Xanthan Research Articles

Study on the Development Rule of Mudstone Cracks in Open-Pit Mine Dumps Improved with Xanthan Gum

The stability of open-pit mine slopes is crucial for safety, especially for spoil dump slopes, which are prone to cracks leading to landslides. This study investigates the use of xanthan gum (XG) to enhance the stability of mudstone in spoil dumps. Various concentrations of xanthan gum were mixed with mudstone and subjected to dry–wet cycle tests to assess the impact on crack development. Pore and crack analysis system (PCAS) was utilized for image recognition and crack analysis, comparing the efficiency of crack rate and length modification. The study found that xanthan gum addition significantly improved mudstone’s resistance to crack development post-drying shrinkage. A 2% xanthan gum content reduced the mudstone crack rate by 45% on average, while 1.5% xanthan gum reduced crack length by 46.2% and crack width by 26.3%. Xanthan gum also influenced the fractal dimension and water retention of mudstone cracks. The optimal xanthan gum content for mudstone modification was identified as between 1.5% and 2%. Scanning electron microscopy imaging and X-ray diffraction tests supported the findings, indicating that xanthan gum modifies mudstone by encapsulation and penetration in wet conditions and matrix concentration and connection in dry conditions. These results are expected to aid in the development of crack prevention methods and engineering applications for open-pit mine spoil dump slopes.

Characterization of xanthan gum–metal complexes biosynthesized using a medium containing produced water and cassava processing residues

The use of residues from petroleum and crop industries is a feasible and sustainable alternative approach for the production of xanthan gum (XG). This study aimed to evaluate the biosynthesis of XG and the resulting final product obtained using Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis 1182 in a medium containing produced water (PW) and cassava processing residues. The combined use of PW and cassava crop residues was beneficial for XG production, achieving a product yield of 6.80 g L−1. The micrographs of recovered XG revealed the presence of elongated fiber-like microstructures rather than large agglomerates. The X-ray diffraction profiles of recovered xanthan comprised well-defined peaks rather than an amorphous halo. The thermogravimetry profiles revealed the presence of approximately 60 % of remaining solids in recovered xanthan, in contrast to 30 % in the commercial sample. All the samples demonstrated a pseudoplastic behavior; however, the consistency indices of the recovered samples were approximately 50-times lower than those of commercial XG. The emulsification indices of the recovered XG were > 50 % and comparable to those of commercial xanthan. In this study, for the first time, we obtained a complex XG–metal structure possessing a high emulsification capacity and low viscosity.

Development of kiwi fruit leather incorporated with hydrocolloids and betacyanin microcapsules: Rheological behaviour and release kinetics of betacyanin

The kiwi fruit leather incorporated with betacyanin microcapsules was prepared using three hydrocolloids namely xanthan gum, gellan gum, and guar gum. The four-kiwi fruit puree prepared for the study were kiwi fruit puree without hydrocolloid (CP), with xanthan gum (XE), with gellan gum (EP), and with guar gum (UP). The influence of various hydrocolloids and temperatures on rheological properties of kiwi fruit puree was investigated using the Cross, Carreau, and modified Powell model. The apparent viscosity was decreased with increase in shear rate and rise of temperature. The incorporation of hydrocolloid also increased viscosity of prepared puree. Cross model (R2>0.989) found to fit the apparent viscosity with respect to shear rate. The flow behaviour index of four kiwi fruit puree samples was found to be less than one depicting pseudoplastic fluid with shear thinning behaviour. For dynamic rheology study in the frequency range of 1–60 rad/s, the storage modulus was higher than loss modulus at specific frequency that implies, elastic properties of puree were dominant over the viscous ones suggesting the weak gel-like network of kiwi fruit puree. The glass transition temperature of prepared kiwi fruit leathers ranged from 59-64°C. The in vitro betacyanin release from the leather sample was studied and Peppas-Sahlin model was observed to be one of the ideal model when compared with the other kinetic models. The development of kiwi fruit leather with hydrocolloids and betacyanin microcapsules represented a successful strategy to create a functional snack that combines health benefits with consumer-desirable sensory attributes.

Adhesive solid-state fermentation producing Aspergillus niger conidia on stainless-steel dixon ring supports.

An adhesive solid-state fermentation (adSSF) mode was developed to produce Aspergillus niger conidia, which used a stainless-steel Dixon ring as the support and water-retaining adhesive to load nutritional media on its surface. To obtain high conidia yields, the components of the water-retaining adhesive were screened, optimized by single-factor optimization and response surface methodology, and the optimal dosages of the main components were: wheat bran powder 0.023g·cm-3bed, cassava starch 0.0022g·cm-3bed, and xanthan gum 0.0083g·cm-3bed. The experimentally tested conidia yield was 4.2-fold that without water-retaining adhesive but was 3.7% lower than the maximum yield predicted by the model. The observed double-side growth of A. niger on the Dixon ring supports improved space utilization of the fermentation bed, and the void fraction can increase with the shrinkage of the gel layer. In 1.6L tray reactors with three-point online temperature monitoring, the inner-bed temperature of adSSF was at most 4°C lower than the adsorbed carrier solid-state fermentation (ACSSF) mode, and the conidia yield was 1.68 × 108 conidia.cm-3bed, 61.5% higher than that of the ACSSF bed at the same time, but when the fermentation time was extended to 168h, the conidia yield of the adSSF bed and ACSSF bed were close to each other. The results revealed that the high voidage of the adSSF bed was the main reason for low bed temperature, which can benefit the inner-bed natural convection and water evaporation.

Development of modular extrusion bioprinter prototype

Introduction: The aim of this work was to develop a prototype of a modular extrusion bioprinter capable of performing 2D and 3D printing with hydrogels based on sodium alginate and gelatin. Materials and methods: The bioprinter uses Cartesian coordinate system, the print head is movable in Y and Z axes, the printing platform is in X axis and equipped with cooling system. Constructs were printed with 3 types of gels: based on gelatin with the addition various concentrations of xanthan gum; based on combination of gelatin and sodium alginate; based on gelatin and xanthan gum with the addition of carbon nanotubes. Results: The constructs from various gels corresponded to the structure determined by their digital models. Conclusions: The developed system allows performing 2D and 3D printing with gels based on gelatin, sodium alginate, including those containing carbon nanotubes and/or xanthan gum for a wide range of experimental tasks.

The effect of biopolymer stabilisation on biostimulated or bioaugmented mine residue for potential technosol production

Mine waste can be transformed into technosol as an ecological strategy. Despite its importance to soil functions, biological activity is often overlooked. Biopolymers can serve as innovative tools for bioremediation, facilitating chemical reactions and creating networks to encapsulate contaminants. This work aims to assess the use of bioleached and stabilised residues from a tungsten mine for technosol production. The first objective was to evaluate mine tailings for their bioleaching potential by biostimulation or bioaugmentation with strain Diaphorobacter polyhydroxybutyrativorans B2A2W2. The second was to evaluate the effect of Portland cement or biopolymers such as Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) or Xanthan Gum (XG) on the stabilisation of bioleached residues. The impact of biopolymers on residues’ characteristics, such as metal leaching, number of cultivable microorganisms, compression strength and ecotoxicity was evaluated using flow systems. Over time, bioleached metallic elements decreased, except for iron (Fe). Biostimulated and stabilised residues exhibited similar trends; both CMC and cement showed low leaching rates and viable microorganisms in the same order (106 CFU × ml−1). However, bioaugmented residue stabilised with XG showed 106 CFU × ml−1 viable microorganisms and increased 2.2-fold Fe leaching than BA_Control. CMC addition to bioaugmented residue reduced 5.9-fold Fe leaching and increased 100-fold viable microorganisms. By utilising both biological and engineering approaches to characterise the technosol, this study contributes to advancing knowledge of technosol production. The residues biostimulated and stabilised with CMC produced a material useful for bio-applications, with low toxicity and metal leaching, useful for bio-applications. XG was the best stabiliser for geotechnical engineering applications, with improved compression strength. In conclusion, the study demonstrates the usefulness of biopolymer treatment for residues and emphasises the importance of selecting the appropriate biopolymer for the intended function of technosols.

An innovative 4D printing approach for fabrication of anisotropic collagen scaffolds

Collagen anisotropy is known to provide the essential topographical cues to guide tissue-specific cell function. Recent work has shown that extrusion-based printing using collagenous inks yield 3D scaffolds with high geometric precision and print fidelity. However, these scaffolds lack collagen anisotropy. In this study, extrusion-based 3D printing was combined with a magnetic alignment approach in an innovative 4D printing scheme to generate 3D collagen scaffolds with high degree of collagen anisotropy. Specifically, the 4D printing process parameters-collagen (Col):xanthan gum (XG) ratio (Col:XG; 1:1, 4:1, 9:1 v/v), streptavidin-coated magnetic particle concentration (SMP; 0, 0.2, 0.4 mg ml-1), and print flow speed (2, 3 mm s-1)-were modulated and the effects of these parameters on rheological properties, print fidelity, and collagen alignment were assessed. Further, the effects of collagen anisotropy on human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) morphology, orientation, metabolic activity, and ligamentous differentiation were investigated. Results showed that increasing the XG composition (Col:XG 1:1) enhanced ink viscosity and yielded scaffolds with good print fidelity but poor collagen alignment. On the other hand, use of inks with lower XG composition (Col:XG 4:1 and 9:1) together with 0.4 mg ml-1SMP concentration yielded scaffolds with high degree of collagen alignment albeit with suboptimal print fidelity. Modulating the print flow speed conditions (2 mm s-1) with 4:1 Col:XG inks and 0.4 mg ml-1SMP resulted in improved print fidelity of the collagen scaffolds while retaining high level of collagen anisotropy. Cell studies revealed hMSCs orient uniformly on aligned collagen scaffolds. More importantly, collagen anisotropy was found to trigger tendon or ligament-like differentiation of hMSCs. Together, these results suggest that 4D printing is a viable strategy to generate anisotropic collagen scaffolds with significant potential for use in tendon and ligament tissue engineering applications.

Preparation of Ovalbumin/Xanthan Gum/Chitosan Pickering Emulsion Oleogel Added with Amomum villosum Lour. Extract and Its Application in Cookies

In this study, a new oleogel system was constructed and used as a fat substitute in the processing of cookies. The preparation process of Amomum villosum Lour. extract (AVE) was optimized based on antioxidant activity and yield firstly. Then, the AVE, ovalbumin, chitosan, and xanthan gum were used as raw materials to prepare a composite Pickering emulsion oleogel. The results showed that when the concentration of AVE, chitosan, and XG were 0.1%, 2.5%, and 0.3%, respectively, a stable and uniformly distributed Pickering emulsion oleogel was formed. In this case, the particle size of the composite oleogel was relatively small; the absolute value of zeta potential was higher; the microstructure was more stable, with less aggregation and flocculation; and the thermal stability and freeze–thaw stability were excellent. In addition, the addition of AVE enhanced the gel properties of the oleogel and had good solid-like properties, and strengthened the binding force, as well as the oxidation stability, making the whole system more stable. In addition, the results of the application of the composite oleogel in the cookies showed that the AVE–ovalbumin/xanthan gum/chitosan Pickering emulsion oleogel had similar sensory and texture properties to the butter group. The addition of AVE can delay the crispness, cohesiveness, hardness, and the rate of malondialdehyde formation in cookies during storage. In conclusion, the AVE–ovalbumin/xanthan gum/chitosan Pickering emulsion oleogel had good physicochemical stability and showed great potential in replacing saturated fat (butter) in baking products (cookies).

Long-Term Stable and Multifeature Microfluidic Impedance Flow Cytometry Based on a Constricted Channel for Single-Cell Mechanical Phenotyping.

The microfluidic impedance flow cytometer (m-IFC) using constricted microchannels is an appealing choice for the high-throughput measurement of single-cell mechanical properties. However, channels smaller than the cells are susceptible to irreversible blockage, extremely affecting the stability of the system and the throughput. Meanwhile, the common practice of extracting a single quantitative index, i.e., total cell passage time, through the constricted part is inadequate to decipher the complex mechanical properties of individual cells. Herein, this study presents a long-term stable and multifeature m-IFC based on a constricted channel for single-cell mechanical phenotyping. The blockage problem is effectively overcome by adding tiny xanthan gum (XG) polymers. The cells can pass through the constricted channel at a flow rate of 500 μL/h without clogging, exhibiting high throughput (∼240 samples per second) and long-term stability (∼2 h). Moreover, six detection regions were implemented to capture the multiple features related to the whole process of a single cell passing through the long-constricted channel, e.g., creep, friction, and relaxation stages. To verify the performance of the multifeature m-IFC, cells treated with perturbations of microtubules and microfilaments within the cytoskeleton were detected, respectively. It suggests that the extracted features provide more comprehensive clues for single-cell analysis in structural and mechanical transformation. Overall, our proposed multifeature m-IFC exhibits the advantages of nonclogging and high throughput, which can be extended to other cell types for nondestructive and real-time mechanical phenotyping in cost-effective applications.

The Design of Novel 3D-Printed, Moulded, and Oral Viscous Budesonide Formulations for Paediatrics: A Comparative Evaluation of Their Mucoadhesive Properties.

Paediatric eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) treatment is challenging due to the limited number of age-appropriate formulations. This study aims to develop and evaluate oral viscous suspensions and solid formulations of budesonide (BUD), focusing on their in vitro mucoadhesive properties, to enhance drug delivery and therapeutic outcomes in paediatric EoE. This study encompasses the development of oral viscous suspensions and orodispersible solid formulations (moulded tablets and 3D-printed dosage forms) containing BUD. The formulations underwent quality control tests as per the European Pharmacopoeia, chemical stability assessments, and an in vitro evaluation of their mucoadhesiveness properties. A validated analytical method enabled accurate BUD quantification and efficient extraction, and all developed formulations demonstrated chemical stability for 30 days, meeting Ph. Eur. quality standards. Three-dimensional printing using SSE successfully produced 1 mg and 0.5 mg BUD printlets, complying with quality tests for conventional tablets. Formulations containing xanthan gum (L2-XG and P1-0.5-XG) exhibited superior mucoadhesive properties. L2-XG showed significantly higher mucoadhesion than L1-MC. Among the solid formulations, P1-0.5-XG demonstrated the highest mucoadhesive properties. This is the first study to develop solid oral dosage forms of BUD at a very low dose, specifically for paediatric use. The results highlight the potential of 3D printing for developing individualised orodispersible BUD formulations with improved bioadhesion for paediatric EoE treatment. The L2-XG formulation and the XG-containing printlets are the most promising formulations in terms of increasing contact time with the oesophageal mucosa, which could translate into improved therapeutic efficacy in this patient population.

Effect of Fucoidan on Conformation of Xanthan Gum and Its Tribo-Rheological Properties.

This study sought to explore the rheological and tribological properties of fucoidan-xanthan gum (XG) mixtures at different fucoidan concentrations. A conformational transition of XG from disordered to ordered forms was observed with an increasing fucoidan concentration, as determined by intrinsic viscosity measurements and Fourier transform infrared analysis. All mixtures exhibited non-Newtonian flow behavior with the yield stress. The mixture sample with 0.5% fucoidan displayed higher apparent viscosity at 100 s-1, yield stress, and viscoelastic moduli values than XG alone, suggesting viscoelastic synergism between the two biopolymers. However, these values exhibited a decreasing trend with higher fucoidan concentrations (0.5-2.0%), indicating a nullification of synergism. While XG alone exhibited antithixotropic behavior, fucoidan-XG mixtures showed thixotropic behavior, most pronounced at 1.0% fucoidan. A decreasing trend was observed in the maximum friction coefficient as the fucoidan concentration increased, indicating better lubricant properties. Collectively, our findings may enable widespread adoption and application of fucoidan in various industries.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Xanthan Gum Biopolymer as a Soil Stabiliser

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Xanthan Gum Biopolymer as a Soil Stabiliser

Development and Evaluation of the Acaricidal Activity of Xantan Gum-Based Hydrogel and Polymeric Nanoparticles Containing Achyrocline satureioides Extract.

The Rhipicephalus microplus tick causes enormous economic losses in livestock farming around the world. Despite several promising studies carried out with plant extracts such as Achyrocline satureioides against this ectoparasite, a major obstacle is related to pharmaceutical presentation forms. There is no study showing xantan gum-based hydrogel and polycaprolactone nanoparticles containing A. satureioides extract against R. microplus larvae. The objective of this study was to incorporate A. satureioides extract to develop a nanoformulation (AScn) and a hydrogel (ASlh) and evaluate them against R. microplus larvae with the purpose of increasing the contact time of the extract with the larvae and improve the effectiveness. The ethanolic extracts were incorporated in polycaprolactone nanoparticles and characterized via analysis of the mean hydrodinamic diameter and polidispersity index. The xanthan gum-based hydrogel formulation was prepared with crude extract of A. satureioides 40 mg/mL, 0.25% xanthan gum, and 8% poloxamer, to determine the bioadhesiveness of the formulation in bovine leather and the flow rate of the formulation in the animal. The results in larvae demonstrated that when evaluated in the form of a hydrogel (ASlh), mortality was higher, with 91.48% mortality at a concentration of 20 mg/mL presenting itself as an interesting alternative for controlling this ectoparasite.

Green synthesis of multifunctional responsive hydrogel embedded with silver, based on xanthan gum, N-isopropylacrylamide, vinyl imidazole, and Luffa cylindrica for wound healing

In this study, a pH- and temperature-responsive smart hydrogel was developed by utilizing Xanthan Gum (XG), N-Isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), Vinyl Imidazole (VI), and Luffa cylindrical (LC). Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs) were created using free radical polymerization with N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as the cross-linker and ammonium persulfate (APS) as the initiator. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized within semi-IPN hydrogel network structures to impart antibacterial properties. Malva sylvestris (MS) aqueous leaf extract was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the green synthesis of the AgNPs. The semi-IPN hydrogels exhibited pH- and temperature-responsive swelling behavior, which also enabled the controlled release of the drug. After 11 h, the cumulative release reached approximately 73% at pH 7.2 and 87% at pH 8.3. Additionally, the sustained release mechanism of the Trimethoprim drug was described using the Korsmeyer-Peppas model and was governed by Fickian diffusion. The drug-loaded semi-IPN@Ag nanocomposite hydrogel has demonstrated effective antibacterial activity against various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, indicating its promising potential as a wound dressing material for reducing infection risk.

Design of Aerated Oleogel-Hydrogel Mixtures for 3D Printing of Personalized Cannabis Edibles.

Cannabis seed oil oleogel structured with Glycerol Monostearate (20% w/w) was mixed with xanthan gum hydrogel (2% w/w) at different ratios ranging from 0% w/w hydrogel to 75% w/w hydrogel, using a syringe-to-syringe apparatus, for the preparation of 3D-printable food inks. This process enabled the simultaneous blend of oleogel and hydrogel phases and the incorporation of air in a reproducible and accurate manner. The printability of bigel inks with different mass ratios was evaluated by using a conventional benchtop food 3D printer. The printability of the inks was found to be negatively affected by the presence of higher portions of the hydrogel phase, while the printing performance of pure cannabis seed oil oleogel was superior compared to the printing performance of the bigel inks. The physicochemical properties of hybrid gels were investigated with rheological studies, thermophysical studies (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), Polarized Light Microscopy, and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. The microstructure of the aerated inks was affected by the presence of a higher oleogel fraction, in terms of air bubble shape and distribution. The addition of hydrogel at concentrations higher than 50% w/w had a strong negative effect on the mechanical properties of the inks leading to a partial collapse of the printed structures and subsequently to poor printing performance.

Hydrophobic association hydrogel with toughness, high stretch, and sensitivity for flexible sensing

AbstractPolypyrrole (PPy), as a highly conductive polymer, is limited in application due to the difficulty of uniform dispersion in hydrogels. To improve the compatibility of PPy with hydrogels, xanthan gum (XG) is employed as an emulsifier to homogeneously disperse pyrrole (Py) in water. XG is used as a template for in situ polymerization, and PPy is coated on XG to form nanoparticles (PX) with a core‐shell structure, enabling the nanoparticles to be dispersed uniformly in water for a long time. PX nanoparticles are combined with pure hydrophobic association hydrogel (HA) to form a HA/PX nanocomposite hydrogel. The HA/PX2% nanocomposite hydrogels exhibiting high toughness (equivalent to 5.1 MJ/m3) and high sensitivity (GF = 11.07 for 600%–1400% strain range) are prepared by combining dynamic hydrophobic cross‐linking sites, as well as hydrogen bonding between PX nanoparticles and the cross‐linked network. The test results show that the HA/PX nanocomposite hydrogel strain sensor has excellent strain sensing durability (800 cycles of 100% strain) and has the ability to accurately detect human joint movements for voice recognition and handwriting recognition. The nanocomposite hydrogel is a new method for the preparation of flexible electronic materials, which has great promise for application in the field of strain sensors.

Effect of shear rate, temperature, and salts on the viscosity and viscoelasticity of semi‐dilute and entangled xanthan gum

AbstractXanthan gum, a naturally‐occurring, high‐molecular‐weight, anionic polyelectrolyte, exhibits significant drag‐reducing properties at low concentrations in water, suggesting promising applications in geothermal networks. The flow behavior of xanthan solutions are explored, specifically at concentrations in the semi‐dilute (1000 ppm by mass) and entangled (4000 ppm) regimes as well as in both water and various salt solutions across a temperature range of 5–85°C. The viscosity and viscoelastic properties of xanthan solutions examine relationships between polyelectrolyte concentration, temperature, and salt concentration. Viscosity decreases by two orders of magnitude in 4000 ppm xanthan solutions in deionized water and with 50 mM NaCl (in the high salt limit) as the temperature increases from 5 to 85°C. Next, the addition of salts affects viscosity differently in the two concentration regimes. Specifically, at 25°C, the zero‐shear rate viscosity upon salt addition decreases by 63% for 1000 ppm solutions (from 0.54 to 0.2 Pa s) but increases by 280% for 4000 ppm solutions (from 28 to 107 Pa s). At 1000 ppm, salt ions cause chain collapse, reducing viscosity; At 4000 ppm, entanglements led to structural changes, resulting in higher viscosity. Furthermore, three salts commonly found in geothermal waters, namely NaCl, Na2CO3, and NaHCO3, exhibited similar changes in viscosity and shear thinning behavior in the entangled regime across temperatures from 5 to 85°C.

Microbial Polysaccharides as Functional Components of Packaging and Drug Delivery Applications.

This review examines microbial polysaccharides' properties relevant to their use in packaging and pharmaceutical applications. Microbial polysaccharides are produced by enzymes found in the cell walls of microbes. Xanthan gum, curdlan gum, pullulan, and bacterial cellulose are high-molecular-weight substances consisting of sugar residues linked by glycoside bonds. These polysaccharides have linear or highly branched molecular structures. Packaging based on microbial polysaccharides is readily biodegradable and can be considered as a renewable energy source with the potential to reduce environmental impact. In addition, microbial polysaccharides have antioxidant and prebiotic properties. The physico-chemical properties of microbial polysaccharide-based films, including tensile strength and elongation at break, are also evaluated. These materials' potential as multifunctional packaging solutions in the food industry is demonstrated. In addition, their possible use in medicine as a drug delivery system is also considered.

Pepgen-P15 delivery to bone: A novel 3D printed scaffold for enhanced bone regeneration

Pepgen-P15 is a combination of an organic hydroxyapatite matrix derived from bovine sources, combined with a synthetic peptide known as P-15. The interaction between α2β1 integrin and the P15 chain triggers both intracellular and extracellular signaling pathways, resulting in the production of growth factors. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has recently emerged as an innovative strategy for developing personalized therapies in bone tissue regeneration. In this research, various ratios of calcium magnesium silicate (bredigite) nanoparticles were used to modify 3D printed scaffolds made of xanthan gum and polycaprolactone (PCL) via fused deposition modeling (FDM). Scaffolds were subsequently treated with an alkaline solution, covered with graphene oxide, and finally, Pepgen-P15 was applied. the effects of xanthan gum were assessed using swellability and contact angle tests. The results indicated that, the prepared scaffolds exhibited suitable degradation rates, mechanical characteristics, and apatite formation. Alizarin red and alkaline phosphatase assays were also conducted to evaluate the scaffolds’ effectiveness in promoting bone cell differentiation during cell culture. Furthermore, the surface of the scaffold was examined to determine the amount of Pepgen-P15 loaded and released. According to the findings, the scaffold composed of 20 % bredigite and 0.3 % graphene oxide, coated with Pepgen-P15, demonstrate optimal mechanical properties, cell adherence, development, and proliferation. Typically, it is a good candidate for use in bone tissue engineering.

Effect of food hydrocolloids on 3D meat-analog printing and deep-fat-frying

Three-dimensional (3D) printing of food product is an emerging technology. This study investigated the effects of hydrocolloid addition on 3D printing of plant-protein based meat-analogs. Meat-analog inks were formulated with soy protein isolate, gluten, canola oil, and water. Hydrocolloids (xanthan gum, pectin, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, guar gum, locust bean gum) were added to meat-analogs formulation. The influence of hydrocolloid addition and deep-fat-frying on 3D printing process parameters, thermal, structural, and physicochemical properties of meat-analogs, were investigated. Formulated inks were used to create a specific 3D cylindrical model geometry and the printed structure were subjected to deep-fat-frying (at 180 °C, 90sec) in canola oil. Results showed that the meat-analog ink's viscosity (3871–5482 Pa s), 3D printing rate (0.34–0.39 g s−1), printing error (2.51–10.37%), printing precision (81.97–97.27%), dimensional stability (91.22–98.61%), and cooking loss (5.69–14.23%) were significantly (p < 0.05) impacted by the incorporation of hydrocolloid. Moisture-fat profile of uncooked 3D printed meat-analogs were identical, however, differences in color attributes (L∗, a∗, b∗) among the hydrocolloids added samples were observed. Moisture, fat, and color traits of 3D printed meat-analogs were substantially impacted by deep-fat-frying. During deep-fat-frying, the loss of moisture, absorption of fat, and changes in color attributes were associated with the types of hydrocolloids incorporated in formulating the meat-analog's ink. Overall, surface's structure, chemical profile, and glass-transition-temperature of 3D printed deep-fat-fried meat-analogs were extremely impacted by the addition of hydrocolloids as well as by the types of used hydrocolloids in meat-analog ink.