source of insoluble fibre and xylanase enzyme on broiler chicken performance, ileal digestibility, intestinal morphology, gastrointestinal pH, and serum biochemical traits. 256-one-day-old (Ross 308) broiler chicks were randomly given six diets for 24 days: a control diet with 0%, 2.5%, or 5% corncob, with or without xylanase, in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Then, chicks were given the control diet with or without xylanase until they reached 42 days. Adding corncob to diets reduced performance during the grower phase (P≤0.05), but when removed, the performance did not differ from the control (P≥0.05). Corncob reduced ash digestibility and cholesterol levels (P≤0.05) while increasing the relative weight of the heart, gizzard, and duodenum and improving the ileal villus high-to-crypt depth ratio (P≤0.05). The feed conversion ratio increased due to corncob inclusion in diets at the starter and grower phases (P≤0.05) but did not differ from the control at the finisher phase. Xylanase supplementation improved performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal histomorphology, and reduced cecum weight with digestive tract pH (P≤0.05). Therefore, adding corncob with xylanase enzyme to broiler chickens' diet does not negatively impact their performance. On the contrary, it improves the broilers' health and reduces production costs.

Xylanase enhances gut microbiota-derived butyrate to exert immune-protective effects in a histone deacetylase-dependent manner

BackgroundCommensal bacteria in the intestine release enzymes to degrade and ferment dietary components, producing beneficial metabolites. However, the regulatory effects of microbial-derived enzymes on the intestinal microbiota composition and the influence on host health remain elusive. Xylanase can degrade xylan into oligosaccharides, showing wide application in feed industry.ResultsTo validate the immune-protective effects of xylanase, Nile tilapia was used as the model and fed with xylanase. The results showed that dietary xylanase improved the survival rate of Nile tilapia when they were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The transcriptome analysis showed significant enrichment of genes related to interleukin-17d (il-17d) signaling pathway in the xylanase treatment group. High-throughput sequencing revealed that dietary xylanase altered the composition of the intestinal microbiota and directly promoted the proliferation of Allobaculum stercoricanis which could produce butyrate in vitro. Consequently, dietary xylanase supplementation increased the butyrate level in fish gut. Further experiment verified that butyrate supplementation enhanced the expression of il-17d and regenerating islet-derived 3 gamma (reg3g) in the gut. The knockdown experiment of il-17d confirmed that il-17d is necessary for butyrate to protect Nile tilapia from pathogen resistance. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that butyrate increased the abundance of IL-17D+ intestinal epithelial cells in fish. Mechanistically, butyrate functions as an HDAC3 inhibitor, enhancing il-17d expression and playing a crucial role in pathogen resistance.ConclusionDietary xylanase significantly altered the composition of intestinal microbiota and increased the content of butyrate in the intestine. Butyrate activated the transcription of il-17d in intestinal epithelial cells by inhibiting histone deacetylase 3, thereby protecting the Nile tilapia from pathogen infection. This study elucidated how microbial-derived xylanase regulates host immune function, providing a theoretical basis for the development and application of functional enzymes.7BVRPuQYn3eQdwFeU5j8vPVideo

Supplementing exogenous xylanase improves the liver antioxidant capacity and immune response of Tibetan sheep fed wheat-based diets

Xylanase is a heteropolysaccharide found in the plant cell wall, which aids in the absorption and utilisation of nutrients. When embedded in animal feed, it enhances nutrient availability, leading to improved animal performance. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of xylanase supplementation in wheat-based feeds on the hepatic development, antioxidant capacity, and immune response in Tibetan sheep. Sixty healthy, weaned, non-neutered male lambs (19.35 ± 2.18 kg) were randomly assigned to two equal groups (n = 30 per group). Dietary treatments were: basal diet (H group), and basal diet with 0.2% xylanase supplementation (E group). After a 10–day adaptation period, the feeding trial was carried out for 90 days. The live weight, morphology, antioxidant capacity and immune response were measured. The differential genes in liver were identified by RNA-sequencing. Our results showed that the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) were significantly higher in E group than in H group (p < 0.05). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, and IgG were significantly higher in E group than in H group (p < 0.05). The hepatocytes of sheep fed xylanase diet showed arranged radially into hepatic plates cantered around the central vein, and the plates linked with each other to form a lost-like structure. A total of 4,509 differential genes (DEGs) were identified, among which 4,427 were up-regulated and 82 down-regulated. Additionally, the expression of antioxidant-related genes in cluding catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), oxidation resistance 1 (OXR1) and glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2), and immunity-related gene including mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B (STAT5B), janus kinase 3 (JAK3) and jun proto-oncogene (JUN) were verified using the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Conclusion: In conclusion, dietary 0.2% xylanase supplementation promoted hepatic antioxidant capacity and immune response via modulating the expression of functional genes in Tibetan sheep.

Effects of Different Additives on the Chemical Composition, Fermentation Quality, Bacterial Community and Gene Function Prediction of Caragana korshinskii Kom. Silage

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Lentilactobacillus plantarum (LP), cellulase (CE), and xylanase (XE) supplementation on the fermentation quality, chemical composition, and bacterial community of Caragana korshinskii Kom. silage. Four groups were designed for the study. No additives were used in the control group (CK), and LP (1 × 106 cfu/g), CE (1 × 104 IU/g) and XE (2 × 105 IU/g) were added to the experimental groups on a fresh matter basis, with three replicates per group. To promote fermentation, 5% molasses was added to all of the groups. On days 15 and 60, fermentation quality, chemical composition and the bacterial community were analysed. The pH of groups CE and XE was lower than that of the CK group at 60 days. During ensiling, the lactic acid (LA) content in the experimental groups and the acetic acid (AA) content in the CK and LP groups increased. At 60 days, the dominant genera in the CK and LP groups was Weissella and the dominant genera in the CE and XE groups was Lentilactobacillus. At different times during silage, nucleotide metabolism was enhanced, whereas the metabolism of carbohydrate, amino acids, energy, cofactors and vitamins was inhibited in the LP group. However, the metabolism of amino acids, energy, cofactors and vitamins in the CE and XE groups was increased, whereas the metabolism of nucleotides was inhibited. In conclusion, LP, CE and XE could exert a positive effect on the fermentation quality of C. korshinskii Kom. silage by shifting the bacterial community composition.

PSII-19 Effect of dietary supplementation of xylanase alone or combination of xylanase and β-glucanase on growth performance and intestinal measurements in broiler chickens

Abstract Poultry feeds primarily comprise plant ingredients such as cereal grains and cereal by-products that are high in non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs). However, poultry has limited digestive enzymes to efficiently utilize NSPs, and therefore, exogenous NSP-degrading enzymes (NSPase) are typically supplemented to poultry diets. Xylanase is the most widely used as NSPase in poultry diets because xylanase degrades arabinoxylans which is in increased amounts in most feed grains like corn and wheat, thereby improving dietary nutrient utilization and subsequent productive performance. β-glucanase is another potential exogenous NSPase used to degrade β-glucans present in plant ingredients. Although the benefits of dietary xylanase are well-documented, limited information regarding effects of dietary xylanase and β-glucanase complex is available. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of xylanase alone or combination of xylanase and β-glucanase on growth performance and intestinal measurements in broiler chickens. A total of four hundred 8-d-old male and female Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 10 replicates. Each replicate had 5 male and 5 female birds. Dietary treatments included a positive control (PC) diet with adequate energy and nutrients, a negative control (NC) diet with high NSP-containing ingredients and less AMEn by 100 kcal/kg than PC diet, and 2 NC-based diets supplemented with 0.1% xylanase (4,000,000 units/kg) or 0.1% xylanase-glucanase complex (4,000,000 units/kg xylanase and 2,000,000 units/kg β-glucanase). The experiment lasted for 28 d. For intestinal measurements including jejunal morphology and ileal digesta viscosity, 1 male chicken per replicate was selected based on the body weight at the end of the experiment. Results indicated that birds fed PC diets had less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) FCR than those fed NC diets (Table 1). Birds fed diets supplemented with xylanase alone or combination of xylanase and β-glucanase had also less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) FCR than those fed NC diets. No difference in FCR was observed between birds fed PC diets and those fed diets supplemented with xylanase alone or combination of xylanase and β-glucanase. However, dietary treatments had no effects on body weight, body weight gain, and feed intake of broiler chickens. Jejunal villous height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for birds fed PC diets or diets supplemented with combination of xylanase and β-glucanase than those fed NC diets (Table 2). Feeding diets supplemented with xylanase alone or combination of xylanase and β-glucanase decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ileal digesta viscosity as compared with feeding NC diets (Table3). In conclusion, feeding high NSP and low energy diets supplemented with either 0.1% xylanase alone or 0.1% xylanase and β-glucanase complex results in similar productive performance of broiler chickens as compared with feeding typical corn-soybean meal-based diets possibly due to improved intestinal structure and decreased digesta viscosity.

Effect of Enzyme Supplementation on Nutrient Utilization and Production Performance in Lactating Murrah Buffaloes

Background: Enzyme stimulates metabolic and digestive processes leading to increased feed intake and improved nutrient availability in animals. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilization and production performance in lactating Murrah Buffaloes during winter season. Methods: Twenty four lactating Murrah buffaloes were selected for the study from Livestock Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut (UP). All the selected animals were randomly allocated into four treatment groups having six animals in each group on the basis of body weight, lactation length and milk yield. The daily nutrient requirements of lactating Murrah buffaloes in term of DM, DCP and TDN were provided as per the feeding standards of Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi (2013). Total Mixed Ration for buffaloes was prepared by mixing of roughage and concentrates in the ratio of 60:40 after grinding/chaffing. Roughage part was consisting of available winter season green fodder e.g. oat and wheat straw available at research centre. Feeding trial was planned into four treatment groups viz. T1 (Basal diet without enzyme supplementation), T2 (Basal diet with supplementation of Xylanase @ 800000 IU), T3 (Basal diet with supplementation of Cellulase @ 240000 IU) and T4 (Basal diet with supplementation of Xylanase @ 800000 IU and Cellulase @ 240000 IU). Result: From the present study, it was observed that the average milk yield (5.34 litre/day) was higher in T4 as compared to other treatment groups, but the difference was non-significant. The average milk fat percent was recorded as 7.52, 7.58. 7.60 and 7.65 in T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatment groups, respectively. Although the results of T4 group animals were comparatively higher in all major milk constituents the differences were found to be statistically non-significant. The average DM intake (kg/d, kg/100 kg BW and g/kg W0.75) and CP intake (g/d, g/100 kg BW) were almost similar in all treatment groups. The TDN intake (kg/d, kg/100 kg BW and g/kg W0.75) was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in enzyme supplemented groups. The digestibility coefficient of CP, CF, NDF and ADF were higher (P less than 0.05) in buffaloes of T4 over control (T1) group. So, it was concluded from the above study that the milk production and milk composition could be improved with the combine use of Xylanase and Cellulase enzyme in murrah buffaloes due to improved CP and fibre digestibility.

PSI-14 Effect of dietary xylanase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and digesta viscosity of weaned pigs fed wheat-soybean meal-based diets

Abstract Xylanase supplementation can improve nutrient digestibility in pig diets by degrading cell wall non-starch polysaccharides and reducing digesta viscosity as well as promoting intestinal health of pigs after weaning. This study determined the effects of dietary xylanase supplementation on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and digesta viscosity in different digestive sites of weaned pigs. A total of 312 weaned pigs [body weight (BW) = 5.1 ± 0.9 kg] were weaned into 48 pens and assigned to one of six dietary treatments, each treatment with 8 pens, 6 to 7 pigs per pen, and sex ratios maintained within BW blocks. Experimental diets were formulated in a 3-phase nursery feeding program: Phase 1 (d 0 - d 7), Phase 2 (d 8 - d 21), and Phase 3 (d 22 – d 42). Experimental diets consisted of a wheat/soybean meal-based diet formulated to meet pig requirements (positive control, PC), the PC diet with reduction of 100 kcal of ME (negative control, NC), and the NC diet supplemented with either 900, 1,800, 3,600, or 7,200 units of xylanase. Feed disappearance and body weight were measured at d 7, 14, 21, and 42. Pen fecal score was assessed daily during d 0 to 14 and three times a week during d 15 to 28. On d 21 to 24 of the experiment (12 pigs per day), one pig per pen was selected for sample collection: ileal, cecal, and mid-colon digesta for viscosity and ileal digesta and feces for nutrient digestibility. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of increasing levels of xylanase in NC diets. Contrast analysis was used to compare PC and NC groups with xylanase-supplemented groups. Fecal score data were analyzed using the PROC FREQ procedure. Supplementing xylanase to NC diets did not improve pig growth performance (P &amp;gt; 0.05) through the nursery period. In wk 2 and wk 3, pigs fed the PC and NC diets had a greater (χ2 &amp;lt; 0.05) incidence of fecal scores 3 &amp; 4 (diarrhea) than the xylanase-supplemented pigs. The AID of DM and ATTD of crude protein, gross energy, and NDF were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in the PC and 900-xylanase supplemented diets than in the other dietary treatments. In addition, the ATTD of NDF and ADF increased linearly (P &amp;lt; 0.1) in response to xylanase supplementation. Xylanase supplementation (900 to 7,200 U) decreased digesta viscosity in colon when compared with PC and NC diets. Overall, xylanase supplementation can improve nutrient digestibility, particularly at total tract level, and reduce viscosity in the hindgut, which could be related with decreasing the occurrence of looseness. However, the effects on growth performance were not expressive when xylanase was supplemented to wheat-soybean meal-based diets with reduction of 100 kcal of ME.

Xylanase Supplement Enhances the Growth Performance of Broiler by Modulating Serum Metabolism, Intestinal Health, Short-Chain Fatty Acid Composition, and Microbiota.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of xylanase supplementation in a wheat-based diet on growth performance, short-chain fatty acids, intestinal health, microbial composition, and serum metabolism. A total of 1200 male chicks were randomly assigned to four wheat-based diet treatments: Group C (adding 0 mg/kg of xylanase), Group L (adding 50 mg/kg of xylanase), Group M (adding 100 mg/kg of xylanase), and Group H (adding 150 mg/kg of xylanase). The experiment lasted for 56 days. The results indicated that Group H broilers experienced a decreased feed-to-gain ratio throughout the study period. Additionally, dietary supplementation with xylanase led to an increase in the physical barrier, as indicated by increased VH and VH/CD in the gut (p < 0.05). Furthermore, levels of D-lactic acid and endotoxin were reduced. Xylanase supplementation also increased the abundance of Muc-2, ZO-1, and Occludin (p < 0.05). Moreover, xylanase supplementation enhanced the activity of sucrase and maltase in the duodenum (p < 0.05), which may be attributable to the upregulation of the abundance of SI and MGA (p < 0.05). Furthermore, xylanase addition promoted propionic acid produced by specific bacteria, such as Phascolarctobacterium, and influenced the microbial composition to some extent, promoting intestinal health. Additionally, 150 mg/kg of xylanase supplementation increased the amino acid, peptide, and carbohydrate content and upregulated the metabolism of amino acids related to histidine, cysteine, methionine, and other pathways (p < 0.05). These findings suggest adequate xylanase supplementation can enhance nutritional digestibility and absorption, improve growth performance, stimulate endogenous enzyme activity, optimize intestinal morphology and barrier function, and positively influence acid-producing bacteria and amino acid metabolic pathways.

Xylanase supplementation in energy-deficient corn-based diets: impact on broiler growth, nutrient digestibility, chyme viscosity and carcass proximates.

The goal of the current study was to investigate the impact of various concentrations of xylanase in energy-deficient corn-based diets on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and digesta viscosity in broilers from 7 to 35 days of age. A total of 280 seven-day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to one of the five dietary treatments following a completely randomized design with 8 replicates and 7 birds per cage. The treatments were: i) positive control (PC, without xylanase); ii) NC-1 (80 kcal/kg ME reduced from PC); iii) NC-2 (100 kcal/kg ME reduced from PC); iv) NCX-1 (NC-1 + 2,000 U/kg xylanase); and v) NCX-2 (NC-2 + 3,000 U/kg xylanase). Body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were determined weekly to evaluate growth performance. One bird per pen was sacrificed for ileal digesta collection to determine the viscosity and digestibility of energy, dry matter, crude protein on days 24 and 35, however breast and leg meat samples were obtained for proximate analysis (moisture, crude protein, fat, and ash) on day 35. Birds fed diets supplemented with xylanase regardless of the amount had higher (p<0.05) body weights, daily gains, and improved feed efficiency compared to NC diets all throughout the experimental period. Feed intake was not affected (p>0.05) by the addition of xylanase. Moreover, lowered (p<0.05) viscosity of the ileal digesta were observed upon xylanase inclusion in the diets compared to the birds fed NC diets on day 24. Ileal nutrient digestibility and meat proximate composition were not affected (p>0.05) by xylanase. The present study indicated that the xylanase at 2,000 U/kg and 3,000 U/kg levels compensates for the 80 kcal/kg and 100 kcal/kg dietary energy levels, respectively, without having adverse effects on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and digesta viscosity of broilers.

Effects of dietary xylanase supplementation on growth performance, intestinal health, and immune response of nursery pigs fed diets with reduced metabolizable energy.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of xylanase on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs fed diets with reduced metabolizable energy (ME). One hundred ninety-two pigs at 8.7 kg ± 0.7 body weight (BW) after 7 d of weaning were allotted in a randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks. Eight dietary treatments consisted of 5 ME levels (3,400, 3,375, 3,350, 3,325, and 3,300 kcal ME/kg) below the NRC (2012) requirement and 4 levels of xylanase (0, 1,200, 2,400, and 3,600 XU/kg) to a diet with 3,300 kcal ME/kg. All pigs received their respective treatments for 35 d in 2 phases, pre-starter (14 d) and starter (21 d). On day 35, eight pigs in 3,400 kcal/kg (CON), 3,300 kcal/kg (LE), and 3,300 kcal/kg + 3,600 XU xylanase/kg (LEX) were euthanized to collect jejunal tissues and digesta for the evaluation of mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal immune response, oxidative stress status, intestinal morphology, crypt cell proliferation, and digesta viscosity as well as ileal digesta to measure apparent ileal digestibility. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure on SAS 9.4. The LE increased (P < 0.05) jejunal digesta viscosity, tended to have decreased (P = 0.053) relative abundance of Prevotella, and tended to increase (P = 0.055) Lactobacillus. The LE also increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of protein carbonyl whereas malondialdehyde, villus height (VH), villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients, and finally average daily feed intake were decreased (P < 0.05). The LE did not affect average daily gain (ADG). The LEX decreased (P < 0.05) digesta viscosity, increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotella, decreased (P < 0.05) Helicobacter, decreased (P < 0.05) the concentration of protein carbonyl, tended to increase (P = 0.065) VH, and decreased (P < 0.05) VH:CD and crypt cell proliferation. Moreover, LEX increased (P < 0.05) the AID of dry matter and gross energy and tended to increase (P = 0.099; P = 0.076) AID of crude protein, and ether extract. The LEX did not affect ADG but did tend to decrease (P = 0.070) fecal score during the starter phase. Overall, reducing ME negatively affected intestinal health parameters and nutrient digestibility without affecting growth. Supplementation of xylanase mitigated some of the negative effects observed by ME reduction on intestinal health and digestibility of nutrients without affecting growth.

Xylanase Supplementation on Tamarindus Indica and Cassava Meal in Mash and Pellet Form for Broiler Chickens

The aims of this study were to analyse the effect of diets containing tamarind seed and cassava meal in mash and pellet form with enzyme supplementation on broiler performance. The experiment method used a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design and compared the effects of diets (cassava meal vs Tamarindus indica), feed processing (pelleted vs. mash), and enzyme addition (with or without enzymes) on broiler performance. 240 broiler chicks were allocated to 8 treatments with 6 replicates of 5 chicks/replicate. The results show that a diet containing cassava meal in pellet form with xylanase significantly (P&lt;0,05) improved the growth of the broiler in comparison to a diet formulation containing tamarind seed meal. A diet containing tamarind seed meal gave significantly (P&lt;0,05) lower abdominal fat than cassava meal. In conclusion, in this study diets containing cassava meal gave the best results for broiler growth, and diets containing tamarind seed improved the abdominal fat of broiler chickens.

Funcionalidade nutricional do complexo xilanolítico obtida de Aspergillus japonicus var. aculeatus UFMS 48.136 em dietas para suínos

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional functionality of the xylanolytic complex produced from Aspergillus japonicus var. aculeatus UFMS 48.136 isolated from the Cerrado/ Pantanal biome in Mato Grosso do Sul, compared to commercial xylanase, in swine diets. Sixteen barrows were used, with an initial weight of 64.23 ± 10.5 kg, distributed in a randomized block experimental design, with four diets: control, formulated according to nutritional recommendations; negative control, formulated with a reduction of 100 Kcal / kg of metabolizable energy (ME); negative control + xylanase Cerrado / Pantanal; negative control + commercial xylanase; with four repetitions each. The xylanase supplementation provided higher (P&lt;0.05) values of digestible energy (DE), ME, and higher (P&lt;0.05) digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in relation to the negative control diet, but without differing (P&gt;0.05) from the control diet. The inclusion of xylanases increased (P&lt;0.05) in the coefficients of digestibility (CD) and metabolism of crude energy (CE), DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, and ADF. There was no difference (P&gt;0.05) in digestibility and CD values between Cerrado/Pantanal and commercial xylanase. The inclusion of xylanases made it possible to reduce 100 Kcal of ME per kilogram of diet. Cerrado/Pantanal xylanases therefore have the same nutritional efficiency as commercial xylanases.

EFFECT OF ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS

To evaluate the influence of xylanase, phytase, and their combination on broiler growth, nutrient digestibility, bone mineralization, and gut morphology. A randomized complete block design was employed for this study. 400 day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were dispensed to four treatment bunches with five reproduces per treatment. The birds were haphazardly disseminated among the medicines in light of starting body weight to guarantee homogeneity across gatherings. Broilers supplemented with xylanase and combining xylanase and phytase showed numerically higher average body weights compared to the control and phytase-only groups. However, statistical significance was observed only in the xylanase and combination groups (p &lt; 0.05). The combination of xylanase and phytase demonstrated the lowest FCR, indicating improved feed efficiency compared to other groups (p &lt; 0.05). Xylanase supplementation also resulted in significantly lower FCR than the control (p &lt; 0.05). It is concluded that enzyme supplementation, specifically the combination of xylanase and phytase, significantly enhanced broiler growth, nutrient utilization, and bone health.

Growth performance, blood lipids, and fat digestibility of broilers fed diets supplemented with bile acid and xylanase.

This study aimed to show the effect of bile acid (BA) and xylanase (Xyl) supplementation on the growth, fat digestibility, serum lipid metabolites, and ileal digesta viscosity of broilers. A total of 720 1 d old male broilers were allocated to one of nine treatments with four replicates in each under a factorial design arrangement of three levels of BA (0 %, 0.25 %, and 0.50 %) and three levels of Xyl (0 %, 0.05 %, and 0.10 %) supplementation. The duration of the experiment was 35 d (7-42 d). Growth performance, blood lipids, fat digestibility, and ileal digesta viscosity were determined. The experimental treatments did not affect feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG). Supplementation of BA or Xyl did not significantly ameliorate the feed conversion rate (FCR) (). The addition of BA linearly increased fat digestibility. At 7-21 d of age, the addition of BA or Xyl had a significant () increase in serum cholesterol (Chol) but no significant difference for other serum lipid parameters in broiler chickens fed with Xyl in the starter and grower periods. However, the supplementation of 0.5 % BA at 7-21 d of age significantly increased the Chol and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) levels. The results of this trial revealed that the supplementation of xylanases had a great effect on the degradation of arabinoxylan from wheat, which led to a relatively greater reduction in ileal digesta viscosity; it was also found that supplementation of BA significantly increased the concentration of serum lipid metabolites, whereas BA and Xyl supplementation linearly increased the fat digestibility of the birds fed wheat and tallow diets.

Effect of two different dietary endo-1,4-β-xylanases on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, caecal microbial population and short-chain fatty acid composition of broiler chickens

Effects of two different dietary xylanases on broiler performance and gut integrity were determined. Totally, 7600-d-old Ross-308 chicks were used for 41 d. Chicks were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments with 10 replicates (95 males, 95 females per replicate); they were: positive control (PC) based on Ross 308 nutrient specification; negative control (NC) with less ME (80 kcal/kg), crude protein and amino acids compared to PC; NC + AO with addition of xylanase derived from Aspergillus oryzae (AO); NC + TB with addition of xylanase derived from Trichoderma bisset (TB). Birds fed on PC diet significantly (p < 0.05) had higher final body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) compared to other treatments. The final BWG and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not fully compensated with the addition of the enzymes compared to PC, and FCR was found significantly (p < 0.05) higher in birds fed on diets NC + AO and NC + TB. However, dietary xylanase significantly improved FCR, villus surface area and total goblet cell number in NC + AO and NC + TB birds compared to NC. Xylanase supplementation significantly increased the concentrations of branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) and total caecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, both xylanases increased lactobacillus count (p < 0.05). Dietary treatments had no effect on carcase parameters and mortality rate. In conclusion, along with improving performance parameters, the inclusion of xylanase enzymes with nutrient matrix value in broilers’ diet may ameliorate intestinal morphology, stimulate caecal microflora and increase caecal SCFA concentrations, but nutrient contribution of both enzymes seems overestimated.HIGHLIGHTSDietary xylanase could not compensate the final BWG and FCR compared to positive control.Dietary xylanase increased villus surface area and total goblet cell number.Dietary xylanase increased the concentrations of branched-chain fatty acids and total caecal short-chain fatty acid.

Effects of microalgae, with or without xylanase supplementation, on serum immunoglobulins, cecal short-chain fatty acids, microbial diversity, and metabolic pathways of broiler chickens

Modern broilers are highly susceptible to environmental and pathogenic threats, leading to gut disorders and poor nutrient utilization if not managed properly. Nutritional programming using several feedstuffs and coproducts to manage gut health has been studied. This study used microalgae as a functional compound and xylanase enzyme in broilers' diets as a strategy to manage gut health. A total of 162 one-day-old unsexed Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 dietary treatments: a) corn-soybean meal-based control diet (CON), b) 3% microalgae (MAG), and c) MAG with xylanase enzyme (MAG+XYN). The chicks were reared for 35 days (d) on a floor pen system maintaining standard environment conditions to evaluate the effects of microalgae, with or without xylanase supplementation, on serum immunoglobulins, cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production, cecal microbial diversity, and metabolic pathways. No significant differences were found for serum immunoglobulin and cecal SCFA among the treatment groups (P > 0.05). Relative microbial abundance at the genus level showed that MAG and MAG+XYN groups had a diverse microbial community on d 3 and d 35. However, no bacterial genus had a significant difference (P > 0.05) in their relative abundance on d 3, but 16 genera showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in their relative abundance among the dietary treatments on d 35. Most of these bacteria were SCFA-producing bacteria. Moreover, MAG and MAG+XYN-fed broilers had better responses than CON groups for metabolic pathways (D-mannose degradation, pectin degradation I and II, β-1-4-mannan degradation, tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis, glutathione biosynthesis, glutathione-peroxide redox reactions, lactate fermentation to propionate, acetate, and hydrogen, etc.) both on d 3 and d 35. The results suggest that using microalgae, with or without xylanase, had no statistical impact on serum immunoglobulins and cecal SCFA production in broilers. However, an improvement in the cecal microbial diversity and metabolic pathways, which are essential indicators of gut health and nutrient utilization, was observed. Most of the improved metabolic pathways were related to fiber utilization and oxidative stress reduction.

273 Effects of Xylanase Supplementation in Diets with Reduced Metabolizable Energy and Supplemental Fat on Intestinal Health, Mucosa Associated Microbiota and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effects of reducing metabolizable energy (ME) below the requirement by reducing supplemental fat on intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs. One hundred and ninety-two newly weaned pigs at 7.3 ± 0.6 kg BW were allotted in a RCBD with sex and initial BW as blocks. Pigs were assigned to one of 8 dietary treatments with varying ME levels (3,400, 3,375, 3,350, 3,325, and 3,300 kcal/kg ME) by reducing supplemental fat and increasing xylanase (X0: 0, X40: 1,200, X80: 2,400 and X120: 3,600 XU/kg of feed) in ME deficient diets by 100 kcals/kg. Pigs were fed diets for 35 d in 2 phases (14 d and 21 d, respectively) and growth performance was measured at the end of each phase. Phase 2 diet had titanium dioxide (0.4%) as indigestible external marker to measure ileal digestibility of nutrients. At d 35, a pig representing the median BW within each pen from 3 dietary treatments (ME at 3,400 and 3,300 kcal/kg ME with or without xylanase) were euthanized for sampling jejunal mucosa, jejunal tissue, and ileal digesta to analyze intestinal health parameters, mucosa associated microbiota, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4. Overall, reducing ME level had no effect on growth performance of nursery pigs. However, reducing ME by 100 kcal/kg ME below the requirement increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) digesta viscosity (1.7 to 2.2 cP) and protein carbonyl (0.18 to 0.40 nmol/mg), tended to change the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae (P = 0.062, 49 to 23%) and Lactobacillaceae (P = 0.086, 7 to 19%), reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) villus height (467 to 433 µm) and villus height to crypt depth ratio (1.80 to 1.64) in the jejunum, and reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) AID of DM (59.5 to 47.3%), gross energy (59.1 to 43.0%), crude protein (63.4 to 44.6%), and ether extract (67.7 to 55.2%). Xylanase supplementation decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) digesta viscosity (2.2 to 1.82 cP) and protein carbonyl (0.40 to 0.17 nmol/mg), increased the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae (20.22 to 61.56%), increased villus height (433 to 462 µm) and villus height to crypt depth ratio (1.64 to 1.99) in the jejunum, and increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) AID of DM (47.3 to 58.7%), and gross energy (42.9 to 56.0%). In conclusion, reducing ME (100 kcal/kg below the requirement) by reducing supplemental fat (by 2% unit) impaired intestinal health, reducing ability of the pigs to digest feeds whereas xylanase supplementation appeared to mediate some of the negative effects seen by energy reduction by improving intestinal morphology, reducing oxidative damage products, and diversity of the mucosa-associated microbiota.

37. Xylanase supplementation in sows and its effects on digestibility and offspring

37. Xylanase supplementation in sows and its effects on digestibility and offspring

317 Awardee Talk: Functional Roles of Phytase and Xylanase for Nursery Pigs and Broiler Chickens

Abstract The objective of this research was to investigate the functional roles of phytase and xylanase in nursery pigs and broiler chickens. These enzymes have been widely studied and have shown consistent results improving nutrient digestibility and growth performance. However, recent studies have raised the hypothesis that phytase and xylanase could also have potential effects on intestinal and bone health, and intestinal microbiota. The first study studied at the effects of a bacterial 6-phytase on nutrient digestibility and retention of nursery and growing pigs. The results showed that supplementing a bacterial 6-phytase in pig diets can be a potential alternative for reducing high levels of inorganic phosphorus sources while still increasing the digestibility and utilization of phosphorus by the animals. The second study investigated the efficacy and optimal level of a bacterial 6-phytase supplemented beyond traditional dose levels on bone and intestinal health, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of nursery pigs. The results revealed that the supplementation of the bacterial 6-phytase enhanced bone health, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance in nursery pigs. The third study aimed to determine the effects of phytase supplementation on the intestinal microbiota and morphology, bone health, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of broiler chickens. The results showed that phytase supplementation had potential benefits on the microbiota by reducing potential harmful bacteria and increasing beneficial bacteria. Additionally, phytase had positive effects on bone health, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. The fourth study examined the functional roles of xylanase on the intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs. The results showed that xylanase supplementation had beneficial effects on intestinal health by reducing the digesta viscosity, the relative abundance of potentially harmful bacteria, and the oxidative stress in the jejunal mucosa. All of these factors collectively reflected in improvements on the intestinal morphology, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of nursery pigs. In conclusion, the results of these studies reaffirmed the benefits of phytase and xylanase related to nutrient digestibility and growth performance in nursery pigs and broiler chickens, as well as showed potential benefits on intestinal health and microbiota of the animals. Supplementing these enzymes could also contribute to a reduction in feed costs and environmental concerns associated with a poor hydrolysis and breakdown of antinutritional factors in animal diets.

Fat deposition, fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity and differentially expressed genes in subcutaneous fat of Tibetan sheep fed wheat-based diets with and without xylanase supplementation.

Xylanase, an exogenous enzyme that plays an essential role in energy metabolism by hydrolysing xylan into xylose, has been shown to positively influence nutrient digestion and utilisation in ruminants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of xylanase supplementation on the back-fat thickness, fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs)in the subcutaneous fat of Tibetan sheep. Sixty three-month-old rams with an average weight of 19.35 ± 2.18 kg were randomly assigned to control (no enzyme added, WH group) and xylanase (0.2% of diet on a dry matter basis, WE group) treatments. The experiment was conducted over 97 d, including 7 d of adaption to the diets. The results showed that xylanase supplementation in the diet increased adipocyte volume of subcutaneous fat (p < 0.05), shown by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Gas chromatography showed greater concentrations of C14:0 and C16:0 in the subcutaneous fat of controls compared with the enzyme-treated group (p < 0.05), while opposite trend was seen for the absolute contents of C18:1n9t, C20:1, C18:2n6c, C18:3, and C18:3n3 (p < 0.05). Compared with controls, supplementation with xylanase increased the activity of T-AOC significantly (p < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis showed the presence of 1630 DEGs between the two groups, of which 1023 were up-regulated and 607 were down-regulated, with enrichment in 4833 Gene Ontology terms, and significant enrichment in 31 terms (p < 0.05). The common DEGs were enriched in 295 pathways and significantly enriched in 26 pathways. Additionally, the expression of lipid-related genes, including fatty acid synthase, superoxide dismutase, fatty acid binding protein 5, carnitine palmytoyltransferase 1 A, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor A were verified via quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. In conclusion, dietary xylanase supplementation was found to reduce subcutaneous fat deposition in Tibetan sheep, likely through modulating the expression of lipid-related genes.