XVII Cent Research Articles

The author studies the information capacity of regulatory documents on the history of the Society of Jesus in East Slavic Region in the late XVI - early XVII cent.

These documents belong to the Catholic Church and the Society of Jesus and are numerous and informative. This is caused by the particular characteristics of church and the Society that thoroughly recorded their practices. Documents of the Rome Curia were a way to help the Society in the form of instructions or orders from highest governing body to the subordinate body. They describe plans and joint projects between curia and the Society, allow tracing the establishment of structures of the Society and changes in regulations of the Jesuit activities.These documents are extremely informative. They share high information capacity for studying the structure and the practices of the Society of Jesus, its territorial structure, internal structure, hierarchy, practices, house retreats establishment and operation, regulation of activities etc. They allow analyzing the nature and the features of Society's efforts, impact on the population and ways to achieve the aims of the Society.Most of the documents are dated XVI - XVII сent., which was the period of drafting and implementing the Union of Brest. Within the above mentioned period the activities of the Society became more dynamic with the appearance of new possibilities for achieving its objectives. Main languages of the documents are Latin and Polish. There are documents in Russian and Italian as well.These documents are really important for studying the reasons of success of the Society in religious influence and dissemination of Catholicism as they allow analyzing the methods of the Jesuit activities, regulation of the Jesuit's actions, methods of teaching obedience and ways to create a positive image of the Society among citizens.Most of the documents contain assessment naturally provided from the point of view of the Society itself. However, a self-assessment of the efforts and the achievements in the above mentioned sources does not reflect a real influence on different spheres of life, impact and results of the activities of the Society for the region. The most plausible information in these sources is the one which describes peculiarities of houses and actions of the Jesuits. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the Jesuit activities assessment require revision and comparison with the sources of non-Jesuit nature.Some documents belonging to the types described were not much used or lacked analyzing by scholars. That is why their use for characterizing the activities of the Society in the region will ensure better understanding of the fields of interest for the Society, methods of religious influence on the society and the role of the Society in the region.

A multi-analytical study of the Belarusian icon “Virgin Eleusa” (XVII cent.)

Abstract Here the results are reported on the multi-analytical study of the Belarusian icon “Virgin Eleusa” (XVII cent.). The X-ray and luminescence studies revealed some interventions performed in different time periods. The materials of original painting as well as the materials of interventions were successfully characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Layer-by-layer Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used for elemental composition study of art materials. Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (micro-FTIR) was used to indicate the types of binding media in the grounds and paint layers as well as to identify the art pigments. A low concentration of cerulean and cadmium yellow in the upper paint layers (interventions) were identified by Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Since cerulean and cadmium yellow are known to come into use in XIX cent., the SERS results played the crucial role for dating of some intervention.

The classification of historical sources on Jesuit practices in the East Slavic region in the late XVI - early XVII centuries

The author reviewed the documents of various periods issued in the East Slavic region and systemized widely-known historical sources on the activities of the Society of Jesus in the late XVI - early XVII cent. The present paper reveals that the source base of Jesuit practices in the abovementioned period in the East Slavic region mostly consists of archives and unpublished documents, pictorial and other artifacts. Certain documents are stored at the archives, museums and libraries in the East Slavic region. Many sources have already been translated into Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian and published. In the times of the Russian Empire, most of the documents were published in the collections of sources sorted by the region. Some volumes of these collections contain church documents and polemic literature. In the times of the Soviet Union the documents on the activities of the Society of Jesus were mostly published and republished in subject collections. Nowadays, a number of documents and sources of the Society of Jesus have already been published in subjects collections, and researchers' papers in the territory of modern Ukraine, Russia and Belorussia. Documents and articles on the Jesuit practices posted on the Internet resources of the region and official websites of the Society of Jesus are also worth mentioning. Sources on Jesuit practices in the late XVI - early XVII cent. in the East Slavic region can be conditionally divided into three groups by the type, class, origin and the sphere of the activities of the Society. One can single out the following types of sources: verbal, pictorial, audial, behavioral and conventional ones. The verbal ones are also subdivided according to the class into written and oral. Written ones include regulatory documents, acts and recordkeeping documents, descriptive documents and special documents. According to the origin, the sources can be divided into the documents issued by the Society; documents on the Jesuit practices issued by other confessions; documents issued by certain states and their authorities; documents and papers issued by particular individuals. By the sphere of activities documents can be divided into political, financial and economic, religious and cultural ones. Each of these subdivisions will provide for an objective, comprehensive, and detailed historical research. It is clear that there is no strict rule for classifying a document according to certain type, class, origin or sphere of the activities. Many documents have features of two, three or more groups. In this case, sources are of an integrated nature. However, the general classification will facilitate any research process as it allows choosing more appropriate methods of reviewing and processing of the documents. This is the reason why it is advisable to continue to analyze all the groups of historical sources on the activities of the Society of Jesus.

Ageing of flax textiles: Fingerprints in micro-Raman spectra of single fibres

Flax fibre (Linum usitatissimum) is probably the earliest textile material and holds a great archaeological interest. The possibility to define a connection between ageing and molecular characteristics is thus a concrete purpose aiming to help indirect dating. In the present work, such possibility was investigated by spectroscopic techniques that allow to examine micro-sized samples and are moreover non-destructive towards the sample itself, an important requirement when precious and ancient artefacts are analysed. Confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy and laser-excited micro-fluorescence spectroscopy were applied to 23 micrometric fibres from historical linens (dating from about 3000 BC to the XVII cent.) and 11 crude or treated modern fibres. The intensity ratio between Raman bands at 1121 and 1096cm−1, already suggested in the literature as a possible signature for ageing, was systematically evaluated after baseline correction, showing that modern samples exhibit a quite constant ratio value of 0.85±0.05 which diminishes up to 0.7 if the linen fibre is heated or bleached. Fibres form archaeological linen show instead a lower value for this ratio, that decreases to about 0.5 depending both on age and on conservation conditions. Laser-excited fluorescence spectra were also collected from the fibres, yielding a Pearson correlation value of about 0.7 between the intensity of the fluorescence emission and the age of the flax samples. Irregularity in the trend is mainly due to the possible influence of alien features such as contamination from organic substances.

On the Alleged Indebtedness of the Vedānta Paribhāṣā Towards the Vedānta Kaumudī: Some Considerations on an Almost Forgotten Vivaraṇa Text (Studies in Vedānta Kaumudī I)

Dharmarāja Adhvarin’s (middle XVII cent.) Vedānta Paribhāṣā (VP) is a well-known introduction to Advaita Vedānta, targeted to beginners who are already trained in Navya Nyāya. According to Dasgupta (1942), the VP is so heavily indebted to Rāmādvaya’s Vedānta Kaumudī (VK), which was composed in the middle of the 14th century and is today almost forgotten, that the VP’s “claim to originality vanishes”. The VK was, however, only edited in 1955 and then again in 1973. In the light of this improved textual basis, what is our judgement about Dasgupta’s hypercritical statement? Did actually the VP ever claim to be original? Was this originality somehow superimposed on the VP later? Is the VP really so much indebted to the VK? This paper aims at comparatively analysing the textual background of these questions. I will start from the analysis of one Advaita’s epistemological tenet, namely the valid knowledge (pramā), in the VK and then compare it to the corresponding parts in the VP.

Просвітництво та онтологія. Онтологічні аспекти російського Передпросвітництва

This article opens the cycle of studies of the «borrowed» (non-autochthonous) Enlightenments. It deals with the processes of Enlightenment in Russia.The author proves that in the Russian civilization prior to the Enlightenment period (XIV – the beginning of the XVII cent.) there worked a mechanism of ontologization through sacralization. This mechanism is characterized by two specifical features: (a) the source of the being-energies was a sacred place – «Holy Rus’», (b) the Being-Transmitter was the Ruler who also had a sacred status.The prerequisite of the emergence of Enlightenment intentions in Russian culture became the crisis of civilizational structures of ontologization (XVI–XVII cent.). The character of these intentions was greatly determined by the growing influence of European culture.On the example of Simeon of Polotsk, the author shows that the specificity of Russian Pre-Enlightenment was based (1) on the traditional mechanisms of ontologization and (2) on the reproduction of system of views on the Sacred Power and the Sacred Monarch. Simeon’s Enlightenment ontology was composed of Christian Illuminism and the transfer of Being-Transmitter’s role to the Enlightener-Prophet.

"Writer" in the XVII Cent

"Writer" in the XVII Cent

Musical instruments in Seville Cathedral, XVII cent

Musical instruments in Seville Cathedral, XVII cent Get access L. M. Anstey L. M. Anstey Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume CLXVIII, Issue mar09, 9 March 1935, Page 171, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/CLXVIII.mar09.171c Published: 09 March 1935

Bergen, a XVII cent. painter

Journal Article Bergen, a XVII cent. painter Get access A. G. Derrow A. G. Derrow Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume CLXVII, Issue aug25, 25 August 1934, Page 134, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/CLXVII.aug25.134c Published: 25 August 1934

Nickname in a XVII cent. Parish record

Nickname in a XVII cent. Parish record

XVII cent. Anglican Bishops and the Cardinalate

XVII cent. Anglican Bishops and the Cardinalate Get access A. E. A. E. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume CLXIV, Issue may06, 6 May 1933, Page 317, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/CLXIV.may06.317a Published: 06 May 1933

Marriages of the clergy in XVII cent.

Marriages of the clergy in XVII cent.

Testamentary regulations Prior to XVII cent

Testamentary regulations Prior to XVII cent Get access R. S. R. S. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume CLXII, Issue may21, 21 May 1932, Page 370, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/CLXII.may21.370c Published: 21 May 1932

Guides in XVII Cent. Travel

Guides in XVII Cent. Travel

Captain Abercrombie in XVII cent

Captain Abercrombie in XVII cent

Herbs placed in coffins XVII cent

Herbs placed in coffins XVII cent Get access G. H. G. H. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 156, Issue 12, 23 March 1929, Page 210, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/156.12.210g Published: 23 March 1929

Grantees of arms XVI and XVII cent

Grantees of arms XVI and XVII cent

Medical opinion of milk, XVII cent

Medical opinion of milk, XVII cent

Medical Opinion of Milk, XVII Cent

Medical Opinion of Milk, XVII Cent