X-ray Fluorescence Instrument Research Articles

A multi-environmental source approach to explore associations between metals exposure and olfactory identification among school-age children residing in northern Italy.

Metal exposures can adversely impact olfactory function. Few studies have examined this association in children. Further, metal exposure occurs as a mixture, yet previous studies of metal-associated olfactory dysfunction only examined individual metals. Preventing olfactory dysfunctions can improve quality of life and prevent neurodegenerative diseases with long-term health implications. We aimed to test the association between exposure to a mixture of 12 metals measured in environmental sources and olfactory function among children and adolescents residing in the industrialized province of Brescia, Italy. We enrolled 130 children between 6 and 13 years old (51.5% females) and used the "Sniffin' Sticks" test to measure olfactory performance in identifying smells. We used a portable X-ray fluorescence instrument to determine concentrations of metals (arsenic (As), calcium, cadmium (Cd), chromium, copper, iron, manganese, lead (Pb), antimony, titanium, vanadium and zinc) in outdoor and indoor deposited dust and soil samples collected from participants' households. We used an extension of weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression to test the association between exposure to metal mixtures in multiple environmental media and olfactory function adjusting for age, sex, socio-economic status, intelligence quotient and parents' smoking status. A higher multi-source mixture was significantly associated with a reduced Sniffin' Sticks identification score (β = -0.228; 95% CI -0.433, -0.020). Indoor dust concentrations of Pb, Cd and As provided the strongest contributions to this association (13.8%, 13.3% and 10.1%, respectively). The metal mixture in indoor dust contributed more (for 8 metals out of 12) to the association between metals and olfactory function compared to soil or outdoor dust. Among a mixture of 12 metals measured in three different environmental sources (soil, outdoor and indoor dust), we identified Pb, Cd and As measured in indoor dust as the main contributors to reduced olfactory function in children and adolescents residing in an industrialized area. Exposure to indoor pollution can be effectively reduced through individual and public health interventions allowing to prevent the deterioration of olfactory functions. Moreover, the identification of the factors that can deteriorate olfactory functions can be a helpful instrument to improve quality of life and prevent neurodegenerative diseases as long-term health implications.

Application of handheld/portable spectroscopic tools to the identification, inner stratigraphy and mapping of archaeological metal artefacts

Field handheld/portable instrumentations, such as in-situ geochemical analyzers, have the potential to assist efficiently targeted geochemical archaeometry campaigns in detecting and quantifying specific elements. Non-destructive portable energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence and micro-destructive handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrumentation were utilized to investigate the elemental composition, internal stratigraphy by depth profiling and microscale compositional mapping of five copper and two iron alloy artefacts collected from various ancient graves in the Minervino Murge area, Apulia, Italy. The primary elements identified by both techniques included Cu, Sn and Pb in copper alloys, and Fe with minor amounts of Cu and Pb in iron alloys. Furthermore, the elements Al, Ca, Si, Mg, Na and K, mostly originated from soil contamination, and the trace elements Sb, Ni and Zn were detected. The satisfactory performance of both techniques was assessed by their capacity to provide reproducible elemental composition data. Finally, the depth profile and mapping achieved by LIBS contributed to understanding the metal processing and history of the objects studied, so confirming both techniques to be robust analytical tools in outdoor archaeology and archaeometry campaigns.

X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Historic Art Paint Pigments

X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Historic Art Paint Pigments

Accumulation, Bioavailability, and Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Some Plants Obtained from Abu-Ghraib Land, Baghdad, Iraq

The study of the distribution of major oxides and heavy metals in some plants collecting and analyzing eighteen plant samples of vegetables including carrot, onion, eggplant, cucumber, and okra obtained from Abu Ghraib land located about 20 km west of Baghdad, Iraq. Eighteen plant samples of vegetables,.Heavy metals can have a severe impact if released into the environment, even in trace quantities. These can enter the food chain from aquatic and agricultural ecosystems and indirectly threaten human health.. Trace elements and oxides of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Th, U, V, and Zn were measured in plant samples using an X-Ray Fluorescence Instrument (XRF). TEs analyses of vegetables were performed in the Iraqi German Laboratory in the Department of Geology, University of Baghdad. The results of XRF indicated that the highest Mean ± SD concentrations of As, Cr, Mo, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, V and Zn were 5.24 ± 1.846, 229.436 ± 53.598, 12.97 ± 3.95, 69.128 ± 60.577, 87.14 ± 56.711, 18.826 ± 7.572, 0.5 ± 0, 88.506 ± 5.902 and 236.25 ± 227.55 ppm in carrot. Eggplant exhibited the highest concentration of Mn and U, which was 56.923 ± 39.584 and 1.76 ± 1.81 ppm, respectively. However, the total hazard quotient (THQ) of the investigated elements indicated that their levels have no potential to cause a risk to consumers’ health, except Cr (THQ >1), which was higher in all plant samples. This study suggests the safety of vegetables (carrot, onion, eggplant, cucumber, and okra) harvested from farms in Abu-Ghraib, Baghdad, and their low risk of inducing serious health events and raises a concern of the elevated levels of Cr, which necessitate innovative methods to decrease its risk.

Development of a novel X-ray fluorescence instrument equipped with a noble gas filter.

In X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, which has been used to analyze elements in various samples, it is important to decrease the background (BG) intensity. Generally, BG signals are reduced by inserting metal foils of various types and thicknesses between the X-ray tube and sample as primary X-ray filters. In this study, we developed a unique gas filter-XRF (GF-XRF) instrument to easily reduce the BG effect by changing the pressure of the gas to ensure that the absorption edge of the gas element is slightly lower than the energy of the XRF peak of the target element. The advantage of using a gas is that the gas pressure can be altered easily. To evaluate the performance of this instrument, Ti and Zr were selected as target elements, and Ar and Kr were selected as the filtering gases. When the XRF spectra of the Ti sample were recorded using the Ar gas filter, as the Ar gas pressure increased, the background signal in the energy region of the Ti Kα peak decreased, resulting in an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of that peak. When the Kr gas filter was used, both the SNR and the minimum detection limit of Zr improved. These results demonstrate that the unique GF-XRF instrument is useful for high-sensitivity analyses.

Evaluating IMPROVE PM2.5 element measurements

ABSTRACT The Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network has collected airborne particulate matter (PM) samples at locations throughout the United States since 1988 and provided chemical speciation measurements on the samples using several techniques including X-ray fluorescence (XRF). New XRF instruments for measuring PM elemental content of IMPROVE samples were introduced in 2011. To evaluate the performance of these new instruments relative to the old instruments, archived sample from three IMPROVE monitoring sites were retrieved and analyzed on the new instruments. The agreement between the two instruments varied by element. Comparisons of the results were very good (slopes within 10% of unity) for most elements regularly measured well above the detection limits (sulfur, chlorine, potassium, titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, selenium, lead). Different particle compositions at the three sites highlighted different measurement interferences. High sea salt concentrations at the coastal site emphasized corrections applied in the old systems to light elements – sodium and magnesium – and resulted in poor agreement for these elements. Comparisons of the XRF measurements with collocated sulfate measurements by ion chromatography suggest that sulfur measurements from the new instruments are more precise but slight underestimates. Comparing elemental ratios to expected ratios for soil-derived PM demonstrate the new instruments are better at resolving the aluminum and silicon peaks. Implications: The presented work represents a comprehensive analysis of the method change enacted within the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) air monitoring network. This work describes the implications of the last change in elemental quantification methodology. The most important point for data users performing longitudinal analyses is that light elements (e.g., sodium – sulfur) were affected; the old instrumentation overestimated these elements while the current measurements are slightly underestimated. The authors recommend these results to be taken into consideration when interpreting sea salt and crustal sources of atmospheric dust.

Characterisation of Ground Coal Bottom Ash With Different Grinding Times

The physical and chemical composition of Ground Coal Bottom Ash (GCBA) exposed to varying grinding periods is discussed in this article. CBA was pulverised for 20 hours, 30 hours, and 40 hours in a ball mill machine. Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) instrument were used to characterise GCBA. According to the results of the tests, GCBA with a grinding duration of 40 hours generates the largest percentage of the finest particle (50-1000 nm) at 4%, the specific surface area is 13528.18 cm2/cm3, and the specific gravity (SG) is 2.54. According to the XRF results, there are no significant variations in the chemical compositions of the CBA with varying grinding periods. At 20, 30, and 40 hours grinding time, the primary oxide element for SiO2 is 51.5%, 53.8%, and 52.3%, while Al2O3 is 14.3%, 15.1%, and 14.6%, and Fe2O3 is 5.08%, 5.27%, and 5.07% respectively. The sum of three primary oxide constituents surpasses the 70% ASTM C618 limit for pozzolanic material Class F fly ash.

Utilization of chemostratigraphy to the subregional scale correlation of Permo–Carboniferous sediments, eastern Saudi Arabia

The following chemostratigraphy study was completed on the Permo–Carboniferous Unayzah Group in Eastern Saudi Arabia. The aim of the study was to determine whether the technique could be used to identify formation and member boundaries on a subregional scale, with the area extending for c. 550 km in a NW–SE direction and 350 km NE–SW. A total of 30 375 core and cuttings samples were analysed from 225 wells using ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) and XRF (X-ray Fluorescence) instruments, with data acquired for 42–53 elements for each sample in the range Na-U in the periodic table. Of these, details of 14 wells are discussed in the present work. Based on variations in Zr/Ti, Zr/U, Zr/Y, Y/U, U/Th, Gd/Zr, Nb/Yb and Nb/Th it is possible to identify a hierarchical order of one zone, four subzones and five divisions, these chemozones being correlative on a subregional scale. By comparing geochemical, biostratigraphic, sedimentological and wireline log data in selected reference wells, it was possible to relate chemozones to particular members of the Unayzah Group. The differences in geochemistry between these chemozones/members is largely explained by changes in provenance, though depositional environment may have exerted at least some influence.

Obsidian production strategies at Kendale Hecala during the Neolithic and Ubaid periods

This study represents the geochemical characterization of obsidian artifacts from Kendale Hecala to understand the nature of obsidian chaîne opératoire during the Pottery Neolithic and Ubaid 4–3/Early Chalcolithic periods in the Upper Tigris region. Elemental characterization of 292 obsidian artifacts using a handheld portable X-ray Fluorescence instrument along with the techno-typological analysis indicates different production patterns for the sources exploited at the settlement, including Bingöl A, Nemrut Dağ, Bingöl B, Group 3d, Sarıkamış, and Meydan Dağ. The change in the obsidian use observed by the number and the weight per source reflects no significant differences in source diversity; however, the relative proportion of each source changes. Even though Bingöl A remains the dominant source throughout time, the techno-typological analysis based on weighted frequency per compositional group by categories shows a preferential utilization of obsidian sources. The results of the study suggest alternative acquisition models for different sources and two possible routes for obsidian transportation to the site.

Assessment of heavy radionuclides in blood samples for workers of a cement factory by X-ray fluorescence

The main goal of this study is to determine the concentration of heavy elements (Pb, Cd, and Ni) in blood samples for use in a cement plant in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq. Measurement and analysis of heavy elements in blood samples were performed using the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique.The result shows that the heavy component (Pb, Cd, and Ni) for the worker group is higher than the control group. Average concentrations of (Pb, Cd, and Ni) in workers' blood samples (12.32 ± 3.12 ppm, 3.57 ± 0.95 ppm, and 4.95 ± 1.24 ppm) respectively. Heavy metals are metals that do not readily break down and therefore accumulate in vital human organs. This condition results in variable degrees of disease as a function of acute and chronic exposure, which the possibility of lung cancer. The sensitivity range of the X-Ray Fluorescence instrument is 97%.The average value of the heavy element in workers' blood samples increased as the number of years of work increased. However, the mean heavy element levels in the blood samples of smokers and non-smokers were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).

In Situ Investigation of the Medieval Copper Alloy Door in Troia (Southern Italy)

This work describes experimental results concerning the chemical composition of the alloy patina and inlays from the medieval copper alloy door of the cathedral of Troia (southern Italy), dating back to 1127 CE. The analyses were conducted in situ with no sampling or sample preparation required, using a portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) instrument. The compositional results show that the two door leaves were made using a binary alloy of copper and lead, while the nails, lion protomes, and handles have a different chemical composition. Moreover, the analyses revealed uniform concentrations of chlorine, probably due to cleaning treatments during the restoration. It is important to emphasise that the obtained results are the only ones related to this valuable masterpiece analysed.

Non-Invasive On-Site pXRF Analysis of Coloring Agents of Under- and Over-Glazes: Variability and Representativity of Measurements on Porcelain

The study of rare objects requires the use of mobile non-invasive methods such as a portable X-ray fluorescence instrument (pXRF), but this involves an analysis from the outer surface, while the depth analyzed depends on the element measured and, in addition, the material can be very heterogeneous at different scales. The concept of elemental composition, therefore, has no “absolute” meaning for painted enamel decorations. This work evaluates this concept by comparing the pXRF measurements made with different configuration procedures, allowing to evaluate the consequences on the variability of the XRF signals, and discusses the contents of certain chemical elements. For this, two shards from the Qianlong period are analyzed, a shard of blue and white (underglazed) porcelain and a fragment of an ‘imperial’ bowl with painted enamel decoration (huafalang). The variability of measurements is compared for visually appearing homogeneous or heterogeneous areas.

Heavy metals concentration, pollution indexes, and health risk assessment of urban road dust in the historical center of Havana, Cuba

In recent years, the historical center of Old Havana has been under a serious restoration movement which could increase the heavy metal concentrations in street dusts and thus severely impact humans in the area. Therefore, the aim of this work is to study the heavy metal concentrations, pollution indexes, and health risk assessment of urban road dusts from the city in order to assess if this restoration movement is harmful to the citizens and visitors. Street road dust samples were collected at 33 stations for the determination of some heavy metals (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb) concentrations using an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instrument. The mean concentration values of the elements Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb were 7.0mg.kg-1, 60.6mg.kg-1, 73.6mg.kg-1, 548.7mg.kg-1, and 60.8mg.kg-1, respectively. Zn and Pb showed higher values of the background. The study of the enrichment factor (EF), the pollution index (IP), and the integral pollution index (IPI) showed some stations with high values of contamination near construction places. Zn was identified as the major pollutant and correlated to the biggest construction places of the municipality at that moment. However, the hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR) values do not show the risk of getting non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic diseases associated with the analyzed pollutants. Therefore, it was safely concluded that the big reconstruction movement does not represent a health problem.

Maya molded-carved ceramics as boundary objects: Terminal classic ceramic production and the forging of political relations in the mopan valley of Guatemala

• Terminal Classic period Mopan Valley potters produced a range of decorated serving vessels including ‘Ahk’ utu’ Molded-carved, Portia Molded-carved, and Local Fine Orange ceramics. • In addition to producing their own ceramics, inhabitants of the middle Mopan Valley sites of Ucanal, La Blanca, and Calzada Mopan had access to ceramics produced in or close to the Upper Belize Valley, the Holmul River, and the Usumacinta River region, underscoring their diverse social and political relationships throughout the Southern Maya Lowlands. • Microphotography and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analyses of ceramic pastes complement visual typology studies to provide a more holistic perspective of archaeological ceramics that can address both different and overlapping pottery communities of practice. • We find that Terminal Classic polities often shared in an overlapping network of ceramic production and gift exchange that bridged different political communities, a pattern that contrasted with the most elaborate polychrome ceramic traditions of the earlier Late Classic period, which were more highly controlled and circumscribed in nature. Fine Orange ceramics, speciality serving wares of the Terminal Classic (ca. A.D. 810–950/1000) in the Maya area, have long been implicated in the identification of changing political and social relationships. Some previously subordinate political centers thrived during this time as many of the dominant Classic polities were embroiled in crises and reductions in their populations. This paper examines molded-carved Fine Orange and “imitation” Fine Orange ceramics from a trio of closely-located sites that prospered during the Terminal Classic period: Ucanal, La Blanca, and Calzada Mopan in the middle Mopan Valley in Petén, Guatemala. Chemical paste analyses using a portable X-ray fluorescence instrument, microphotography, and traditional Ware-Type-Variety analyses reveal that potters in this region did not blindly imitate Fine Orange ceramics, but picked and chose techniques and designs that drew from multiple communities of practice. Furthermore, these sites had access to decorative serving vessels that were produced in multiple regions throughout the Southern Maya Lowlands, placing them at an important nexus of political, economic, and social interaction. We argue that molded-carved and other decorated ceramics served as boundary objects, which articulated different pottery producing communities and forged marriage and political ties between different polities in a new decentralized political landscape.

An Archaeometric Investigation into the Former Cataract House Hotel via Elemental Analysis

Over the course of the 19th century, the former Cataract House Hotel of Niagara Falls, New York, became one of the largest hotels in the region while also serving as an important “station” on the Underground Railroad. A park now occupies the area covering its demolished ruins. Since 2017, archaeological excavations of the site have taken place, led by the Anthropology Department at SUNY Buffalo. Although much is known about the overall design of the Cataract House Hotel, a clearer understanding of its construction phases, as well as its role in the Underground Railroad, could be determined from spectroscopic analysis in tandem with ongoing archaeological investigations. In 2022, in situ data collection was performed on plaster walls at the excavation site using a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) instrument. These elemental data were used in conjunction with archaeological information to form conclusions regarding different construction phases of the hotel. Samples of plaster walls were also collected for further ex situ analyses with pXRF and portable laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (pLIBS) in a laboratory setting. Future work will include data collection and analysis by additional spectroscopic methods of other artifacts collected at the site, such as pigment samples removed from an unearthed stone step.

Tool for similarity identification of rapakivi granites in heritage buildings

• Building stone similarity to quarry rocks can be evaluated using in-situ measurements. • The similarity evaluation is made based on a specific chemical stone fingerprint. • Chemical fingerprint is developed using multivariate statistical analysis. • SIMCA and NBC are appropriate to evaluate the building-to-quarry stone similarity. The similarity of quarry stone with rapakivi stone of two buildings was assessed based on a 9-element fingerprint. The aim of the present case study was to assess the similarity between stones in buildings: the Kotka City Hall and the Orthodox Church of Kotka, and rocks in three Finnish quarries: Heponiemi, Jumalniemi and Metsola. Similarity assessment of building stones is necessary for effective and aesthetically-appropriate reconstruction. In the case of old buildings with stones of unknown origin, data on stone source quarries may have been lost over time. The present tool proposes a methodology to determine the most similar-to-the-origin stone and quarry for use in cultural heritage restoration . The tool in this study utilizes in-situ chemical analyses of the rock surface measured using a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instrument together with modelling of the stone using multivariate statistical approaches (modified Soft Independent Modelling by Class Analogy , SIMCA) and machine learning ( Naive Bayes Classification , NBC) to determine the fingerprint of the stone in the building and assess its similarity to quarry rock data. The proposed methodology for identification of stone origin was utilised in a case study of rapakivi from the Kotka area in Finland.

A multi-environmental media approach to explore the association between metal exposure and the ability to identify smells among school-age children residing in Northern Italy

BACKGROUND AND AIM Inhalation of airborne particles can lead to olfactory dysfunction. We aimed to test the association between the exposure to a mixture of 12 metals measured in three environmental media and olfactory function among children and adolescents residing at different distances from ferromanganese alloy plants in the province of Brescia, Italy. METHODS We enrolled 130 children between 6 and 13 years old (51.5% females) residing in Valcamonica and Bagnolo Mella, respectively. The Burghart "Sniffin` Sticks” test was used to investigate olfactory performance in identifying smells. Metal concentrations in soil, indoor, and outdoor deposited dust samples from the subjects’ households were analyzed with a portable X-ray fluorescence instrument. A Multi Environmental Media (MEM) Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression for count data was applied to test for the association between the exposure to metals and child olfactory function. All models were adjusted by age, sex, socio-economic status, area of residence, intelligence quotient, BMI and passive smoking. RESULTS The metal mixture was negatively associated with the identification score (=-0.229; 95%CI -0.439, -0.018). Cadmium (17.0%), iron (13.0%), lead (11.5%) and arsenic (8.5%) provided the strongest contribution to the association. Indoor dust resulted as the environmental media with the strongest contribution to the association with olfactory function for most of the elements considered in the mixture. CONCLUSIONS We identified metal concentrations in indoor dust as a risk factor for olfactory dysfunction in children and adolescents residing close to ferroalloy plants. Indoor pollution can be improved through public health interventions; moreover, the identification of the factors that can deteriorate olfactory functions can also prevent neurodegenerative disease. KEYWORDS Environmental exposure; olfactory function; metal exposure; soil; outdoor dust; indoor dust.

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for environmental analysis: Basic principles, instrumentation, applications and recent trends

In recent years, the conceptual advancement on green analytical chemistry (GAC) has moved in parallel with efforts to incorporate new screening or quantitative low-cost analytical tools to solve analytical problems. In this sense, the role of solid state techniques that allow the non-invasive analysis (or with a minimum sample treatment) of solid samples cannot be neglected. This review describes the basic principles, instrumentation and advances in the application of X-ray fluorescence instrumentation to the environmental sciences research topics, published between 2006 and 2020. Obviously, and because of the enormous number of works that can be found in the literature, it is not possible to exhaustively cover all published articles and the diversity of topics related to the environment in which a solid state technique like XRF has been applied successfully. It is a question of making a compilation of the instrumentation in use, the significant advances in XRF spectrometry and sample treatment strategies to highlight the potential of its implementation for environmental assessment.

Lead and other toxic metals in plastic play foods: Results from testing citizen science, lead detection tools in childcare settings

A method development pilot study examining citizen science tools for assessing lead in childcare settings identified plastic food toys as an unexpected potential source of lead and arsenic. Collaborating researchers at three universities sought to develop a low cost, replicable approach for use in childcare centers to identify lead. Through graduate Environmental Health courses at Northeastern and Boston Universities, 197 Plastic Food Toys (PFTs) used in a childcare center were tested for lead using a portable X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) instrument and a colorimetric wipe method for detecting surface lead. The XRF identified concerning levels of lead and co-occurring arsenic in PFTs. The XRF analysis found 8.63% (17/197) of PFTs from the childcare center contained more than 100.00 ppm of lead, the U.S. Consumer Protection Safety Commission's (CPSC) upper regulatory threshold for lead in childrens' products. However, wipes did not detect removable surface lead. Lead concentrations ranged from 6.14 ppm to 11,999.00 ppm with a median of 40.00 ppm. Additionally, 7.10% of all PFTs tested had detectable levels of arsenic which ranged from 9.30 ppm to 1134.42 ppm and had a median value of 113.20 ppm. Arsenic concentrations in 6.60% of PFTs' exceeded the US voluntary standard for arsenic in children's products of 25.00 ppm (adopted from the EU standard). These findings prompted further sampling of similar newly-purchased PFTs. None of the newly-purchased PFTs tested positive for lead or arsenic (0/87). Several other elements were also identified, particularly in the used PFTs. Because these food-like toys are frequently put in children's mouths, we recommend further investigation of PFTs in circulation via citizen science combining the wipe and XRF method as they provide immediate data to participants. Additionally, CPSC should consider a systematic recall of some used PFTs to prevent exposure disparities by socio-economic status and increased surveillance for other toxic metals in new PFTs.

Determination of Calcium Levels with XRF and Literature Review of its Bioavailability in Vitro of Dahlia Tubers Syrop (Dahlia Pinnata Cav.)

Calcium bioavailability (Ca) states the ratio of available calcium to the amount of calcium consumed during metabolic processes. The bioavailability of Ca is calculated by the difference between the amount of Ca in the consumed food product and the excreted feces. In this research, calcium can be obtained from dahlia tuber syrup (Dahlia pinnata Cav.). The purpose of this study was to discuss the determination of Ca levels and a literature review of the Ca bioavailability of dahlia tuber syrup (Dahlia pinnata Cav.) in vitro. The content of Ca in dahlia tubers was determined experimentally using an XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) instrument. The bioavailability of Ca was determined by predicting the ratio of inulin and Ca content. The results showed that the Ca content of dahlia tuber syrup was 197,57 ppm. The bioavailability of Ca in dahlia tuber syrup in vitro was predicted from a relatively high ratio of inulin content of around 65-86% and FOS levels from hydrolysis of 5% dahlia tuber inulin about 15,41-29,38% or an average of 22,395%, on Ca levels is 81,46-85,33%. The results of the study on the bioavailability of Ca in dahlia tuber syrup (Dahlia pinnata Cav.) have a fairly high level. The high bioavailability of Ca can increase calcium absorption in the body and have health effects, among others, for heart and bone health.