X-ray Emission Spectrography Research Articles

Characterization and composition of uroliths from domestic fowl.

Urolithiasis (kidney stone formation) is an acquired degenerative kidney lesion affecting sexually mature and immature domestic fowl. For the present study, uroliths were collected from three commercial flocks during outbreaks of urolithiasis. Uroliths also were collected from a research flock in which urolithiasis was induced by feeding immature chickens a diet formulated to contain excess calcium (3.25% Ca) and .4% available phosphorus. All uroliths were tested by x-ray diffractometry, infrared spectrophotometry, and emission spectrography. With one exception, the stones were composed of compact masses of microcrystalline to fine pleomorphic crystals of calcium sodium urate, with random substitution of magnesium for calcium, and potassium for sodium. No initiating nidus was evident. One of four stones from one laying hen flock was positively identified as an ammonium acid (hydrogen) urate. The unique calcium-sodium-urate stone composition in all but one of the stones tested suggests that similar processes were involved in stone formation in the four different flocks.

An investigation on the formation of metal-like compounds in the diffusion layer obtained during simultaneous multicomponent saturation of iron (Armco) with boron and zirconium

The structure, thickness and microhardness of the diffusion layer obtained during solid phase saturation of iron (Armco) with ZrB 2 using various activators were studied. Monoclinic ZrO 2 and Fe 2B with zirconium doping were established by X-ray phase analysis. The diffusion mobilities of zirconium and boron, together with the increases in their amounts in the layer, were studied by X-ray microprobe analysis, emission spectrography and metallographic analysis. The grain size of the surface layer was established by scanning electron microscopy. The activation energy of the process was calculated. On the basis of thermodynamic calculations, a probable mechanism of formation of metal-like compounds in the diffusion layer in the presence of a given activator is proposed. It was established that during the heat treatment the system became heterogeneous and that transfer of the components took place with the participation of gaseous carriers and a liquid phase.

Treatment of a Salt Impregnated Woodcut by E.L. Kirchner

This paper describes the examination and subsequent treatment of junkernboden, a woodcut printed in black and executed by E.L. Kirchner. The extremely deteriorated paper was permeated with a crystalline substance. The first phase of the project was to determine the composition of the crystalline material and the cause of the general deterioration of the paper. Use of the analytical methods X-ray diffractometry, polarizing microscopy, and emission spectrography yielded the information that sodium chloride crystals were present throughout the sheet. Several theories of their origin are discussed.The second aspect of the project was to devise a conservation treatment which would return the print to exhibitable condition. The method selected was to extract the sodium chloride crystals with wet blotters and then to line the weakened paper with Japanese tissue. The print was matted in such a way as to provide the sheet with additional support. It is now stored with other Kirchner prints in the Print Department of the Fogg Art Museum.

Determination of strontium in ground and whole teeth by x-ray emission spectrography.

Concentrations of strontium in samples of human enamel were determined by X-ray emission spectrography and compared with analyses of the same samples by atomic absorption. The spectrographic method is a rapid, nondestructive means to determine relative concentrations of strontium in tooth tissue samples.

X-Rays and Electrons in Analytical Chemistry with Emphasis on Instrumentation (Concluded)

Considers the topics of X-ray diffraction, automation and computerization; X-ray emission spectrography; and instrumentation for electrons in analytical chemistry.

The Slope-Ratio Method of Rose and Cuttita

Rose and Cuttita found a satisfactory solution by x-ray emission spectrography to the difficult problem of determining traces of bromide in saline waters by spiking the aliquots sample with bromide prior to measuring the intensity (counts per second) of Br Kα on pellets of cellulose powder containing the spiked, dried sample. For such samples, the determination of background encounters two difficulties. Since bromide is present, the background cannot be counted directly at the wavelength of the analytical line, Br Kα. Because pronounced and unknown absorption effects by the matrix modify the intensity of the analytical line, and of the background, determining the background on suitable blanks is cumbersome. Both difficulties were resolved graphically by the slope-ratio method devised by the investigators. The objectives here are to resolve these difficulties in a different way, and to delineate the physical basis of the background problem.

Modified Micro Sample Support for X-Ray Emission Spectrography

Modified Micro Sample Support for X-Ray Emission Spectrography

Flexibility of x-ray emission spectrography as adapted to microanalysis of air pollutants.

Methods previously published by this laboratory for analyzing thin dust coatings of airborne particulates have been further evaluated, as applied to vast air pollution surveys. It was demonstrated that choice of glass fiber filters adapted to high-volume samplers restricts the analysis to a limited number of elements, such as lead. More flexibility and versatility are attained through the use of organic membrane filters mounted in small plastic monitors which permit multi-elemental analysis at least as accurately as with other popular but time-consuming techniques. These qualities of speed and accuracy allow shorter intervals of sampling which are normally required for better statistical assessment of broad air pollution surveys. Sensitivity of the technique reaches a value close to 0.05 μg/m3, while time of analysis required is about five minutes per element after receipt of the sample.

Development of an x-ray emission spectrography method for the determination of molybdenum in oils

Development of an x-ray emission spectrography method for the determination of molybdenum in oils

Forensic Optics

The uses of various optical methods in forensic science are briefly reviewed-in particular, visual examination, microscopy, x-rays and photography, x-ray diffraction, spectrophotometry, emission spectrography, and neutron activation analysis. Attention is directed to some recent developments, particularly in the methods of bloodstain examination.

Adler (I.) . X-ray Emission Spectrography in Geology (Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics, 4). Amsterdam (Elsevier), 1966. xii+258 pp., 82 figs, 4 pls. Price: 90s.

Adler (I.) . X-ray Emission Spectrography in Geology (Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics, 4). Amsterdam (Elsevier), 1966. xii+258 pp., 82 figs, 4 pls. Price: 90s.

THE Millimolar Extinction Coefficient of Cyanmethemoglobin From Direct Measurements of Hemoglobin Iron by X-ray Emission Spectrography

THE Millimolar Extinction Coefficient of Cyanmethemoglobin From Direct Measurements of Hemoglobin Iron by X-ray Emission Spectrography

Application of High-Resolution Semiconductor Detectors in X-ray Emission Spectrography

Solid-state devices developed primarily for nuclear gamma spectroscopy have many potential uses in x-ray analysis.

The inorganic constituents of human teeth and bone examined by X-ray emission spectrography

X-ray emission spectrography has been applied to study of the elemental composition of human teeth, enamel, dentine and bone. The material consisted of eight crushed teeth, enamel and dentine powder separated from eighteen teeth, and four pieces of buccal cortical mandibular bone. The teeth did not have fillings. The whole material contained nineteen elements, of which the main ones were calcium and phosphorus. In all the samples of tooth material, there were found Ca, P, Cl, Fe, Zn, Sr and K, and the bone also contained Ni. The time needed for a semiquantitative analysis compares very favourably with that needed for other methods.

Problems of Direct Determination of Trace Nickel in Oil by X-Ray Emission Spectrography.

Problems of Direct Determination of Trace Nickel in Oil by X-Ray Emission Spectrography.

The Use of X-Ray Emission Spectrography for Petroleum Product Quality and Process Control

AbstractA Norelco Autrometer (automatic multielement X-ray spectrograph) is being used by a petroleum refinery control laboratory for process control and product quality control. As many as 100 analyses covering 13 elements are run per day. Concentrations range from a few ppm to 25%.The instrument has reduced the elapsed time for many analyses from 8 hr to 5 min, made possible in many cases greater accuracy than previously used wetchemical methods, reduced laboratory manpower and increased refinery production efficiency in many instances.

Determination of Sulfur in Gasoline by X-Ray Emission Spectrography

Determination of Sulfur in Gasoline by X-Ray Emission Spectrography

X-Ray Absorption and Emission

A critical survey of selected topics such as absorption, chemical effects on x-ray spectra, x-ray emission spectrography, probes, and film thickness is joined to a fairly complete bibliography of determinations by x-ray emission spectrography. 436 references are given to U. S. and foreign reports, books, and journals published from 1951 to December 1961. One reference does, however, go as far back as 1930 and 81 of the references deal with the determination of iron by x-ray emission spectrography. A table is given of references to recent x-ray emission spectrography work on 56 elements and the rare earths. (P.C.H.)

Determination of Traces of Vanadium, Iron, and Nickel in Petroleum Oils by X-Ray Emission Spectrography

Determination of Traces of Vanadium, Iron, and Nickel in Petroleum Oils by X-Ray Emission Spectrography

The uptake of strontium and calcium from soils by grasses and legumes and the possible significance in relation to SR-90 fallout

In view of the nature of much of the evidence on which future world-wide radioactivity levels have been predicted, and also the possibility of increased bomb testing, reactor accidents, or even atomic warfare, it seemed desirable to determine if species differences existed in forage plants, such that some might take up less strontium from the soil than others. Sixteen species and strains of forage legumes and grasses were grown on three different soils, similar in texture and pH but varying in strontium and calcium content. The plant tops and the soils were analyzed for strontium and calcium. A method was developed, using X-ray emission spectrography, for the analysis of strontium. The results indicate three significant features: 1) Every legume species rakes up more strontium than any grass; 2) within either the grasses or the legumes the variation in strontium content between species and varieties is not marked; and 3) the amount of stronrium taken up is directly related to the calcium taken up. A grass diet for dairy cows has an advantage over a legume diet in that both strontium and calcium levels are lower, and a higher calcium supplement can be added to the grass diet to greatly decrease the Sr/Ca ratio before calcium toxicity results. It seems reasonable that the strontium (or Sr-90) content of milk can be reduced by a factor of about 8 when cows are fed grass supplemented with calcium.