XI-XII Centuries Research Articles

Bishop Michael of Devol as a Witness of the Memory of Komitopules

The appendices of Michael of Devol to the chronicle of John Skylitzes are a valuable testimony in the knowledge of the Balkan wars of emperor Basil II and the first century of Byzantine rule in Bulgaria. They also provide important information on the biographies of individual members of the Komitopules family or the process of assimilation of Bulgarian elites in the geographical area of Macedonia under Byzantine rule in the XI-XII centuries.

THE SUFISM IN AZERBAIJAN AND SAFAVIYYA ORDER (TARIQA)

Sufism was one of the main trends of ideas in the XI-XII centuries. Until the 11th century, the activities of Sufi thinkers, the direction of their ideas, along with the economic and social-political conditions, mainly determined their individual ways of life. From the end of the 10th century, Sufi communities were organized and began to spread widely. Individual sheikhs gathered many murids around them, and prepared their future followers according to the strict rituals they designed for them. The purpose of the article is to reveal that Azerbaijan is a Sufi spiritual and moral center. In the Middle Ages, as everywhere in the Islamic world, influential sheikhs grew up in Azerbaijan, and many Sufi spiritual and moral centers – sects (tariqas) were founded. One such sect was “Safawiyyah” founded by Sheikh Safiaddin Ardabili in the 13th century, which gained influence in a short period of time and gathered many disciples around it. “Safawiyya” sect has been under the influence of various ideas and Sufi currents since its inception. Among those Sufi teachings, the tradition of the “Suhrawardiyya” order is famous for playing an important role in the formation of “Safawiyya”. In this regard, the name of another sect should be mentioned.

Зерно-филигранные крестовидные подвески Пермского Предуралья

The jewelry heritage of the Rodanovo culture, the Western Urals, includes cross-shaped pendants with a silver plate as a base with a grain-filigree decoration. The article highlights the study results of these jewels. Collection, visual analysis, and study of sources with different methods allow for a detailed view about the design of items, their production specificity and decoration techniques, as well as about their origin and distribution period. The jewels were made of silver and decorated in various jewelry techniques as granulation and filigree, with inserts of ornamental stones and glass, embossed elements in form of semi-spheres, gilding. The identified stylistic and technological characteristics of the artefacts indicate that the jewelry pieces were made by local craftsmen. Almost all pendants are rather standard, few in number, produced not later than in the end XI-XII centuries.

AISHA BIBI MAUSOLEUM IS A PEARL OF KAZAKH ARCHITECTURE

The article tells about the outstanding monument of architecture of the XI-XII centuries, the ancient architectural image of Kazakhstan, the mausoleum of Aisha Bibi and its architectural appearance. A brief description of the features of the mausoleum, inscriptions and ornaments on its appearance, the unique architectural character of the mausoleum, its compositional solution and beauty.

Cognitive meaning of words in the language of written monuments of the XI-XII centuries

In the question of language, almost all studies of the history of language cannot go beyond the monuments of the Middle Ages. These ancient artifacts allow us to consider our language in historical, cultural and cognitive terms as a whole, to prove the commonality of the Turkic languages. Even many phenomena in the vocabulary and grammatical structure of words can be identified from the language data of written literary monuments. It is noted that the exhibits of the XI-XI centuries reflect the historical events that have left an indelible mark on the spiritual space of the Turkic peoples (Kazakh), the life, culture, worldview of their people, reveal the huge potential of Turkic languages and show the course of historical development of the language. It is proved that the writings of the XI-XII centuries are not only the product of creativity that tells about the inner world of the poet, but also a source of invaluable wealth and information about the culture and existence of the people who lived in that period, who were the mainstays of the ethnic composition of the modern Turkic peoples. The article is devoted to one of the important and relevant directions in modern science – cognitive linguistics. The author reveals the nature and origins of the concepts, based on the monument of writing of the Middle Ages “Respect of truth” Akhmed Iugneki. The article notes that the language of A.Iugneki’s work is distinguished by its artistry, and at the same time it reliably reflects the historical situation of that era, the life of the people, describes the events that influenced the national consciousness, the national essence of the Turkic-speaking peoples. Research and analysis of the conceptual basis and linguistic features of this historical text is necessary in order to understand the social existence of modern Turkic peoples, including the peculiarities of cognition of the Kazakh people.

Bashkir-Berkut burials in the Historical and cultural heritage of Bashkortostan: on the question of the ethnicity of burials in the decks

The object of the study is the burials in the decks of medieval nomads of the Eurasian steppes. Only eight such burials are known in Bashkortostan. The subject of the study is the Bashkir-Berkut burial ground in the Kugarchinsky district. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the funeral rite, inventory, dating. The monument was investigated by N. A. Mazhitov: in 1968 two earthen mounds containing one burial in a wooden block with the orientation of a person with his head to the west were opened, in 1969 another earthen mound containing a similar burial with the orientation of a person with his head to the northeast was opened. All three burials with belongings did not contain horse bones. The monument dates from the second half of the XIII – first half of the XIV century. Special attention is paid to the wide distribution of burials in decks among the Turkic and Mongolian tribes of Southern Siberia of the late I – early and middle II millenniums. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the conclusion that according to all the main features of the funeral rite and clothing inventory, the Bashkir-Berkut mounds are close to the mounds of the Kipchaks of the Middle Irtysh region of the XI-XII centuries. The novelty of the research lies in establishing the connection of the Bashkir-Berkut burial ground with the Polovtsian tribe of Turkic-Mongolian origin Toksaba. The burial ground is located in the area of settlement of the southern group of Kipchak clans as part of the Bashkirs, the basis of this group is the Kara-Kipchak clan, dating back to the Toksobichi, whose horde in the XII century roamed the steppes between the Volga and the Dnieper, and in the XIII century entered into an alliance with the Mongols. The resettlement of the Kipchaks from the right to the left bank of the Volga is reported by Shezhere, legends and legends of the Bashkirs. The migration of the Polovtsians to the Southern Urals could be connected with the return of the Mongols from the campaign to Europe and the suppression of the uprising of local peoples.

Forms of the author's presence and the history of mentalities: problems of study (based on the material of the Slavic historical narrative of the turn of the XI-XII centuries)

The subject of the research is the application of the methodology of the history of mentalities to study the author's explications in the texts of the Slavic historical narrative of the turn of the XI-XII centuries. The social and psychological directions of the history of mentalities presented in the works of M. Blok, L. Fevre, J. Le Goff, J. Duby, A. Buro, R. Chartier are consistently considered, and then the main approaches of historical anthropology are analyzed. The texts of the "Tale of Bygone Years", "Czech Chronicle" by Kozma of Prague, "Chronicles and Deeds of Princes or Rulers of Poland" by Gallus Anonymous are selected as sources. Attention is focused on such forms of the author's presence as references of scribes about themselves or about the events of their lives, subjective and emotional statements, value judgments, stable expressions. The problems and prospects of applying the methods of the history of mentalities and historical anthropology in identifying and interpreting the statements of medieval scribes, as well as in the case of their use of various expressive means and stable formulas are discussed. The attractiveness of the history of mentalities, which makes it possible to explain the manifestations of medieval consciousness through the linguistic means of the era under study, as well as the complexity of solving the problem of the ratio of an individual and an "average individual", are noted. The conclusion is made about the prospects of the microhistoric approach to the study of the forms of the author's presence in the Slavic monuments of the historical narrative of the turn of the XI-XII centuries. and about the expediency of comparative studies in the study of individual statements of scribes.

Marsel: The Past and the Present

By the XI-XII centuries, the period of development in Europe began. By this time, handicrafts, trade, and manufacturing had increased in a number of countries in the region. Along with England, Italy and Germany, development has also reached a high level in France. It was at this time that cities in France rose considerably. Especially in the south of France, the economy of the cities began to change dramatically. At the same time, these cities were engaged in intensive trade with Italy and the Middle East through the Mediterranean. Now cities have become not only industrial centers, but also commercial centers. Such cities include Marseille, Toulouse, Lyon and Montpellier. But in these spheres, Marseilles has come a long way.

XI-XII CENTURIES UNIQUE METHODS OF WORKS ON HANAFI FIQH WRITTEN IN MAWARANNAHR

The XI-XII centuries are the golden age of the development of jurisprudence in Transoxiana. The science furu’ fl-fiqh is the second major branch of Hanafi jurisprudence. It consists of practical rulings based on the rules established in the science of usul al-fiqh and contains the Sharia evidence of the mujtahids, and fatwas issued on their basis. The rulings arrange in the form of topic-based texts. The language is easy and popular, considering the conditions of time and space, issues and fatwas introduced, and the rulings of madhabs compared. During this period, about 50 famous works in the usul and furu’ al-fiqh of Hanafi jurisprudence in specific genres like matn, jadal, khilaf, ahkam, faraid, shurut, adab al-qadi, hiyal, siyar, ihtisab, and fatwas were written in the country. In the XI-XII centuries, the methodology of jurisprudential sources served as the basis for the writing of later works. In particular, on the science of furu al-fiqh: Mukhtasar alQuduri by Abu al-Husayn Quduri, Khizana al-fiqh by Abu Lays Samarkandi, al-Mabsut by Imam Sarakhsi, Tuhfat alfuqaha by Alauddin Samarkandi, Badoe as-Sanoe fi Tartib ash-Sharoe by Alauddin Qasani, Bidayat al-Mubtadi and al-Hidaya Sharh al-bidaya by Burhanuddin Marginani and al-Fiqh an-nafi by Nasiruddin Samarkandi were also written during this period. Reliable sources of the jurisprudence of the Hanafi School were written by leading scholars in their field in the XI-XII centuries in Transoxiana. We can describe these works as free of weak narrations, free of mention of evidence, and documents, easy to read and memorize. At the same time, they have information on the jurisprudential differences among the various madhabs. It is essential to form the ability to understand the jurisprudential is The article has researched the works on Hanafi jurisprudence written in Transoxiana, their genre, methods, specific approaches of the authors, and their role in the development of Hanafi jurisprudence.

Problems of Determining the Medieval Owners of the Upper Oka Territory at the Turn of the XI-XII Centuries

Problems of Determining the Medieval Owners of the Upper Oka Territory at the Turn of the XI-XII Centuries

Medieval ornamentation of the mausoleum of Aisha Bibi is the identity key of the regional architecture of Kazakhstan in the 21ST century

The article is dedicated to the architectural monument of Kazakhstan, the mausoleum of Aisha Bibi, called by the architect Т.K. Basenov «the jewel of memorial architecture of Kazakhstan and treasury of the Kazakh ornamental art». The mausoleums of Aisha Bibi and Babaji Khatun were built in the XI-XII centuries and are located 18 km southwest of Taraz city. The mausoleum is the identity key of the regional architecture of Kazakhstan in the XXI century.

Формирование основ христианского права управления и правосудия в Древней Руси XI–XII веков

The article deals with the formation of the Christian doctrine of princely administration and justice in Ancient Russia at the turn of the XI-XII centuries. The author comes to the conclusion that in this period, in contrast to the official state law, the Christian law of princely administration and court arose, which was based on the concept of truth.

THE GATE OF THE MEDIEVAL SITE OF KOSKUDUK

The article considers the topographic location, chronology, economy and excavations of the medieval site of Koskuduk, located in the Shui Valley. Although the first information about this site entered scientific circulation in the late 1980-th, accurate and scale excavations were not carried out. The Shui archaeological detachment (head Y.Sh. Akymbek) of the Institute of Archaeology named after A.Kh. Margulan in 2018 in the eastern corner of the medieval site of Koskuduk was organized the test pit, shurf and in 2019 on the site of the North-Eastern gate excavates and receives valuable information about the periodization, fortification, the economy of medieval city. The authors of the article draw the special attention to the etymology of the names of the gates in general, medieval gate structures in the Shui Valley, based on researched of other city gates. The radiocarbon analysis of charcoal from pit was carried out in 2018, and it was established that the site dates back to the XI-XII centuries (1043-1104 (41.1%) calAD; 1117-1211(54.3%) calAD). The ceramics complex, discovered at the gate site, is dominated by tableware. The X-ray diffractometric analysis of one instance of kitchen and dining utensils was carried out in order to determine which minerals are contained in the clay of the detected ceramic products. As the result, although the minerals and other impurities in the clay composition of the dishes are generally the same, there are significant differences in percentages. There are number of whole buried skeletons of dogs and partially entire preserved skeletons of horses were found at the gate zone. In addition, archaeozoological analysis of other osteological materials identified in the excavations was carried out, as well as comparative studies of the external forms of pets (cattle and dogs).

«DIALOGUE» PETER ALFONCI IN THE LIGHT OF THE THEORY OF CAPITALS BY PIERA BOURDIER

During the last 20 years, with the appearance of the “new intellectual history”, the interest in the study of medieval polemical works has increased. However, very few researches, particularly in Russian historiography, have been dedicated to studying of Petrus Alfonsi’s “Dialogue”. The aim of this study was therefore the analysis of the different forms of capital of Petrus Alfonsi in the Dialogue according to the context of its creation. Firstly, through the analysis of the few facts of Petrus’ biography and the prologue of his work, the main social relations of the author of the “Dialogue” are revealed, and also it is analyzed how the accumulated social capital (namely author’s social connections) influenced his activity both as a polemist and as a political figure at the turn of the XI-XII centuries. Secondly, through the analysis of polemist’s “library” (the books and works of Arab and Latin scholars he was familiar with) and his works, author examines the intellectual capital of Petrus Alfonsi. The study revealed that Petrus’ Alfonsi fate can serve as a good example of the operation of social and intellectual capitals at the beginning of the XII century. The author who decided to abandon his past faith, managed to reach certain heights at court and in the main business of his life — the dispute with his former co-religionists. Thus, he transformed these types of capital into symbolic capital, the most important for a medieval author.

ДАВНЬОРУСЬКІ МОГИЛЬНИКИ КОПИРЕВОГО КІНЦЯ

Статтю присвячено вивченню могильників давньоруського часу, виявлених під час розкопок на території стародавнього району Києва – Копиревого кінця. На сьогодні тут відкрито і частково досліджено чотири могильники, які датують Х – першою половиною ХІІІ ст.
 Перший могильник був між вул. Кудрявською (на півночі) і вул. Січових Стрільців (на півдні), між продовженням вул. Кудрявської (на заході) і Вознесенським узвозом (на сході). Під час розкопок цього могильника, від 1989 до 2018 рр. було досліджено 134 поховання ХІ–ХІІІ ст. Загальна площа могильника: ≈2,88 га.
 Другий (прихрамовий) могильник був на Вознесенському узвозі, 20. Його знайшли у 1947 р. під час дослідження фундаментів давньоруського храму, де було відкрито 35 поховань другої половини ХІ–ХІІ ст. Загальна площа могильника: ≈2,50 га.
 Третій (прихрамовий) могильник був на північ від другого, розташований неподалік: по Вознесенському узвозу, 22. Низку поховань було виявлено під час дослідження фундаментів церкви кінця ХІІ ст. у 1989–1990 рр. Загальна площа могильника: ≈1,65 га.
 Четвертий (прихрамовий) могильник, поховання якого було досліджено у 1985, 1987 і 1990 рр., розміщувався на схилі пагорба, по провулку Киянівському, 4 та 10–10б. Тут було відкрито 15 поховань ХІІ – першої половини ХІІІ ст., що належали до церкви кінця ХІ ст., яка могла бути на розі Киянівського провулку та Воздвиженського узвозу. Загальна площа могильника: ≈2,29 га.
 Отже, на цей час на території Копиревого кінця загалом відкрито і досліджено 219 поховань давньоруського часу, а загальна площа усіх чотирьох могильників могла становити майже 10 га.

Archaeological study of ancient khovos monument

This article provides a brief overview of the results of research at the Old Havasu monument in the northern Ustrushna region, as well as a scientific analysis of the work done by researchers to date, which has been proven by archeological sources to be the capital of Havasu rustok. In addition, in the XI-XII centuries there was a place of rabot outside Shahristan, and according to archeological excavations on the south-eastern side of Shahristan, the city border was not surrounded by a defensive wall in the Middle Ages, which in turn reminded medieval chronicles of trade and military routes clearly proves that it was mentioned as a destination at the crossroads of trade routes. In addition, on the basis of new archeological materials in the coming years, researchers were asked about the important tasks that need to be addressed.

Ispıdjab – Túrkіstan aımaǵyndaǵy fıqһ ortalyǵy (ХІ–ХІІ ǵǵ.)

This article discusses the role and significance of the Ispidjab fiqh school and its contribution to Islamic law. Ispidjab was one of the main centers of Islamic studies in Kazakhstan in the XI-XII centuries. During these two centuries a separate school of fiqh was formed in Ispidjab according to the Hanafi madhab. The representatives of this school of fiqh, their teachers and students, their works and scientific degrees are described. In particular, the manuscripts of the Ispidjab scholars that have survived to this day are studied from a historical and textual point of view and are attributed to their authors. The manuscripts are classified and each one described. It also presents the results of ongoing study by Ispidjab scholars in the context of the text «Mukhtasar at-Takhawi». At the same time, the works of two scholars of Ispidjab, Ahmad Ibn Mansur and Ali Ibn Muhammad «Sharh muhtasar at-Tahawi» are compared according to a number of criteria, and their differences are revealed. The quantitative and qualitative indicators obtained during the study of these manuscripts show the difference between the Ispidjab school of law and other fiqh schools.

Norwegian wooden carved portals of the XI-XII centuries. The problem of the origin and development of style

The article is devoted to study of Art`s Early Medieval Scandinavia XI-XII centuries. This process is concerning with transitional from Late Viking Art to early Romanesque. The main focus is on the group of Norwegian wood carving portals. The system of portals decorum is the result of artistic interaction between late pagan art and art of Christianity. This process reflected in wooden portals of Norwegian stave churches and others monuments of Scandinavian wooden, stone sculptures and objects of applied art.

Conceptual approach to the development of thematic areas of the archaeological «Kultobe settlement» park

The article studies the features of conceptual approach to the development of thematic areas based on the archaeological «Kultobe Settlement» park. Archeological monument «Kultobe Settlement» is based in buffer zone of the mausoleum of Khodja Ahmed Yasawi. This monument is on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. The base area of the archaeological park is 27 hectares. The territory of the settlement shows the city’s life in the context of four main historical periods. The ancient period dating from I-II centuries AD, early medieval, dating from the VI-X centuries, the medieval period of the XI-XII centuries – era of K.A. Yasawi and the late medieval period (XVI-XIX centuries) the period of the Kazakh In total, more than 50 archaeological sites of different eras are concentrated here: from the oldest cult settlement of the Kangju to the buildings of the Kazakh khanate. It was the beginning of the idea of creating an archaeological open-air park. The author of this article shows some design aspects of the «Kultobe Settlement» park, which implements an integrated approach added to the museumification of open-air objects, the development of «scientific reconstructions» products of experimental archeology, a museum exposition on the ancient and medieval history of Turkistan and prepared for tourism archaeological sites where excavations are in real

Yurta-Shaped Dwellings and Buildings of the X-XII Centuries in Samosdelka Hillfort

The article is devoted to the publication of a number of Yurta-shaped dwellings of the X-XII centuries, discovered during excavations at the Samosdelka hillfort in the Volga Delta and at Left-Bank Samosdelka settlement, adjacent to the mentioned hillfort. The hillfort is known as the place of the supposed localization of the medieval cities of Saqsin (XI-XIV centuries) and Itil (IX-X centuries). The article briefly describes the planigraphy of the archaeological monument and the conditions of four circular dwellings discovering. Three of them belong to the X century and date back to the Khazar era. One dwelling has a more complex structure and belongs to the heyday of the city of Saqsin (XI-XII centuries). The design features of dwellings are analyzed, and archaeological and ethnographic analogies are given to both dwellings as a whole and to their individual elements. Two early circular buildings had no traces of a fireplace inside, so we can consider them not as dwellings, but yurta-shaped structures for household purposes. There were fireplaces in one building of the X century, found on the periphery of the Left-Bank settlement, as well as in the construction of the XI-XII centuries in the Central part of the hillfort. We can rightfully call these structures yurta-shaped dwellings. The last building has the most complex design, it is made using burnt square-shaped bricks for lining the edge of the laying bench and the walls in the basement. Bricks were also used as supports for poles and pillars. The presence of bricks indicates the time of the appearance of this dwelling after dismantling the hillfort citadel walls for getting building materials out of them. The discovered dwelling is a confirmation of the words of Abu Hamid al-Garnati, who wrote that in the city of Saqsin, the noble Oguzes had large “tents” like domes that can accommodate a large number of people. We can find direct analogies to such dwellings in the construction of Kazakh yurta-shaped buildings of the XIX - early XX centuries.