Xylanase Enzyme Research Articles

The Effects of Corncob and Xylanase Supplementation on Performance, Ileal Digestibility, Intestinal Morphology, Gastrointestinal pH and Serum Biochemical Traits in the Broiler Chickens

This study evaluated the effects of corncob as a source of insoluble fibre and xylanase enzyme on broiler chicken performance, ileal digestibility, intestinal morphology, gastrointestinal pH, and serum biochemical traits. 256-one-day-old (Ross 308) broiler chicks were randomly given six diets for 24 days: a control diet with 0%, 2.5%, or 5% corncob, with or without xylanase, in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Then, chicks were given the control diet with or without xylanase until they reached 42 days. Adding corncob to diets reduced performance during the grower phase (P≤0.05), but when removed, the performance did not differ from the control (P≥0.05). Corncob reduced ash digestibility and cholesterol levels (P≤0.05) while increasing the relative weight of the heart, gizzard, and duodenum and improving the ileal villus high-to-crypt depth ratio (P≤0.05). The feed conversion ratio increased due to corncob inclusion in diets at the starter and grower phases (P≤0.05) but did not differ from the control at the finisher phase. Xylanase supplementation improved performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal histomorphology, and reduced cecum weight with digestive tract pH (P≤0.05). Therefore, adding corncob with xylanase enzyme to broiler chickens' diet does not negatively impact their performance. On the contrary, it improves the broilers' health and reduces production costs.

Establishing the green algae Chlamydomonas incerta as a platform for recombinant protein production.

Chlamydomonas incerta, a genetically close relative of the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, shows significant potential as a host for recombinant protein expression. Because of the close genetic relationship between C. incerta and C. reinhardtii, this species offers an additional reference point for advancing our understanding of photosynthetic organisms, and also provides a potential new candidate for biotechnological applications. This study investigates C. incerta's capacity to express three recombinant proteins: the fluorescent protein mCherry, the hemicellulose-degrading enzyme xylanase, and the plastic-degrading enzyme PHL7. We have also examined the capacity to target protein expression to various cellular compartments in this alga, including the cytosol, secretory pathway, cytoplasmic membrane, and cell wall. When compared directly with C. reinhardtii, C. incerta exhibited a distinct but notable capacity for recombinant protein production. Cellular transformation with a vector encoding mCherry revealed that C. incerta produced approximately 3.5 times higher fluorescence levels and a 3.7-fold increase in immunoblot intensity compared to C. reinhardtii. For xylanase expression and secretion, both C. incerta and C. reinhardtii showed similar secretion capacities and enzymatic activities, with comparable xylan degradation rates, highlighting the industrial applicability of xylanase expression in microalgae. Finally, C. incerta showed comparable PHL7 activity levels to C. reinhardtii, as demonstrated by the in vitro degradation of a polyester polyurethane suspension, Impranil® DLN. Finally, we also explored the potential of cellular fusion for the generation of genetic hybrids between C. incerta and C. reinhardtii as a means to enhance phenotypic diversity and augment genetic variation. We were able to generate genetic fusion that could exchange both the recombinant protein genes, as well as associated selectable marker genes into recombinant offspring. These findings emphasize C. incerta's potential as a robust platform for recombinant protein production, and as a powerful tool for gaining a better understanding of microalgal biology.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF ENZYME APPLICATION ON THE STRUCTURE OF WAFERS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY

The study aimed to assess the impact of 13 different enzymes, including protease, amylase, hemicellulase, and xylanase, on wafer dough and sheets, aiming to identify the most effective enzyme combination. Commercial protease, amylase, hemicellulase, and xylanase enzymes were applied to wafer dough following manufacturer instructions, and their flow behaviors were analyzed. Subsequently, the doughs were baked into wafer sheets, and various parameters such as water activity (aw), moisture content (%), weight loss (%), color parameters (L*, a*, b*), hardness (g), and sensory attributes were evaluated. Protease 4, Hemicellulase 2, and Xylanase 2 enzymes were selected for combination testing based on the analysis of flow behavior and characterization parameters of the wafer doughs. Among the tested combinations, the wafer dough containing 80 ppm Xylanase 2 + 300 ppm Protease 4 enzyme group exhibited promising potential for industrial applications due to its favorable flow behavior, while the resulting wafer sheets demonstrated desirable crispness and a brown-caramel color, suggesting suitability for commercial use.

Enhancing the quality of haylage from tropical grasses with xylanase enzyme

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the effect of adding xylanase on the aerobic stability, chemical composition, fermentative, and microbiological parameters of tropical grasses preserved as haylage. A completely randomised experimental design with a 4 × 2 factorial scheme was used, involving four cultivars of haylage grasses (Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina, Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa, Panicum maximum cv. Massai, and Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) with and without xylanase enzyme. There was no interaction between xylanase and cultivar in pH values at haylage opening. Aerobic stability remained intact during 120 h of air exposure. Cultivar significantly affected lactic and propionic acid content, with greater fermentation in Mombasa grass and higher butyric acid in Massai grass. Differences (P < 0.001) in DM content were noted, with Andropogon, Massai and Marandu grasses showing greatest values. Andropogon grass, with and without xylanase, had the highest (P < 0.05) crude protein content. Marandu grass haylage had the lowest neutral detergent fibre (P < 0.05) and acid detergent fibre (P < 0.001) content. Andropogon grass haylage with xylanase had lower (P < 0.001) yeast amounts. Therefore, the xylanase enzyme dose (1.8 g kg−1 DM) did not significantly alter the chemical composition, fermentative parameters, or aerobic stability of the haylage samples across different tropical grass cultivars.

Production and Optimization of Xylanase Enzyme from Bacillus cereus by Submerged Fermentation Method

Three strains of Bacillus cereus were isolated from soil samples in this study in an effort to enhance the circumstances for the production of xylanase by the bacteria. The bacteria released extracellular xylanase throughout the submerged fermentation process. In a 250 ml conical flask, the whole fermentation process was conducted at 150 rpm stirring speed. The highest amount of xylanase synthesis was demonstrated by the isolated strains at 45°C, 48 hours of incubation, pH 5, 1.5% oat splet xylan base concentration, lactose carbon source, and beef extract source.

Heterologous expression of GH11 xylanase from Myceliophthora heterothallica F.2.1.4 in Pichiapastoris

This research is centered on improving a xylanase enzyme derived from Myceliophthora heterothallica by expressing it in Pichia pastoris to enhance biomass hydrolysis. Lignocellulosic biomass holds significant potential for renewable applications in biofuels, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. The study explores the impact of the choice of expression host on enzyme properties, specifically addressing challenges in thermostability by utilizing P. pastoris and leveraging its glycosylation capabilities. Previously expressed in Escherichia coli, the xylanase exhibited in this work cooperative kinetics, pH stability, and resistance to phenolic compounds. Gene integration and expression in P. pastoris were verified through PCR and activity assays. After 120 h of induction, an enzymatic activity of 48.8 U mL−1 was obtained. Subsequent characterization revealed improved specific activity, substrate affinity, and optimal temperature compared to the enzyme expressed in E. coli. The enzyme exhibited excellent pH and temperature stability for industrial applications, maintaining over 90% of its activity within a pH range of 5.0–10.0 and remaining stable even after 90 min of incubation at 55 °C. It also demonstrated resistance to metal ions and responsiveness to phenolic compounds. These findings underscore the versatility of the recombinant xylanase from M. heterothallica expressed in P. pastoris, highlighting its potential as a valuable resource for biomass conversion. The study emphasizes the pivotal role of host choice in optimizing enzyme characteristics for industrial applications, underscoring the importance of employing heterologous expression systems, as demonstrated in this investigation.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of xylanases enzyme

Xylanases are essential hydrolytic enzymes which break down the plant cell wall polysaccharide, xylan composed of D-xylose monomers. Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) was utilized for the characterization of interaction of xylanases with xylan at varying concentrations. The study focuses on the application of SERS for the characterization of enzymatic activity of xylanases causing hydrolysis of Xylan substrate with increase in its concentration which is substrate for this enzyme in the range of 0.2% to 1.0%. SERS differentiating features are identified which can be associated with xylanases treated with different concentrations of xylan. SERS measurements were performed using silver nanoparticles as SERS substrate to amplify Raman signal intensity for the characterization of xylan treated with xylanases. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to analyze the spectral data to analyze differentiation between the SERS spectra of different samples. Mean SERS spectra revealed significant differences in spectral features particularly related to carbohydrate skeletal mode and O-C-O and C–C–C ring deformations. PCA scatter plot effectively differentiates data sets, demonstrating SERS ability to distinguish treated xylanases samples and the PC-loadings plot highlights the variables responsible for differentiation. PLS-DA was employed as a quantitative classification model for treated xylanase enzymes with increasing concentrations of xylan. The values of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were found to be 0.98%, 0.99%, and 100% respectively. Moreover, the AUC value was found to be 0.9947 which signifies the excellent performance of PLS-DA model. SERS combined with multivariate techniques, effectively characterized and differentiated xylanase samples as a result of interaction with different concentrations of the Xylan substrate. The identified SERS features can help to characterize xylanases treated with various concentrations of xylan with promising applications in the bio-processing and biotechnology industries.

Literatur Review: Siderophore Activity and Campability of Bacillus as Pathogen Controller of Eggplant Plant

Solanum melongena (eggplant) is an important cultivated vegetable crop with a very high consumer level, both in tropical and subtropical regions. Eggplant is widely favored by the public because in addition to having a good taste, it can also be made pickled and candied eggplant, and is good as a source of nutrition in supporting public health. Siderophores are metal-coating agents with low molecular mass (200-2000 Da) produced by microorganisms and plants, especially under Fe-limiting conditions. Antagonistic bacteria generally live colonizing roots an d are beneficial, because they are able to increase plant growth and induce systemic resistance. one species of the genus Bacillus spp. namely B. subtilis is able to produce amylase, protease, pullunase, chitinase, xylanase and lipase enzymes which are secondary metabolites to control pathogens and spur plant growth. This article is sourced from relevant literature studies related to the title. The purpose of writing the article is to determine the benefits of siderophores as pathogen disease control in eggplant plants. Results successfully inhibited the growth of pathogens.

Green process prorogue by xylanase enzyme and cellulose-derived sulfonated graphene oxide-like reinforcement in xylose and furfural production from corncob biomass

In this study, a process following the principles of green chemistry was applied for effective agricultural by-product conversion into biochemicals. Corncob was synergistically pretreated with a mixture of hydrogen peroxide:glacial acetic acid (1:2:2 wt/v/v) which was denoted as C-HPAC and then xylanase enzyme-assisted hydrolysis to obtain the highest xylose content of 1.99g with 66.41 % separation efficiency at 50 °C for 15h, and xylanase enzyme content of 0.4g/3g C-HPAC. Otherwise, the sulfonated graphene oxide-like structural material (EC-SGO) was synthesized through the sulfonation method using various concentrations of H2SO4 agent with EC-GO that was calcined with the mixture of ferrocene and cellulose (1:1 wt/wt) at 300 °C for 30 min. The highest furfural yield was 76.63 ± 2.23 % under the conditions of 60 mg EC-SGO catalyst, xylose concentration of 3 g/L, and NaCl 0.05 mol/L, at 180 °C in 60 min. Hence, the synergistic effect of NaCl and Brønsted acid sites (−SO3H) was confirmed through the XPS spectrum with an acid content of 0.6895 mmol/gcatalyst and depicted simultaneously a vital role through the proposal mechanism of converting xylose to furfural. The synthesized catalyst retains its stability for the multiple cycles of furfural production. Furthermore, this work has provided a route for the fractional separation of xylose and cellulose with assisted-enzymatic.

Isolation, Screening and Characterization of Xylose-Fermenting Yeasts Isolated from Saw Dust

Yeasts have been less frequently reported as xylanase producers compared to bacteria and filamentous fungi. Different cellulosic materials including sawdust are produced on a large scale and these can be used for the production of useful enzymes such as xylanases. Xylanases are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze plant fibers made of xylan hemicellulose. Xylose-fermenting yeasts isolated from soil at a wood processing factory were isolated and qualitatively and quantitatively screened for xylanase production using xylose supplemented medium and congo red as indicator. Xylanase enzyme was produced using different xylose concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%). Pichia chambardii isolate, which was later identified as Wickerhamomyces chambardii by molecular techniques, showed the highest xylanase activity of 199.31U mL-1. Maximum xylanase activity (275.83U mL-1) was achieved at 1.5 %w/v xylose. This study showed that yeasts have a high potential for the production of xylanase enzymes.

Effects of Fungal Solid-State Fermentation on the Profile of Phenolic Compounds and on the Nutritional Properties of Grape Pomace.

Grape pomace (GP) is considered a natural source of bioactive compounds. To improve the extractability of bioactive compounds, in this work, GP was biologically treated for 15 days with the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor in laboratory jars and a tray bioreactor under solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions. During SSF, the activity of lignolytic (laccase and manganese peroxidase) and hydrolytic (xylanase, cellulase, β-glucosidase, and invertase) enzymes was measured, with the activities of laccase (2.66 U/gdb in jars and 0.96 U/gdb in the bioreactor) and xylanase (346.04 U/gdb in jars and 200.65 U/gdb in the bioreactor) being the highest. The effect of the complex enzyme system was reflected in the changes in the chemical composition of GP with increasing ash, crude protein, and free fat content: 28%, 10%, and 17% in the laboratory jars, and 29%, 11%, and 7% in the bioreactor, respectively. In addition, the biological treatment improved the extractability of 13 individual phenolic compounds. Therefore, the applied SSF technique represents an effective strategy to improve the profile of phenolic compounds and the nutritional composition of GP, promoting their valorization and opening the door for potential applications in the food industry and other sectors.

Effect of Enzyme Supplementation on Nutrient Utilization and Production Performance in Lactating Murrah Buffaloes

Background: Enzyme stimulates metabolic and digestive processes leading to increased feed intake and improved nutrient availability in animals. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilization and production performance in lactating Murrah Buffaloes during winter season. Methods: Twenty four lactating Murrah buffaloes were selected for the study from Livestock Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut (UP). All the selected animals were randomly allocated into four treatment groups having six animals in each group on the basis of body weight, lactation length and milk yield. The daily nutrient requirements of lactating Murrah buffaloes in term of DM, DCP and TDN were provided as per the feeding standards of Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi (2013). Total Mixed Ration for buffaloes was prepared by mixing of roughage and concentrates in the ratio of 60:40 after grinding/chaffing. Roughage part was consisting of available winter season green fodder e.g. oat and wheat straw available at research centre. Feeding trial was planned into four treatment groups viz. T1 (Basal diet without enzyme supplementation), T2 (Basal diet with supplementation of Xylanase @ 800000 IU), T3 (Basal diet with supplementation of Cellulase @ 240000 IU) and T4 (Basal diet with supplementation of Xylanase @ 800000 IU and Cellulase @ 240000 IU). Result: From the present study, it was observed that the average milk yield (5.34 litre/day) was higher in T4 as compared to other treatment groups, but the difference was non-significant. The average milk fat percent was recorded as 7.52, 7.58. 7.60 and 7.65 in T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatment groups, respectively. Although the results of T4 group animals were comparatively higher in all major milk constituents the differences were found to be statistically non-significant. The average DM intake (kg/d, kg/100 kg BW and g/kg W0.75) and CP intake (g/d, g/100 kg BW) were almost similar in all treatment groups. The TDN intake (kg/d, kg/100 kg BW and g/kg W0.75) was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in enzyme supplemented groups. The digestibility coefficient of CP, CF, NDF and ADF were higher (P less than 0.05) in buffaloes of T4 over control (T1) group. So, it was concluded from the above study that the milk production and milk composition could be improved with the combine use of Xylanase and Cellulase enzyme in murrah buffaloes due to improved CP and fibre digestibility.

Screening, Production and Characterization of Potential Lignocellulolytic Actinomycetes from Agricultural Field

Actinomycetes are a suitable microbial group for the synthesis of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes. Enzymes that may degrade organic material, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, are released by actinomycetes. The aim of this research was to isolate actinomycetes from Rajkot, Gujarat, India’s soil and evaluate the activity of their cellulase and Xylanase enzymes. Starch Casein Agar (SCA) was used to identify a total of 30 isolates of actinomycetes. A qualitative plate assay (CMC-Na, Congo red) revealed that the highest zone of catalysis for MMD1 was 36 mm. Five strains were discovered to be effective for quantitative quantification of endoglucanase utilising filter paper and CMC as substrates: MMD1, MMD2, MMD3, MMD4, and MMD8. Following MMD 1 (endoglucanase 5.4 IU; FPase 4.4 IU), MMD 2 (endoglucanase 4.5 IU; FPase 3.4 IU) has demonstrated considerable endoglucanase and FPase activity. Beechwood xylan was used to treat sugarcane bagasse in order to test Xylanase, and 45% of the xylan (hemicellulose) fraction was obtained. MMD1 and MMD2 measured the xylanase enzyme activity (4.8IU and 4.2IU) in quantitative and qualitative assays (34 mm and 22 mm for BWX and 32 mm and 14 mm for agro-waste xylan). The strain MMD1 was identified as Streptomyces chartreusis through morphological, biochemical, and finally molecular characterization by 16S rRNA sequencing. It was then submitted to NCBI GenBank with the accession number MT254830.

Saccharification and structural changes in Areca catechu husk fiber

AbstractAreca nut husk (ANH) holds promise as a viable biomass source for xylose production. Xylose is a precursor for various biochemicals. However, the recalcitrant nature of ANH makes saccharification more complex. To address this, lime and acid pretreatments were carried out to enhance the susceptibility of biomass to saccharification. Before this, a compositional analysis was conducted to determine the initial constituents of the feedstock. Saccharification was conducted under the following conditions: 2% (wV−1) substrate loading, 100 rpm agitation, and 30 °C hydrolysis temperature for 12 h hydrolysis time at pH 4.5 to 5.0. However, parameters like xylanase enzyme loading were varied to enhance the saccharification of the ANH. The results demonstrated that acid‐treated husk (ATH), lime‐treated husk (LTH), and raw husk (RH) achieved the highest yield (gg−1) of reducing sugar, approximately 90, 83, and 15%, respectively, at an enzyme loading of 15.0 IUg−1. Various analytical techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to examine structural changes in the native, pretreated, and saccharified residues of ANH. The analysis revealed that a significant amount of partial crystalline and amorphous cellulose in the ANH biomass was hydrolyzed during the saccharification process. However, saccharification also led to the removal of amorphous substances, disruption of the crystalline structure, and conversion of crystalline regions into amorphous domains.

Effectiveness mutagenesis of Bacillus subtilis using EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulfonate) to increase xylanase enzyme activity

This research was conducted to determine the effect of mutagenizing Bacillus subtilis with Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) for xylanase production and evaluate the effect of different xylan concentrations from corn cobs. The xylanase enzyme is an enzyme that can reduce the xylan content which is an anti-nutrient in animal feed. The wild-type Bacillus subtilis was treated with 50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml of EMS. The mutants generated were selected for xylanase production in a medium containing xylan from corn cobs as a carbon source. The parameters observed included: Total Plate Count (TPC) and reducing sugar (xylose). Protein concentration and xylanase enzymes were analyzed using the Bradford method and 3.5 Dinitro salicylic acid for reducing sugar according to Miller methods respectively. Five mutants developed from each of the EMS concentrations. Approximately 6 and 6.8 % of the mutants developed from 50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml of EMS had higher xylanase activities than the wild type and protein and xylose concentrations were higher than the wild type. From the results of the research, it can be seen that the use of EMS compounds has the potential to increase enzyme activity so that it can be potential in reducing antinutrients in animal feedstuff.

Utilization of Xylanase Enzymes Derived from Cassava in the Eco-Friendly Biobleaching of Pulp

&lt;p align="center"&gt;The demand for paper has been increasing over time, leading to the pulp and paper industry becoming one of the largest contributors to global carbon emissions due to the chlorine-based bleaching process, particularly in Indonesia. An alternative to minimize chlorine usage involves using xylanase enzymes as part of the bleaching sequence. Xylanase can be produced from agricultural waste, including cassava residue, which contains a significant concentration of xylanase, approximately 21.3%. However, it still needs to be utilized in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to explore the production of xylanase enzymes from cassava residue and assess its effectiveness in the biobleaching process of pulp. The research methodology includes the production phase of xylanase enzymes by &lt;em&gt;Aspergillus niger&lt;/em&gt;, chelating, bleaching sequence, bleaching, kappa number, and chemical saving assay. In the production of xylanase, the study determined that xylanase exhibits optimal activity under specific conditions, notably at a pH of 6 and a temperature of 60°C. Under these parameters, the enzymatic activity reached a level of 0.4986 U/mg protein. During the bleaching sequence, xylanase was used with doses of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, and 1 L/T pulp at 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, and 70°C for 60 minutes. Following this process, bleaching was conducted at 65°C for 70 minutes, extraction at 80°C for 90 minutes, and a second bleaching phase. Subsequently, a kappa number test was performed, revealing the best kappa value at 60°C with a xylanase dose of 0.5 L/T pulp, reducing from an initial kappa number of 9 to 4.04. Additionally, under these conditions and dosage, xylanase enzymes could save approximately 23.67% in chlorine usage&lt;/p&gt;

Biohydrogen Production and Quantitative Determination of Monosaccharide Production Using Hyperthermophilic Anaerobic Fermentation of Corn Stover

Second-generation biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass remain critical and require several challenges due to lignin compounds’ inefficient degradation and recalcitrate characteristics. In this regard, this study focuses on enzymatic technology as a promising treatment that is beneficial in breaking down the biomass’s hemicellulose and cellulosic parts. Thermostable bacterial species owe thermostable enzymes that are able to degrade complex carbohydrate compounds and produce efficient hydrogen production. The present study investigates the direct utilization of ligninolytic enzymes such as cellulase and xylanase derived from the hyperthermophilic bacteria Thermotoga maritima (ATCC 43589 strain). The results show that xylanase and cellulase enzymes extracted from Thermotoga maritima could depolymerize the lignin bonds of corn stover substrate and release monomers such as Galactose in the media. In conclusion, this study can open a new advanced research window on directly applying a hyperthermophilic consortium of enzymes capable of hydrolyzing lignocellulose material toward hydrogen production.

Ficus hookeri tree leaves as herbal feed additives to enhance ruminal fermentation and reduced protozoal population in growing crossbred cattle

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of Ficus hookeri leaf meal as herbal feed additive on rumen protozoal population, enzyme profile and fermentation characteristics in growing crossbred calves. Ten growing male crossbred (Jersey × Tharparker) calves with similar initial body weight of 91.8+1.37 kg, were randomly divided into two equal groups (T1 and T2) and fed individually under stall feeding for 140 days on a mixed ration containing rice straw and concentrate mixture in 50:50 ratio. Two types (C1 and C2) of iso-nitrogenous concentrate mixtures were prepared. Wheat bran in concentrate mixture (C2) of test group (T2) was partially replaced (4 parts w/w) with Ficus hookeri leaf meal. Daily dry matter intake between two experimental groups was similar. Rumen pH, NH3-N concentration and total rumen protozoal population decreased while ruminal TVFA and propionic acid production increased due to dietary supplementation of Ficus hookeri leaf meal as herbal feed additive. Activity of carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase and b-glucosidase enzymes were significantly higher in the rumen liquor of calves fed Ficus hookeri leaf meal. It could be concluded that dietary supplementation of Ficus hookeri leaf meals as herbal feed additive have a potential for reducing rumen protozoal population and ammonia nitrogen concentration with improving ruminal TVFA and propionate production in growing crossbred calves.

Bioengineered xylanase from Misiones Argentina rainforest: A bakery enhancement approach.

In this study, we pursued the heterologous expression of the xylanase gene from Trichoderma atroviride, a native fungus in the province of Misiones, and used it to enhance the textural properties of baked goods through varying enzymatic concentrations. This marks the inaugural exploration into its functionality in the context of bread production. The recombinant xylanase exhibited improved activity, reaching 36,292UL-1, achieved by supplementing the culture medium with dextrose. Following the optimization of recombinant xylanase concentration, promising results emerged, notably reducing hardness and chewiness parameters of bread significantly. Our findings underscore the potential of this native fungal enzyme for industrial processes, offering a sustainable and efficient means to enhance the quality of baked goods with broad implications for the food industry. No prior research has been documented on the heterologous expression of the xylanase gene derived from T. atroviride, from the Misiones rainforest, expressed in Kluyveromyces lactis. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research, focusing on the isolation and cloning of xylanase enzyme from Trichoderma atroviride, a native fungus in the province of Misiones, offers a valuable tool for improving the texture of bakery products. By optimizing enzyme concentrations, our findings present a practical approach for the food industry, offering a viable solution to improve the overall quality and consumer satisfaction of bakery products.

INFLUENCE OF CULTIVATION CONDITIONS ON CELLULASE AND XYLANASE ACTIVITY OF RHIZOPUS ORYZAE F-1030

The paper examines the relationship between the activity of cellulase and xylanase enzymes and the lactic acid yield which was synthesized by the fungus Rhizopus oryzae F-1030 during its cultivation on a culture medium based on catalytically modified neutral sulfite liquors. It was shown that in cultivating by the deep method the fungus R. oryzae F-1030 synthesizes xylanase and cellulase enzymes that break down polysaccharides in a nutrient medium to simple sugars which are easily accessible for assimilation by the fungus. Accordingly, the fungus R. oryzae F-1030 can be used as a promising biotechnological object for the bioconversion of cellulose production secondary resources. It was found that the level of cellulase and xylanase expression in R. oryzae F-1030 depends on the type of substrate. The xylanase activity of the fungus is more pronounced than the cellulase activity since xylan oligomers predominate in birch wood. It was noted that the lactic acid yield during the cultivation of the fungus R. oryzae F-1030 on a catalytically modified neutral sulfite liquor depends on the action specifics of the hydrolyzing catalyst. As a nutrient medium for the microbiological synthesis of lactic acid the fungus R. oryzae F-1030 can use biocatalytically treated liquors of birch wood neutral sulfite pulping.