XIX-early XX Centuries Research Articles

Россия как цивилизация в отечественной философской публицистике XIX – начала ХХ века

The article examines the spectrum of domestic philosophical journalism from the XIX ‒ early XX century, which placed particular emphasis on identifying the civilizational specificity of Russia. A significant initial contribution to this discourse was made by P.Ya. Chaadaev in his works “Philosophical Letters” and “Apology of a Madman”. A distinctive response to Chaadaev’s ideas can be found in the works of his contemporaries, including A.S. Pushkin, F.I. Tyutchev, and N.V. Gogol. Each of these authors proposed their own solution on the issue of Russia as a unique civilization. This topic is further developed by Russian philosophers of the second half of the XIX – early XX century – N.Y. Danilevsky, K.N. Leontiev, V.S. Solovyov and V.V. Rozanov, whose ideas became the subject of analysis in the presented article. The text provides a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign assessments of this historical period in the context of the geopolitical situation of that time. Particular attention is paid to the reconstruction of cultural-historical types in the works of Russian and European authors.

Commercial and industrial centers of the Samara region in the second half of the XIX – early XX century

The article considers the formation process of the commercial and industrial centers of the Samara region in the post-reform era. Despite there are scientific works that cover the topic of the formation and development of commercial and industrial entrepreneurship in the Samara province, the issue presented in the article can be considered as one of the unstudied. The scientific literature is not yet clearly defined the main factors that influenced this process. These factors include natural and climatic conditions, pace of establishment and development of agricultural production and other branches of farming industry, modernization of transport and financial infrastructure. The source base of the article is presented by administrative documentation, guidance and statistical materials, sources of personal nature, and fiction. The most significant sources include the documentary publications that contain a large amount of historical information, for example, «Lists of populated areas» for 1859, 1889, 1900, 1910. They contain valuable information about the geographical location of trade and industry facilities. On the basis of these and other materials, comparative-historical, analytical, methods of periodization and systematization, conclusions were formulated about the stages of the formation and development of shopping and industrial centers, their geographical placement, as well as that the modernization of transport and financial infrastructure gave a powerful impetus to the development of trading -Industrial activities of both the provincial capital and county centers, as well as a number of settlements, which at the end of the XIX-early XX centuries were shopping and industrial centers.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ ИНДУСТРИАЛИЗАЦИИ В СССР (1928-1930-Е ГГ.): ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ДОРЕВОЛЮЦИОННОГО ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА И СОЗДАНИЕ НОВЫХ СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКИХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ КЛИНЦОВСКОГО ОКРУГА ЗАПАДНОЙ ОБЛАСТИ)

The article reveals the possibility of using the pre-revolutionary industrial potential for the restoration, reconstruction, and commissioning of former enterprises of the cloth and match industry in the Western region, created by Old Believers and co-religionists in the XIX-early XX century in the Russian Empire, then belonging to the territory of the northern counties of Chernihiv province. In the Soviet period (late 1920-1930), due to the change in the administrative and territorial division, they became part of the Western Region of the RSFSR. The course towards industrialization, taken by the XIV Congress of the CPSU (b), assumed the creation of a strong, powerful industrial state in the Country of the Soviets, not inferior in its potential to Western countries. To this end, there was a change in the administrative and territorial division within the country, the creation of districts uniting several regions into a single industrial area. This was the Klintsovsky district of the Western region, which assumed not only the creation of new industrial enterprises, but also in nd the restoration and reconstruction of the former ones. Reliance on internal reserves, loans from the population, and the training of their own personnel should have contributed to the transformation of the backward Western region into an agrarian-industrial one. In the post-war period, factories built by Old Believers and co-religionists became new industrial socialist enterprises, the basis of the industrial potential of the southwestern districts of the Bryansk region in 1930-1980.

РОССИЯ И КОНТИНЕНТАЛЬНАЯ СИСТЕМА В КОНЦЕ 1810-НАЧАЛЕ 1811 ГГ. ЧЕРЕЗ ПРИЗМУ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ А.Б. КУРАКИНА

This article highlights the political position in Paris of the Russian Ambassador, Prince A.B. Kurakin, regarding the Continental System of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1810-1811. The activity of the prince was out of sight of historians for a long period because of their biased attitude towards his figure. This article includes the analysis of highlights of Prince Kurakin’s activities according to the Continental System declared by Napoleon (negotiations on new tariffs between Russia and France, regulation of neutral trade, actions of French corsairs etc.). This analysis is based on published sources on the history of diplomacy: the fundamental publication «Foreign Policy of Russia in the XIX-early XX centuries», the collection of A.B. Kurakin’s dispatches and first-introduced documents of the Russian Empire’s Foreign Policy Archive. The conclusion of this article is that A.B. Kurakin was worthy to defend the interests of Russia in France at the rejection of the Trianon tariff and at the introduction of new conditions of the Russian-French trade. A.B. Kurakin became active as ambassador: he systematically contacted the French Foreign Minister J.-B. Champagny, filed notes, collected information, etc. However, Alexander I was not pleased with his actions, considering them insufficiently effective.

Infant mortality in the European North of Russia in the late XIX–early XX centuries

Infant mortality in the European North of Russia in the late XIX–early XX centuries

THE LEADER OF THE MOVEMENT OF KAZAKHS OF THE STEPPE REGION IN THE STRUGGLE FOR LAND IN THE LATE XIX AND EARLY XX CENTURIES – MAMBETALI SERDALYULY (HISTORIOGRAPHICAL ASPECT)

The article discusses the stages of the formation of the civil personality and fighter path of Mambetali Serdalyulu, a prominent representative of the Alash National Democratic Movement, who raised the struggle of Kazakhs for land in the Steppe region to a new level in the late XIX-early XX centuries, and the life and work of the fighter for land in a historiographical aspect. In modern historiography, the socio – political history of the Akmola - Kokshetau region in this period and the XX century from this region. it should be noted that research works on the figures of the national liberation struggle in the first quarter are still rare. The main purpose of the article is to reveal in the historiographic aspect the main stages of the formation of a well-known figure of northern Kazakhstan. Mambetali Serdalin as a person, the essence of his socio-political activity. Mambetali Serdalyulu is mentioned in studies and journalistic articles about representatives of the Alash political movement. The personality of Mambetali Serdalyulu is known to the general public mainly only through works of fiction. These articles are autobiographical, their socio-political views and activities are revealed in detail and are not studied from the point of view of modern historical knowledge. These arguments indicate that the personality of such a socio-political figure as Mambetali Serdalyulu, who occupied a large place in the socio – political life of the Steppe region at the beginning of the twentieth century, was not an object of special study.

Концепция промышленных революций: вклад Н. Винера и А.И. Анчишкина

The article examines the concepts of two industrial revolutions by the founder of cybernetics, N. Wiener, and three industrial revolutions by the founder of the Russian school of macroeconomic forecasting, academician A.I. Anchishkin, in the context of the evolution of economic concepts of the second Industrial Revolution and the scientific and technical revolution (STR). The shift in the meaning of the concept of the second industrial revolution is revealed – from the reformist synonym of the STR to a retrospective characterization of global shifts in technology and the world economy during the second half of the XIX century and early XX century. Special attention is paid to the infrastructural aspects of the second industrial revolution. The contribution of the Russian political economist A.I. Chuprov and the founder of graphic neoclassicism A. Marshall to their understanding is emphasized.

Significant milestones in the history of world and domestic transfusiology

The formation of transfusiology in our country, in particular the foundation by Alexander A. Malinovsky (Bogdanov) the world first special Institute of blood transfusion, could not have happened without a “strong foundation” accumulated over centuries of trial and error. The article chronologically reconstructs the pathway of the development of the use of blood for medicinal purposes, starting from ancient times and the Middle Ages, when there were mentions of the use of drinks from human blood, until October 1, 1926 (the beginning of the real clinical and research work of the Institute of Blood Transfusion), which directly became the “foundation” for the emergence and development of transfusion blood in Russia already in modern times. The most “saturated” period in the development of transfusiology is considered — the New Time, at the beginning of which the prejudices of past eras about the benefits of drinking drinks from human blood were still preserved. W. Harvey discovered blood circulation, published an Anatomical study of the movement of the heart and blood in animals, which refuted the then dominant teaching of Galen. The English theologian Potter, who was present at the experience of W. Harvey, expressed the idea of blood transfusion. There have been critical statements questioning the benefits of blood transfusion. D. Blundell together with G. Klein began to study the effect of transfusion from person to person, which allowed D. Blundell to be considered the founder of modern transfusiology. The period of the late XIX–early XX centuries is analyzed, including the discovery of K. Landsteiner and the experiences of our compatriots — 
 V.A. Yurevich, N.K. Rosenberg, V.N. Shamov and others. After the discovering blood circulation by W. Harvey, there is a gradual transition first to experiments on blood transfusion from one animal to another, then from animal to human and from human to human, and further use of blood for medicinal purposes, naturally, with “varying success”.

The resettlement policy of Tsarist Russia on the Kazakh steppes of the late XIX � early XX centuries (based on the materials of periodicals and scientific articles)

Relevance. After the conquest of Turkestan in the second half of the XIX century, the tsarist government began to take concrete action. The tsarist government sent special research expeditions to the Kazakh steppes and began to collect a lot of information about the geographical, economic and social situation. The Myrzashol and Kyzylkum districts in the south, notable for their proximity to the fertile and bird-rich banks of the Syrdarya River, offer convenient water access and deserve special attention. The materials collected by the researchers were processed, summarised and published in the Russian periodical �Turkestan Collection�.Purpose. The aim was to show the results of research expeditions and to introduce rulers, military personnel, peasants and peasants of vast Russia in search of work and land in the virgin steppe, where they have not yet plowed.Methodology. This research utilizes a historical review methodology, examining archival materials, periodicals, and previously published scientific articles.Results. The findings suggest that the resettlement was extensively facilitated by the division of Kazakh lands into administrative territories and the systematic imposition of state property laws. The analysis shows that this not only disrupted the traditional nomadic lifestyle of the Kazakhs but also paved the way for significant Russian migration and agricultural development, particularly in cotton cultivation.Conclusions. The study concludes that the resettlement policy was a form of imperial strategy that had lasting impacts on the region's demographic and economic landscapes. It underscores the dual role of economic exploitation and cultural domination in Tsarist colonization efforts, reflecting broader patterns of European imperial practices in Asia. The research highlights the need for a nuanced understanding of these historical dynamics to appreciate the complex legacy of colonial policies in Central Asia.

THE RUSSIAN STYLE OF THE MASTERS OF THE ABRAMTSEVSKY CIRCLE: FROM THE THEATRICAL STAGE TO THE SUBJECT-SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT

This article is devoted to the issues of the inextricable connection between the development of the Russian style in the interiors of the late XIX-early XX century with innovative finds in the theatrical and decorative activities of the masters of the Abramtsevo circle. The creative universalism of the Vasnetsov brothers, Korovin, Golovin and Vrubel marked a new stage in its development, which was called the “neo-Russian style” due to the appeal to a wide range of primary sources of borrowings to create author’s interpretations of the subject-spatial environment. The behind-the-easel activities of a new generation of bright individuals resulted in a variety of artistic works in different types of art. Theatrical decorations and furniture, menus and stage costumes, interior items and jewelry, vases and tiles, stoves and fireplaces, panels and sculptures, textiles and lighting fixtures, sketches and monumental cycles of their authorship have remained reference works in the history of Russian artistic culture. For them, the stage became a place for the realization of a total synthesis of arts, an integrated approach and testing of creative solutions that extended to residential and public interiors. In turn, the audience perceived theatrical productions of operas by N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, M. P. Mussorgsky, M. I. Glinka as a showcase and advertisement of the Russian style, which led to the expansion of the typology of furniture, the repertoire of architectural and decorative motifs, formative approaches and finishing options. The subject of the author’s consideration was the transformations initiated by the above-mentioned masters in order to spiritualize the surrounding reality, which equally enriched both scenic spaces and interior practice in the era of symbolism and modernity.

Деятельность городского самоуправления Ярославля по организации трамвайного движения в городе в конце XIX-начале XX века

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the activities of the Yaroslavl City Duma and the city council on the construction of a city tram in the late XIX-early XX century, during the most active development of the urban economy of Russian cities. Materials and methods. The research is based on the analysis of published and unpublished sources: reports of the Yaroslavl City Council and journals of the Yaroslavl City Duma, periodicals, office records and funds of the State Archive of the Yaroslavl region. Chronological, comparative-historical, historical-system methods were used in the work. Results. The opening of the Yaroslavl tram dates back to 1900, although in many provincial cities the tram already existed by that time. The contract for the construction of the Yaroslavl tram was signed with the Belgian society of French-Russian workshops. The importance of the tram for city self-government bodies is evidenced by the existence and active activity of the tram commission under the city government. The members of the commission were engaged in carrying out inspections of the condition of the cars, resolving issues on the implementation of new tram lines, modernization of old ones. Conclusion. The opening of the Yaroslavl tram in 1900 was an important event of city life. Despite the fact that the owners of the tram were Belgian entrepreneurs, the municipal authorities played a significant role in its organization and operation. From the very beginning of the appearance of the tram, the actions of the Belgian society were put under the control of the tram commission of the city council. A significant disadvantage of the Yaroslavl tram during the period under consideration in the work was that private entrepreneurs accumulated profits from its operation, and several initiatives put forward in the city Duma to buy the tram to the city treasury remained unfulfilled.

Administrative and territorial changes in Kalmyk steppe of Astrakhan oblast in the late XIX-early XX centuries

The relevance of this issue is caused by its understudied nature: in a small number of works there are only fragmentary notes about the landmark events of the government policy in Kalmyk uluses of Astrakhan oblast in the late 19th - early 20th century: the management transfer of Kalmyk uluses to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the administrative reform of 1910. The influence of the reform of 1892 in Kalmykia on changes in the management system is in the focus. The issue is also actualized by the necessity to attract new and varied record-keeping sources. The purpose of the work is quite specific: to present a detailed description of administrative-territorial changes in Kalmyk steppe on the basis of a wide range of archival records, which we are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The study is based on the application of culture and civilization and interdisciplinary approaches, which, combined with the principles of historicism, system analysis and objectivity, allows to create a reliable picture of administrative and territorial transformations in a specific region with a traditional way of life. The content of the administrative and territorial policy in Kalmyk uluses was the "routine" activity of the administration, self-government bodies and officials in initiating, preparing and making decisions. The completed milestone events were the reform of 1892, the transfer of Kalmyk administration to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the administrative reform of 1910. During the period under study, the government tried to carry out administrative and territorial transformations in Kalmyk uluses as an important part of the general, including social and land, reorganization of Kalmyk society. However, this large-scale plan was only partially implemented due to stability of the civilizational and cultural features of Kalmyk society. The government was forced to limit itself to some streamlining of the activities of local governments, transferring the administration of the Kalmyks to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, creating zargos (courts) in all uluses, and enlarging Kalmyk aimaks and khotons by the 1910 reform.

Provision of sanitary standards by the gendarmerie railway police of the Russian Empire in the late XIX-early XX centuries.

The article is devoted to the reconstruction of the historical experience of the participation of gendarmerie police officers in ensuring sanitary order on the railways of the Russian Empire. The purpose of this article is to study measures to prevent the spread of dangerous infectious diseases taken by the railway gendarmerie, both in cooperation with medical and sanitary services, and independently. The object of the study is the historical experience of the official activities of the gendarmerie railway police of the Russian Empire. The subject is the role of gendarmes in ensuring sanitary standards on railways. Along with general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and concretization, the author used historical-systemic and historical-genetic research methods. The theoretical basis of the study, along with the published materials, were the office documents of the gendarmerie railway police, which are stored in the State Archives of the Russian Federation. It is concluded that the ranks of the gendarmerie railway police performed a significant role in ensuring sanitary standards by bypassing the entrusted sites, assisting doctors in veterinary examinations, inspections of premises for the detention of prisoners of war, preventing outbreaks of epidemics on the railways that would pose a threat to the health and life of the population on a global scale.

Retrospective Analysis of Agricultural Development History and Evaluation of Soil Erosion Rates within the Lokna River Basin, Tula Region

According to literary and archival data, the dynamics of the Tula region/province plowing as a whole, and its individual parts are revealed. It is established that the agricultural development of southern part of the modern Tula region began in the middle of the XVII century. According to the maps of different years of creation, changes in the area of arable land in the Lokna river basin (Plavsk district of the Tula region) from the end of the 18 to the present are determined. The reliability of the values of ploughing of the territory obtained by instrumental methods is confirmed by literature data. The composition of field crops and changes in farming systems during the period under review were reconstructed, significant conservatism of these indicators was revealed: the fallow three-field dominated throughout the XIX and the first half of the XX centuries, the predominance of rye in winter crops and oats in spring crops remained until the 1970s. According to the WaTEM/SEDEM, using historical data on the change in the main erosion factors as input parameters, the intensity and volume of rainfall run-off for the selected stages of agricultural development of the Lokna river basin were calculated. In order to compare the results with the literature data for the period 1980–1993 yr the snowmelt soil erosion rates were additionally calculated. The reliability of the obtained estimates for the last 40–50 years is confirmed by the literature data. It is established that the maximum plowing and intensity of the manifestation of erosion processes in the Lokna river basin was observed in the last quarter of the XIX–early XX centuries. The influence of the arable land location relative to the relief elements on the rates and volumes of run-off is revealed.

Historical review of development of indirect methods of myocardial revascularization

The article presents a historical review. For several decades, the diseases of the circulatory system have remained one of the most pressing problems of mankind. However, in the recent years there has been a tendency to decrease in mortality from cardiovascular pathologies including coronary heart disease. At the dawn of the study of coronary artery disease, the problem of surgical treatment of coronary artery pathology looked practically unsolvable: there was no knowledge of pathophysiology, no microsurgical instruments, and artificial circulation apparatus. Among other things, the stereotype of the "inviolability" of the heart muscle firmly entrenched in the minds of operating surgeons. A safe operation on a human heart was only a dream and the object of ridicule among most surgeons of the XIX early XX centuries. The article describes the history of the study of angina pectoris and indirect methods of myocardial revascularization. The first operations were aimed at eliminating pain syndrome and inducing angiogenesis, creating neocollaterals from blood vessel-rich organs and tissues to improve regional myocardial perfusion. Exactly these surgical techniques have become a "bridge" from the tactics of exclusively conservative management of heart pathologies to modern cardiac surgery.

Санитарные условия, медицинское обслуживание и инфекционные болезни в Коми крае во второй половине XIX-начале XX века

The paper examines the sanitary conditions and medical care of the population in the Komi region in the second half of the XIX-early XX centuries and summarizes the factual material on incidence of infectious diseases among the inhabitants of the region. The paper presents factors that influenced morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, analyzes measures to improve the sanitary and epidemic situation in the region.
 The general situation with infectious diseases and morbidity strongly influenced the life time and mortality rate of population in the study period. The introduction of sanitary and hygienic concepts and rules, development of the system of medical institutions, vaccination and control of epidemics apparently started to have a decreasing effect on the mortality from infectious diseases. The total mortality rate of the population remained high but the mortality of the urban population by the beginning of the XX century began to decrease gradually. Such relatively simple measures as the abandonment of surface water consumption, construction of public wells and improvement of principal sanitary and hygienic conditions, significantly contributed to the decreased mortality cases from infectious diseases.

Возникновение «неокружнического раздора» в старообрядческой Белокриницкой иерархии в 1862 году

At present, the history of the emergence of the «neocircular discord» of the Belokrinitsky hierarchy is poorly studied. Even in the memory of the Old Believers themselves, information about the once former division of the Old Believers who accept the Belokrinitsky hierarchy into the so-called circle and neokruzhniki is scattered. There is very little system information about events that relate to the «neocircular discord». There are also few scientific studies devoted to the events related to the «District Message» of 1862, and the available ones are devoted to individual episodes and names. Insufficient knowledge of this topic leads to inaccuracies in studies devoted to spiritual and social thought of the late XIX-early XX century, leaves blank spots in the history of Old Believers, leads to historiographical errors in the interpretation of certain phenomena. The article examines the history of the emergence of the «neocircular discord» of the Belokrinitsky hierarchy in 1862. The publication of the «District Message» provoked discord in the Old Believer Church of the Belokrinitsky hierarchy. The search for compromises and further attempts at reconciliation in the late XIX – early XX century did not bring the proper result. In addition, the neocircular discord marked the beginning of a theological discussion on a number of issues in relation to the state and the dominant Church. In particular, the most discussed issue was the possibility of commemoration at the Liturgy of the tsar. In addition, the publication of the «District Epistle» influenced the transition to the co-faith of a number of clergy of the Belokrinitsa hierarchy, which in turn had serious consequences for historical science, since in the process of cooperation with the historian of the church, Doctor of theology I. N. Subbotin, Archdeacon Filaret gave him the archive of the Belokrinitsa metropolis, the materials of which were subsequently published.

On the History of Development of the Oil Industry in Northern Azerbaijan at the Crossroads of 19th and 20th Centuries

It is known that in the XIX-early XX centuries the evolution (development) of oil business in Northern Azerbaijan has come a long way. Until the early XIX century, the oil industry here was purely artisanal, but the Absheron oil fields played a significant role in the income of the khan’s treasury. Immediately after the Russian occupation in 1806, the oil fields that came under the control of the new colonial regime were handed over for ransom. The main reason for this was the backward feudal economic system of the Russian Empire, as well as the complete ignorance. However, the reforms carried out by the new owners of petrol matter after the shameful defeat in the Crimean War (1853-1856) significantly accelerated the socio-economic development of the empire, and the demand for oil increased significantly. As a result, tsarism abolished the ransom system in February 1872, and in December the oil lands were put up for auction in what looked like 'de facto private property'. In a short time, Baku oil became the main link in the imperial fuel complex, the world’s 'Oil Academy'. The rapid development of the oil industry played an important role in many areas of the socio-economic, socio-political and cultural restoration of Northern Azerbaijan. Keywords: Baku, oil, Romanovs Russia, occupation, evolution, oil boom, oil academy, auction

Filling historical studies with personal memory and folk memory: new publications of the works by A.N. Minh

The article is devoted to the publication of two manuscripts by local historian and public figure A.N. Minh from the State Archives of the Saratov Region. A small number of researchers previously knew them. Available to a wide range of readers, these books will expand the range of historical knowledge through sources related to personal memoirs and existed in the folklore tradition. It became possible thanks to the efforts of the folklorist and memoirist of the XIX early XX centuries and as a result of the good archaeographic and source study work of modern scientists from Saratov. Notes on the Crimean War adds new details to the tragic and heroic pages of Russias past. Robberies and Treasures of the Lower Volga Region give food for thought to historians, ethnographers, philologists, and everyone who works in the interdisciplinary field of studying the oral forms of collective memory. A large literature is devoted to the topics touched upon in the new Saratov publications, but the works by Minh cannot go unnoticed, they occupy a worthy place in it. Notes supplement knowledge about the Crimean War with new details, including its reflection in the public opinion, historical memory and cultural tradition. Robberies and Treasures expands the base for studying the Volga region at the expense of folklore, oral history and archeology materials. Published manuscripts characterize Minh as a scientist who expanded the space of historical knowledge with sources generated by personal experience and preserved in the collective memory.

Формирование пограничной стражи на российско-персидской границе в конце XIX – начале XX в.

The article analyzes the process of development of protecting the Russian-Persian border-by-border guard units in the late XIX–early XX century. Properly organized and precisely established border surveillance, forming the conditions for protecting the state border, was important in ensuring security on the borders of the Caucasus in the XIX century. This was because the state border in the Caucasus was violated not only by professional smugglers but also by the local population. The article shows that, because of these circumstances, the establishment of expedient border surveillance on the Russian-Persian border, together with a thorough study of local geographical, topographic and economic conditions, was the subject of the first state's importance. Based on the studied sources and literature, the process of the border guard formation on the Russian-Persian border was revealed. In pre-revolutionary and Soviet historiography, studies of the activities of border units were practically not performed, and only in the post-Soviet period, interest was shown in this issue. However, the works of the post-Soviet period are mainly overview and did not concern the issues of the history of the formation of the border guard on the Russian–Persian border in the late XIX–early XX centuries. The paper shows that without specialized units, the Russian Empire could not protect its national interests in the border area in the Caucasus. The development of the system of protection of the Russian-Persian border was conducted under difficult topographic conditions.