XBee Transceiver Research Articles

Digimesh-Based Design of a Wireless Monitoring Network for Environmental Factors Affecting Granary System

The monitoring of granaries were earlier implemented with wired networks in most Asia countries with obvious challenges that include high installation and maintenance costs, data acquisition delay, and high energy consumption. Most other works being implemented with wireless approaches presented inherent drawbacks that include inefficient coverage of the grain storage bins and high rate of node failure. This paper presents the design and tremendous advantages of deploying distributed wireless sensor network based on Digimesh network protocol, to monitor the environmental temperature, humidity and illumination of a granary system. The monitoring system has only one node type, and consists of a homogenous network in which all nodes route data and they are interchangeable. A node consists of Xbee transceiver modules, Arduino microcontroller and DHT22 Temperature/Humidity sensor, and it is being configured as low battery powered devices. The results were logged real-time on a personal computer for analysis, display and record. The results indicate a system which provides a better sleeping scheme and eliminate the single point of failure associated with Zigbee and some other network protocols.

Real-time biofeedback device for gait rehabilitation of post-stroke patients.

In this work, we develop a device, called 'Walk-Even', that can provide real-time feedback to correct gait asymmetry commonly exhibited in post-stroke survivors and persons with certain neurological disorders. The device computes gait parameters, including gait time, swing time, and stance time of each leg, to detect gait asymmetry and provide corresponding real-time biofeedback by means of auditory and electrotactile stimulation to actively correct the user's gait. The system consists of customized force-sensor-embedded insoles adjustable to fit any shoe size, electrotactile and auditory feedback circuits, microcontroller, and wireless XBee transceivers. The device also offers data saving capability. To validate its accuracy and reliability, we compared the gait measurements from our device with a commercial gait and balance assessment device, Zeno Walkway. The results show good correlation and agreement in a validity study with six healthy subjects and reliability study with seventeen healthy subjects. In addition, preliminary testing on six post-stroke patients after an 8-week training shows that the Walk-Even device helps to improve gait symmetry, foot pressure and forefoot loading of the affected side. Thus, initial testing indicates that the device is accurate in measuring the gait parameters and effective in improving gait symmetry using real-time feedback. The device is portable and low cost and has the potential for use in a non-clinical setting for patients that can walk independently without assistance. A more extensive testing with stroke patients is still ongoing.

FPGA Implementation by using XBee Transceiver

Objective: Generally there are numerous approaches to give security information that is being imparted. However, what if the security is assured irrespective of the hackers are from the noise. The Information Security is essential concern towards each communication system. Methods/Analysis: XBee is a PAN technology based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Unlike Bluetooth or wireless USB devices, XBee devices have the ability to form a mesh network between nodes. Meshing is a type of daisy chaining from one device to another. Finding: This technique allows the short range of an individual node to be expanded and multiplied, covering a much larger area. This paper describes a design of desired security for data communication by designing standard algorithm for encryption and decryption. The process occur in this module was based on encryption and decryption. The source information is generated by a bit file and this will be encrypted and is sent to destination through XBee modules. The receiving system will check the data and decrypt according to a specific algorithm and displays on the LED. Applications/Improvement: The present algorithm is implemented in Verilog HD Land simulated using Xilinx ISE simulator tool. The design is implemented on Xilinx Spartan-3 EFPGA development board. This project has applications in encoding and decoding operations for security purposes.

RTOS BASED ENERGY EFFICIENT SMARTHOME

The features of Android like its Connectivity , Java support has been widely used in many applications . This paper presents the design and implementation of a low cost yet compact and wide range Android smart phone based home automation system. This project is based on the popular Arduino prototyping board where the electrical appliances are interfaced with ports of the board . In order to make the system energy efficient , we've used some sensors to analyse the current environmental conditions so as to provide energy efficiency . To handle these various operations we have integrated a popular RTOS, the scmRTOS, which has a very small footprint on the microcontroller. An Andro id application which has been developed for Android devices is used for interation between user and system .A typical wireless home automation system allows one to control house hold appliances from a centralized control unit which is wireless. The project demonstrates a system that can be integrated as a single portable unit and allows one to wirelessly control lights, fans, water sprinkler etc. and t urn on or off any appliance , get the status of different sensors and take decision accordingly.The project also deals with contolling the fan speed, light intensity by limitting the amount of current supplied to appliances. The medium used f or sending a nd receiving of commands is Wi Fi w hich is a ga in of t he feat ure of Android system a nd a t the control uni t XBee transceiver is used for same purpose. The remote system receives the commands through XBee transceiver and performs the request function. The sensors unit is capable of detecting chnages in environmental conditions like temperature , soil moisture and can accordingly turn on or off appliances such as lights and fans and in the meantime send its status back to base station.

A Portable Gait Asymmetry Rehabilitation System for Individuals with Stroke Using a Vibrotactile Feedback.

Gait asymmetry caused by hemiparesis results in reduced gait efficiency and reduced activity levels. In this paper, a portable rehabilitation device is proposed that can serve as a tool in diagnosing gait abnormalities in individuals with stroke and has the capability of providing vibration feedback to help compensate for the asymmetric gait. Force-sensitive resistor (FSR) based insoles are used to detect ground contact and estimate stance time. A controller (Arduino) provides different vibration feedback based on the gait phase measurement. It also allows wireless interaction with a personal computer (PC) workstation using the XBee transceiver module, featuring data logging capabilities for subsequent analysis. Walking trials conducted with healthy young subjects allowed us to observe that the system can influence abnormality in the gait. The results of trials showed that a vibration cue based on temporal information was more effective than intensity information. With clinical experiments conducted for individuals with stroke, significant improvement in gait symmetry was observed with minimal disturbance caused to the balance and gait speed as an effect of the biofeedback. Future studies of the long-term rehabilitation effects of the proposed system and further improvements to the system will result in an inexpensive, easy-to-use, and effective rehabilitation device.

Hardware Selection for Realization of Ultra-portable Wireless Human Motion Measurement System

Gait analysis is a very important procedure in assessing and improving many quality of life indicators. It is widely used in sports, rehabilitation and health diagnostics. Gait analysis is the study of lower limb movement patterns and involves the identification of gait events and the measurements of kinetics and kinematics parameters. This paper focus on the study and analysis of various design of gait analysis hardware. It also involves the practicality and the suitability of the hardware design to improve the accuracy of the gait analysis. The concept of the hardware is based on the attachment unit which consist of sensor, microcontroller, power supply and Xbee transceiver to the shoe. The selection of sensors and several additional component will also discussed. The result highlights the design and realization of the hardware components for the development of shoe integrated instrumentation for human motion measurement system.

Electrical Simulation of Human Cardio-Vascular System and Real-Time Tele-Monitoring of Cardiac Status of the Patients

This paper proposes an electrical model of human cardio-vascular system for the diagnosis of various cardiac diseases, like endocarditis, atherosclerosis, etc. Here, Atherosclerosis has been dealt with specifically. It is the hardening and narrowing of arteries, which slowly blocks the arteries and put blood flow at risk. An innovative electrical model has been developed which is analogous to physiological structure of human cardio-vascular system. This model comprises of passive electrical components (R, L & C), 555-Timer, opamp, and potentiometer. This electrical model has been simulated in PSPICE and two different time-domain responses are generated, for qualitative analysis of cardiac disorders. For analyzing the disease, authors have considered its different qualitative stages, e.g. good and poor, for productive analysis. Deviation of responses from healthy cardiac output enables detection of the cardiac problem (atherosclerosis). Authors have further extended the work for real-time transmission of patient's cardiac status to a distantly located doctor. A micro-controller based device has been designed that receives the cardiac pulses from an optical sensor, and under abnormal condition, it communicates the information to the patient's mobile phone via XBEE transceiver. The patient's mobile phone is preloaded with a JAVA based software application. It receives the data from the transceiver and automatically transmits it to distantly located doctor's mobile phone.

A Study on Smart Home Control System through Speech

This paper proposes an automation system where users can use voice commands to control their electrical appliances, such as light, fan, television, heater etc. The main aim is to help make the life of people more comfortable, especially for the elderly and disabled as they will not have to be actually present near an appliance to turn it on or off. The system focuses on using a Digital Signal Processor to process the voice commands and accordingly control the required appliance. XBee transceivers are used to eliminate the need for large amount of wiring between the processor and the appliances. Experimental results show that the system has a good response and is cost effective. We conclude that this system provides solutions for the problems faced by home owners in daily life and make their life easier and more comfortable by proposing a cost effective and reliable solution.

Development of an Autonomous Y4 Copter

The developed y4 copter is an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with autonomous subsystems which reports the fully automated y4 copter for the first time. Automation is implemented through maintaining the desired roll, pitch and yaw therefore the flight stability as well as in case of controlling elevation. An improved and efficient algorithm that uses Quaternion is implemented to determine Euler angles avoiding Gimbal lock in case of developing an inertial measurement unit. It has a self-stabilization system powered by Proportional Integral Derivative control system which is computationally affordable by an ordinary 8 bit microcontroller capable of performing only integer operations. A remote is designed to communicate with the y4 copter from the base station using XBee transceiver modules which come with secured communication with long range. The developed system demonstrates simple design offering lower cost and secured means of control.