XX Disorders Of Sex Development Research Articles

Spectrum of Disorders of Sex Development: A Single-Center Experience in the Southern Area of Iraq.

The most common presentation of disorders of sex development (DSD) is in the neonatal period when a baby is born with atypical ("ambiguous") genitalia, making it unclear whether the child is a boy or a girl. This study aims to provide an overview of the DSD spectrum, seen in Faiha Specialized Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolism Center (FDEMC), Basrah, southern area of Iraq. A retrospective study on patients with DSD was referred to FDEMC, a tertiary center in Basrah, between January 2009 and December 2023. Out of the total 150 studied patients, individuals above 15 years old comprised the majority. Sex chromosomal DSD made up 37.3% of the cases, while 46, XY DSD comprised 34.7%, and 46, XX DSD accounted for 28% of the total. Many patients with DSD in Basrah were diagnosed late, beyond infancy. Increasing awareness among healthcare providers and families is essential for early diagnosis during infancy.

46, XX disorder of sexual development associated with mixed germ cell tumor of the prostate: a rare case report

BackgroundExtragonadal germ cell tumors originating from the prostate are exceptionally rare. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reported cases of mixed germ cell tumors in individuals with 46 XX disorder of sex development. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis using whole genome sequencing to investigate the clinicopathological and molecular genetic characteristics of a submitted case, with the objective of elucidating its underlying pathogenesis.Case presentationA 40-year-old male patient was diagnosed with a combination of 46, XX disorder of sex development and a primary prostate mixed germ cell tumor with yolk sac tumor and teratoma components. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the tumor cells had a high somatic mutational load. Analysis of genomic structural variations and copy number variants confirmed the patient's karyotype as 46, XX (SRY +). Additionally, the patient exhibited short stature, small bilateral testes, slightly enlarged breasts, elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations, elevated follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels, and low testosterone levels.DiscussionA case of 46, XX disorder of sex development, along with a primary prostatic mixed germ cell tumor, was diagnosed. This diagnosis has contributed to advancing our understanding of the genetic and phenotypic profile of the disease and may provide some insights for its treatment.

P-40 A rare cause of male infertility: 46, XX testicular disorder of sex development

Abstract Introduction 46, XX testicular disorder of sex development (DSD) is a rare condition with an estimated incidence of 1 per 20,000 individuals. The clinical spectrum ranges from ambiguous genitalia that is usually diagnosed at birth, to male infertility that is diagnosed in the adult years. However, the diagnosis of 46, XX DSD in an individual presenting with infertility may be challenging due to occult clinical findings. A thorough physical examination as well as clinical suspicion is required for diagnosis. Clinical Case A 22-year-old male presented to the urology clinic for infertility despite at least 3 years of regular unprotected intercourse. On physical examination, his testicles were palpable bilaterally in the scrotum with small volumes. Laboratory results revealed hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and his spermiogram revealed azoospermia. Abdominopelvic ultrosonagraphy (US) was reported normal except abdominal situs inversus. Tumor markers for a probable testicular tumor were negative. He was referred to medical genetic department. His family history was unremarkable except for parental consanguineouty. The chromosomal analyze revealed a 46, XX karyotype, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) disclosed that the SRY gene locus was translocated to the X chromosome: 46,x,der(x) t(x;Y) (sry+); SRY + AZF a,b,c microdeletion. The patient was consulted to the endocrinology department for further evaluation of hypogonadism. On physical exam, he had eunuchoid habitus with incomplete virilization, bilateral and symmetric gynecomastia. The height, and body mass index of the patient was 165 cm, and 29.2 kg/m2, respectively. The testicles were bilaterally palpable in the scrotum, with a volume of 4 mL each. His luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and total testosterone levels were 14 mUI/mL (laboratory reference: 1.5–9 mUI/mL), 42 mUI/mL (1.4–18 mUI/mL), and 140 ng/dl (197-700 ng/dL), respectively. The bone age matched his chronological age. Bone densitometry revealed osteopenia. A direct X-ray of the thorax showed thoracic situs inversus, he diagnosed with situs inversus totalis. Detailed genetic analyses could not be done concerning this diagnosis due to financial constraints. He had no history of lung infections that ruled out Kartagener's syndrome. Treatment was started with monthly intramuscular testosterone injections of 250 mg/ml. The patient and his family received genetic counseling, including advice that assisted reproduction will not work owing to AZFabc deletion. Conclusion 46, XX DSD is an uncommon genetic disorder that is rarely identified during the evaluation of male infertility. Clinical suspicion and a comprehensive physical exam are keys for diagnosis. Genetic analysis is essential for definitive diagnosis. A multidisciplinary is required for treatment and follow-up. Psychological support and genetic counseling are also critical for the management of these patients.

Clinical Presentation and Etiologic Diagnosis of Disorders of Sex Development in Children in Senegal

Introduction: Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) refer to situations where chromosomal, gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical. We aimed to describe the baseline characteristics on clinical and etiological diagnosis of DSD in Senegalese children. Methods: This retrospective cohort study over a period of 8 years (2015-2022) included all children aged 0 to 18 years followed for DSD at the pediatric endocrinology department of NCHAR in Dakar. Sociodemographic clinical, paraclinical (genetics, imaging, hormonal) parameters were collected and analyzed with Epi Info 7.2. The description was made using position and dispersion parameters and illustrations in the form of appropriate tables and graphs. Bivariate analysis was used for associations between variables, with an alpha error risk of 5% and a CI of 95%. All ethical rules have been respected. Results: We included 102 DSD cases. Only 61 patients (59.80%) had a genetic diagnosis. Mean age at diagnosis was 31.2 ± 46.6 months. Rearing sex of child was male in 35 cases (57.38%) and female in 22 cases (36.06%) and undetermined in 4 cases (6.56%). Based on karyotype analysis, 31(50.82%) of children had 46,XY DSD, 27 (44.26%) had 46,XX DSD and three (4.92%) children with sex chromosome DSD. Etiologies were dominated by congenital adrenal hyperplasia (81.48%) and androgen insensitivity (38.71%) in 46,XX and 46,XY DSD respectively. External masculinization score > 4, palpation of a gonad, a phallus length > 2.5, a single urogenital orifice as well as ultrasound sex were associated with the XY karyotype. Conclusion: Health care professional and medical students should be trained for early diagnosis. A national guideline should be developed for diagnosis and management of DSD during and beyond the pediatric age group, and adapted to evidence and available resources. This can only be achieved if the management of DSD is supported by universal health insurance.

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia with Concomitant Mullerian Agenesis: A Rare Occurrence in 46 Xx Disorders of Sexual Development

The most common cause of 46 XX DSD is due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia with varying degrees of virilization. Females with CAH do not produce an anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), therefore the internal genitalia, which are Mullerian derivatives, develop normally. We report a unique case of CAH with aplasia of the uterus and upper vagina. The clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings of the patient are presented with a review of the literature. We report an ongoing case of a 20-year-old patient with ambiguous genitalia and primary amenorrhea. On physical examination, we found that she had an underdeveloped breast and clitoral virilization with separate urethral and vaginal openings. We performed a G-banded chromosome analysis, with 46 XX results. Laboratory test showed her 17-hydroxyprogesterone level was immensely elevated, while her FSH, LH, and estradiol level was below normal. Ultrasound imaging revealed the absence of uterus and cervix. Nevertheless, we found a diminutive uterine remnant during diagnostic laparoscopy with normal ovaries and fallopian tubes. On vaginoscopy examination, we found her vagina to be 5 cm long with blind end. In the presence of primary amenorrhea in patients with CAH, it is important to investigate for possible associated mullerian anomalies.

Clinical, genetic, and pathological analysis in 165 children with disorders of sex development

To investigate the clinical phenotypes, genetic characteristics, and pathological features of children with disorders of sex development (DSD). A retrospective analysis was conducted on epidemiological, clinical phenotype, chromosomal karyotype, gonadal pathology, and genotype data of 165 hospitalized children with DSD at Children's Hospital of Hebei Province and Tangshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital from August 2008 to December 2022. Among the 165 children with DSD, common presenting symptoms were short stature (62/165, 37.6%), clitoromegaly (33/165, 20.0%), cryptorchidism (28/165, 17.0%), hypospadias (24/165, 14.5%), and skin pigmentation abnormalities/exteriorized pigmented labia majora (19/165, 11.5%). Chromosomal karyotype analysis was performed on 127 cases, revealing 36 cases (28.3%) of 46,XX DSD, 34 cases (26.8%) of 46,XY DSD, and 57 cases (44.9%) of sex chromosome abnormalities. Among the sex chromosome abnormal karyotypes, the 45,X karyotype (11/57, 19%) and 45,X/other karyotype mosaicism (36/57, 63%) were more common. Sixteen children underwent histopathological biopsy of gonadal tissues, resulting in retrieval of 25 gonadal tissues. The gonadal tissue biopsies revealed 3 cases of testes, 3 cases of dysplastic testes, 6 cases of ovaries, 11 cases of ovotestes, and 1 case each of streak gonad and agenesis of gonads. Genetic testing identified pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in 23 cases (23/36, 64%), including 12 cases of 21-hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by CYP21A2 pathogenic variants. Short stature, clitoromegaly, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and skin pigmentation abnormalities are common phenotypes in children with DSD. 45,X/other karyotype mosaicism and CYP21A2 compound heterozygous variants are major etiological factors in children with DSD. The most commonly observed gonadal histopathology in children with DSD includes ovotestes, ovaries, and testes/dysgenetic testes.

THU185 Molecular Etiologic Spectrum Of Patients With 46,XY And 46,XX Disorders Of Sex Development

Abstract Disclosure: J. Kim: None. S. Park: None. S. Hwang: None. J. Yoon: None. G. Kim: None. H. Yoo: None. J. Choi: None. Background: Disorders of sexual development (DSDs) is a group of congenital conditions associated with discordant development of chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomical sex. Sex development is a complex process with a precise synergistic temporal-spatial transcriptional regulation of multiple genes. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have achieved genetic diagnosis for up to 40 % of 46,XY DSDs. This study investigated the etiological distribution of DSDs identified by NGS. Methods: This study included 70 patients with DSDs (56 patients with 46,XY DSD and 14 patients with 46,XX DSD). Molecular genetic analysis was performed using targeted gene panel sequencing (n = 43) and whole-exome sequencing (WES, n = 26), including 25 patients for the first-line test and one without sequence variants by targeted gene panel sequencing. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 7 patients, including two patients for the first-line test and five patients without sequence variants by targeted gene panel sequencing or WES. Results: Patients with DSDs presented in infancy with ambiguous genitalia and at older children with aberrant pubertal development or discordance between karyotype and external genitalia. Twenty-four of 56 patients (42.9%) with 46,XY DSD were reared female, and 5 of 14 patients (35.7%) with 46,XX DSD were raised as a male. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in 21 of 56 patients with 46,XY DSD (37.5%); however, no rare sequence variants were found in patients with 46,XX DSD. The AR variants were the most common (8/70, 11.4%), followed by CYP17A1 (4/70, 5.7%), SRD5A2 (4/70, 5.7%), NR5A1 (2/70, 2.8%), GATA4 (1/70, 1.4%), MYRF (1/70, 1.4%), and deletion of DMRT1/2 (1/70, 1.4%). Mutation-positive patients with 46, XY DSD were assigned as female more frequently than mutation-negative patients (19/21 vs. 6/35, P-value <0.001). The lower diagnostic yield was observed in patients with a less severe phenotype, such as hypospadias or micropenis. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that genetic etiologies could be identified in 37.5% of patients with 46,XY DSD, whereas there were no genetic variants in patients with 46,XX DSD. Patients with a more severe phenotype were more likely to have a conclusive genetic diagnosis. NGS is a helpful technique to improve diagnostic efficiency in patients with DSD because of phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023

FRI446 A Case Of 46 XX Testicular Disorder Of Sex Development Presenting As Hypogonadism And Infertility

Abstract Disclosure: N. Balachandar: None. S. Agarwal: None. K.K. Soe: None. Introduction: Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in males can be due to genetic, acquired or developmental causes. Common etiologies of testicular failure include trauma, systemic illnesses, radiotherapy, gonadotoxic drugs, and viral orchitis; in addition, genetic causes should be considered. Here, we present a case of primary hypogonadism and infertility due to 46 XX testicular disorder of sex development (DSD). Case Report: A male in his early fifties with history of obesity presented with fatigue to his PCP. A total testosterone level was 1.8 ng/mL (normal: 1.7 - 7.6 ng/mL) with a repeat value confirming the finding. Bioavailable testosterone was low at 85.1 ng/dL (normal: 110-575 ng/dL). FSH was elevated at 39.9 mIU/mL (normal: 1.3 - 19.3 mIU/mL), and LH was elevated at 16.6 mIU/mL (normal: 1.2 - 8.6 mIU/mL). In endocrinology clinic, he reported a year of fatigue, erectile dysfunction despite normal libido, and an inability to conceive despite three years of regular unprotected intercourse. He noted loss of muscle mass, bilateral breast tissue development, and reduction in testicular size. Physical exam revealed normal phallus, diffusely sparse body hair with atypical male distribution, bilateral gynecomastia, and bilateral reduction in testicular volume (right: 5 mL; left: 8 mL). Chromosomal analysis showed a mosaic pattern of 45 XO in 6% of cells and 46 XX in 94% of cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis confirmed the presence of the sex-determining region (SRY) gene in 96% of cells. Metaphase FISH showed cryptic insertion of the SRY gene into the p arm of the X chromosome. Semen analysis showed azoospermia. He was diagnosed with 46 XX testicular DSD with abnormal mosaicism. He was prescribed testosterone gel and counseled on fertility options resulting in improvement of testosterone levels, sexual function, and subjective well-being. Discussion: The SRY gene, normally located on the p arm of the Y Chromosome, is responsible for development of primitive gonads into testicles during embryogenesis. Homologous recombination occurs between chromosomes during gametogenesis. It is hypothesized that in patients with 46 XX DSD, the SRY gene is translocated to the X chromosome, as demonstrated in this case. Its expression helps with selection of male sex in a growing fetus. Thus, in a 46 XX SRY positive male, the phenotypic presentation is male. Since the AZF gene on the q arm of the Y chromosome which is essential for spermatogenesis is not translocated, 46 XX males are infertile and undiagnosed until adulthood when azoospermia is noted during infertility workup. 46 XX SRY negative males develop ambiguous genitalia leading to earlier diagnosis. Eighty-percent of 46 XX males are SRY positive and twenty-percent are SRY negative. Thus, in adult males presenting with infertility and hypogonadism, genetic causes such as 46 XX DSD with SRY translocation should be considered. Presentation: Friday, June 16, 2023

A Novel NR5A1 Mutation in a Thai Boy with 46, XY DSD.

Disorders of sex development (DSD) can be classified as 46,XX DSD, 46,XY DSD, and sex chromosome DSD. Several underlying causes including associated genes have been reported. Steroidogenic factor-1 is encoded by the NR5A1 gene, a crucial regulator of steroidogenesis in the growth of the adrenal and gonadal tissues. It has been discovered to be responsible for 10 to 20% of 46, XY DSD cases. Here, we described a 2-month-old infant who had ambiguous genitalia and 46, XY. Using whole exome sequencing followed by polymerase chain reaction-Sanger sequencing, a novel heterozygous nonsense c.1249C > T (p.Gln417Ter) variant in the NR5A1 gene was identified. It is present in his mother but absent in his father and maternal aunt and uncle. At the age of 7 months, the patient received a monthly intramuscular injection of low-dose testosterone for 3 months in a row. His penile length and diameter increased from 1.8 to 3 cm and from 0.8 to 1.3 cm, respectively. The patient also had normal adrenal reserve function by adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test. This study identified a novel causative p.Q417X (c.1249C > T) variant in NR5A1 causing 46,XY DSD in a Thai boy which is inherited from his unaffected mother.

Mutation analysis of WNT4 gene in SRY negative 46,XX DSD patients with Mullerian agenesis and/or gonadal dysgenesis- An Indian study

Developmental disruption of the Mullerian duct and gonads in females leads to Mullerian agenesis and gonadal dysgenesis, respectively. These two structural abnormalities are coming under the 46,XX DSD (Disorders of Sexual Development) classification, the majority of cases the aetiology remains elusive. Without the SRY gene, WNT4 plays a key role in female reproductive structure development. Since there are no studies that explored the involvement of the WNT4 gene in Indian 46,XX DSD patients, we analysed the role of WNT4 in Indian 46,XX DSD patients with Mullerian agenesis and/or Gonadal dysgenesis. In our study, we recruited 103 adolescent girls with primary amenorrhea. After the cytogenetic and SRY gene analysis, we included thirty-two 46,XX DSD patients with Mullerian agenesis and/or gonadal dysgenesis for WNT4 gene mutation analysis. PCR sequencing was performed for all the coding exons of the WNT4 gene. Bioinformatic tools like Mutation Taster, Human Splicing Finder, and miRDB were used. We observed single nucleotide variations in three patients. One patient showed a known synonymous polymorphism (c.861C > T; p.G287G, rs544988174). miRDB data revealed the absence of microRNA regulatory sites in this region. The other two cases carried a nucleotide substitution in intronic regions and did not affect the normal splicing mechanism. In conclusion, we could not find any indication about WNT4 involvement in the disease condition. In the future, WNT4 promoter analysis in these patients and molecular characterization of the WNT4 coding and promoter region in more patients are needed to link WNT4 variants with these structural abnormalities.

English

Disorders of sex development (DSD) when diagnosed early is important as it pose a real public health problem in Senegal. Among the supporting tools, molecular ones, which are not available everywhere are very useful. In this context, cytogenetic and molecular analyses were implemented in cytology laboratory at the Aristide Le Dantec hospital to enhance the DSDs diagnosis as well as evaluate the impact of the parents' age on such abnormalities. 55 cases of DSD have been received in the cytology laboratory for which cytogenetic (Barr chromatin and GTG karyotype) and molecular (SRY gene research) techniques have been used to characterize these anomalies according to the standards described in the international nomenclature. Three categories of DSD were found, namely 46,XX DSD, 46,XY DSD and chromosomal DSD. SRY is present in 4 patients 46,XX and absent in 3 patients 46,XY and results showed that the diagnosis is made earlier than previously (about 07 years). The study thus suggests the importance of complementarity (cytogenetics and molecular biology) in the diagnosis of DSD but also and especially the importance of early diagnosis from birth. Analysis of the epidemiological data also showed a slight correlation between maternal age and DSD. This showed us that a better characterization of DSD via increasingly powerful tools helps understanding on such pathologies and allows good medical care for patients.   Key words: Disorders of sex development (DSD), karyotype, SRY, hermaphroditis.

A clue to the etiology of disorders of sex development from identity-by-descent analysis in dogs with cryptic relatedness.

Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are discrepancies between sex chromosomes and phenotypical sex. Quite common forms of DSD in canine populations include testicular and ovotesticular XX DSDs with a normal set of sex chromosomes. The objective of this study was to identify genes and putative harmful variants for canine XX DSDs. I have reanalyzed data from the whole-genome sequencing of 11 XX DSD French Bulldogs and six XX DSD American Staffordshire Terriers. Identity-by-descent analysis revealed cryptic relatedness in affected French Bulldogs. Causative genes were sought in chromosomal segments shared identical-by-descent by close relatives. In French Bulldogs, the reanalysis identified 19 regions of importance with a total length of just 65.9Mb. Variant filtering within the regions implicated AKAP2, PIWIL1, POLR3A and SH2D4B as genes that may be involved in individual cases of testicular and ovotesticular XX DSD in French Bulldogs and American Staffordshire Terriers.

Sex dimorphism of weight and length at birth: evidence based on disorders of sex development

Background Males have higher weight and length at birth than females. Aim To verify the influence of the Y chromosome and the action of intrauterine androgens on weight and length at birth of children with Disorders of Sex Development (DSD). Subjects and methods A cross-sectional and retrospective study. Patients with Turner syndrome (TS), complete (XX and XY), mixed (45,X/46,XY) and partial (XY) gonadal dysgenesis (GD), complete (CAIS) and partial (PAIS) androgen insensitivity syndromes and XX and XY congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were included. Weight and length at birth were evaluated. Results Weight and length at birth were lower in TS and mixed GD when compared to XY and XX DSD cases. In turn, patients with increased androgen action (117 cases) had higher weight and length at birth when compared to those with absent (108 cases) and decreased (68 cases) production/action. In birthweight, there was a negative influence of the 45,X/46,XY karyotype and a positive influence of increased androgen and gestational age. In birth length, there was a negative influence of the 45,X and 45,X/46,XY karyotypes and also a positive influence of increased androgen and gestational age. Conclusions The sex dimorphism of weight and length at birth could possibly be influenced by intrauterine androgenic action.

Descriptive Study of Gender Dysphoria and Sexual Behavior in a Disorder of Sex Development Group.

Disorder of Sex Development (DSD) refers to a heterogeneous group of congenital conditions in which chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomical sex are atypical. Typically, the diagnosis is made at birth or infancy and interventional actions are necessary in many cases. The repercussions in adult life, more specifically in the field of sexuality, have not been not widely studied yet. This study shows research data that seek to identify in a group of individuals with DSD (XX DSD, XY DSD, Chromosomal DSD), who are being monitored in the departments of pediatric surgery and urology of a hospital in the period from 2000 to 2019, and to verify the consequences on sex life after puberty. The sample has 16 participants (7 XY DSD, 4 XX DSD, and 5 Chromosomal DSD), aged between 16 and 50 years, single, with high school education, residents of the state capital and countryside of the state. The results depict the presence of a case of Gender Dysphoria; postponement of sexual debut for almost 3 years compared to the national average; a single sexual relationship for those who have already had a sexual experience with penetration; penis size below the general population average; presence of masturbatory activity in most participants. The presence of sexual attraction and masturbation indicate sexual desire. The group has a late onset of sexual life (almost 3 years after the national average). A recurrent feature in this group is that, even having already performed a penetrative sexual act, there is no continuation in their sexual life. The main noticeable aspect about Gender Dysphoria is the presence of only one case of incongruence in the Chromosomal DSD group. The limited sample prevents us from sufficient statements for generalization.

Management challenges of disorders of sex development- Case Series


 
 
 INTRODUCTION: Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are genetic abnormalities characterized by discordance between phenotypic, gonadal, and genetic sex. They are grouped into two categories based on karyotype: 46, XX DSD and 46, XY DSD.CASES: We reviewed two patients referred to the Rwanda Military Hospital genetic unit. The first patient was a 3-year-old toddler who was referred for confusing sex organs. Physical examination showed ambiguous genital organs with hypospadias and micropenis. Pelvic examination showed a swelling solid mass hat leading to a suspicion of ovary or undescended testes or combined ovary and testes (ovotestes). The second patient was a 17 years old teenager who presented with primary amenorrhea and lack of female secondary sexual characteristics at her age. The karyotype test was performed to investigate the genotypic sex of the patients and results revealed the karyotype formula of 46, XX/XY indicating the presence of two cell lines in the patient for the toddler and 46XYinv9 (p11q13) indicating the mismatch between the genotype and phenotype of the patients for the teenager.
 CONCLUSION: Patients were diagnosed with Disorder of Sex Development with 46, XX/XY and 46, XY genotypes respectively. A multidisciplinary team of a geneticist, urologist, endocrinologist and a psychologist reviewed the patient for the effective management.
 
 

Whole genome sequencing identifies a missense polymorphism in PADI6 associated with testicular/ovotesticular XX disorder of sex development in dogs

Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are congenital malformations defined as discrepancies between sex chromosomes and phenotypical sex. Testicular or ovotesticular XX DSDs are frequently observed in female dogs, while monogenic XY DSDs are less frequent. Here, we applied whole genome sequencing (WGS) to search for causative mutations in XX DSD females in French Bulldogs (FB) and American Staffordshire Terries (AST) and in XY DSD Yorkshire Terries (YT). The WGS results were validated by Sanger sequencing and ddPCR. It was shown that a missense SNP of the PADI6 gene, is significantly associated with the XX DSD (SRY-negative) phenotype in AST (P = 0.0051) and FB (P = 0.0306). On the contrary, we did not find any associated variant with XY DSD in YTs. Our study suggests that the genetic background of the XX DSD may be more complex and breed-specific.

Trends in Time Regarding Sex Assignment of Patients with Disorders of Sex Development: Experience of an Interdisciplinary Service

Introduction: The aim of this retrospective study was to verify the association between the time of diagnosis and initial and final sex assignment in a disorder of sex development (DSD) diagnostic group, looking at the age of the patients at first visit, severity of genital ambiguity, and karyotype. Methods: The time of diagnosis was divided into 3 groups: before 2000, between 2000 and 2006, and after 2006. Data were categorized and analyzed using the χ2 test with α < 0.05. Results: A total of 567 cases were analyzed; 307 were assigned as male, 135 as female, and 125 remained undefined at the first visit. After clinical and laboratory evaluations, 369 patients were male and 198 were female. Neither initial nor final sex assignment proportions changed over time, but there were significant differences in the age at first visit, with referral occurring at an earlier age, as well as more severe genital ambiguity presentations, a higher proportion of sex chromosome aberrations, and a lower frequency of 46,XX DSD cases. This occurred both in the sample as a whole (567 cases) and in the group of 125 patients without definitive sex assignment at the first visit. The results were similar when only 284 patients aged less than 12 months at the first visit were analyzed. Discussion/Conclusion: Over time, there were no changes in sex assignment proportions, but there was an increased awareness of the need for early referral and changes in clinical, cytogenetic, and diagnostic aspects.

Two ovarian candidate enhancers, identified by time series enhancer RNA analyses, harbor rare genetic variations identified in ovarian insufficiency.

The genetic regulation of ovarian development remains largely unclear. Indeed, in most cases of impaired ovarian development-such as 46,XX disorders of sex development (DSD) without SRY, and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI)-the genetic causes have not been identified, and the vast majority of disease-associated sequence variants could lie within non-coding regulatory sequences. In this study, we aimed to identify enhancers of five ovarian genes known to play key roles in early ovarian development, basing our analysis on the expression of enhancer derived transcripts (eRNAs), which are considered to characterize active enhancers. Temporal expression profile changes in mouse WT1-positive ovarian cells were obtained from cap analysis of gene expression at E13.5, E16.5 and P0. We compared the chronological expression profiles of ovarian-specific eRNA with expression profiles for each of the ovarian-specific genes, yielding two candidate sequences for enhancers of Wnt4 and Rspo1. Both sequences are conserved between mouse and human, and we confirmed their enhancer activities using transient expression assays in murine granulosa cells. Furthermore, by sequencing the region in patients with impaired ovarian development in 24 patients, such as POI, gonadal dysgenesis and 46,XX DSD, we identified rare single nucleotide variants in both sequences. Our results demonstrate that combined analysis of the temporal expression profiles of eRNA and mRNA of target genes presents a powerful tool for locating cis-element enhancers, and a means of identifying disease-associated sequence variants that lie within non-coding regulatory sequences, thus advancing an important unmet need in forward human genetics.

Diagnosis and Management of 46 XX Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) Aromatase Deficiency in Resource-Restricted Setting

A 12 years old children with genital ambiguity was reported. Late diagnosed was occurred due to complexity of the disease. Initial assessment in newborn baby is importance for early diagnosis and prompt treatment for disorder of sex development with genital ambiguity. Experienced multidisciplinary team is required for optimal care children with DSD. Further monitoring and continuous follow up are needed to evaluate response of hormonal replacement therapy, surgical options, potential for fertility, and psychosocial development to improve patient QoL.

11-Oxyandrogens from the viewpoint of pediatric endocrinology.

.11-Oxyandrogens, such as 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (11-KDHT), 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11-OHT), 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11-OHA4), and 11-KA4, are newly specified human androgens. These 11-oxyandrogens are present in the cord blood and placenta, as well as in the blood of men and women of various ages, and are produced primarily in the adrenal gland. Accumulating evidence suggests that these steroids contribute to androgen excess in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency or polycystic ovary syndrome. More importantly, unlike classic androgens, 11-oxyandrogens produced in maternal tumors can pass through the placenta without being converted into estrogens, and cause severe virilization of female fetuses. Thus, overproduction of 11-oxyandrogens represents a new mechanism of 46,XX disorders of sex development. On the other hand, the physiological roles of 11-oxyandrogens remain to be clarified. This mini-review introduces the current understanding of 11-oxyandrogens, from the perspective of pediatric endocrinology.