Wutai Mountain Research Articles

A climate change from icehouse to greenhouse following Huronian glaciation: Evidence from long-term storm deposits of the Paleoproterozoic Hutuo Group in the North China Craton

The Hutuo Group was deposited from 2.14 to 2.0 Ga in Wutai Mountain, North China Craton. This group is composed of the Doucun and Dongye subgroups, which are likely contemporaneous heterotopic facies. The Hutuo Group displays well-known positive to negative drifts of inorganic carbon isotopes, large-scale stromatolitic carbonates, and red beds in epigenetic environments. Twelve storm-deposited lithofacies were identified in the Dongye Subgroup, which changes from sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones of the Qingshicun and lower Wenshan formations to carbonates of the upper Wenshan, Hebiancun, Jian’ancun, Daguanshan, Huaiyincun, Beidaxing, and Tianpengnao formations from bottom to top. The above sedimentary sequence transformation indicates a gradual transformation from terrigenous storm deposits in the Qingshicun and Wenshan formations to endogenous or mixed-source storm deposits in the Hebiancun, Jian’ancun, Daguanshan, and Huaiyincun formations. Additionally, coastal and shallow-marine storm deposits are revealed from sedimentary structures, including hummocky cross-stratification, intraclasts or boulder clays exhibiting radial or chrysanthemum-shaped stacking, and sinuous or torn stromatolites. These storm deposits, occurring with oolitic and stromatolitic carbonates of mid-low latitudes or tropical-subtropical zones, are characterized as tropical storm deposits. Based on reported ages, we propose that such tropical storms started from ca. 2.1 Ga and lasted for over 40 Myr. The long-term storm deposits indicate high temperatures and intense water circulation during the greenhouse climate. A climate change from icehouse to greenhouse is also evident by the extensive distribution of carbonates, evaporates, and organic-rich shales above the glacial diamictites in multi-cratons, and was probably driven by the transformative evolution of the atmosphere.

Differences and influencing factors of low-carbon cognition and behavior of hotel practitioners in Wutai Mountain Scenic Spot

Differences and influencing factors of low-carbon cognition and behavior of hotel practitioners in Wutai Mountain Scenic Spot

Effects of addition of Clitocybe squamulose on nutrients and formation of micro-nanoparticles in Chinese three-yellow chicken soup

Clitocybe squamulose, as a nutritious edible fungus, is widely distributed in Wutai Mountain (Shanxi, China), and is rarely used for stewing chicken soup. Here, the effects of Clitocybe squamulose addition on Chinese three-yellow chicken soup quality were analyzed. The results showed that Clitocybe squamulose addition significantly increased the contents of soluble solid matter, water-soluble protein, total sugar, 5′-GMP (guanosine-5′-monophosphate disodium salt), umami and sweet free amino acids (P < 0.05), increased the absolute value of Zeta potential, and reduced particle size of fat and protein micro-nano particles (MNPs) in chicken soup. Due to Clitocybe squamulose addition improving emulsification performance of chicken soup, MNPs became more stable and evenly dispersed. In summary, Clitocybe squamulose endowed chicken soup with higher nutritional value and improved MNPs distribution in chicken soup. Therefore, Clitocybe squamulose is an excellent natural material that can effectively improve the quality of chicken soup, exhibiting a promising application prospect.

Analysis of fire risk and fire prevention of architectural heritage: A case study of mount wutai in China

As precious historical and cultural heritages in China, ancient architecture belongs to non-renewable resources. However, in recent years, fires in ancient buildings occurred from time to time, causing irreparable losses to Chinas precious historical and cultural heritage. In order to explore the existing problems of fire safety in ancient buildings and better prevent fire accidents, this paper starts with an introduction of the structural characteristics of ancient buildings in China, and then, on the premise of combining the characteristics of geographical culture, architectural structure, and materials of Wutai Mountain temple group, the paper also analyzes the fire risk of ancient buildings. According to the practical work experience in fire protection of Mount Wutai, feasible and reasonable fire protection measures of ancient buildings are put forward, including the enhancement of fire resistance of building materials, the related equipment and system, and the safety management, so as to minimize the fire risk and fire loss and achieve the purpose of protecting gorgeous ancient building civilization.

Driving factors of community-level leaf stoichiometry patterns in a typical temperate mountain meadow ecosystem of northern China.

In ecological stoichiometry, the stoichiometry and spatial distribution of leaf carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are important research topics. Various studies have assessed leaf stoichiometry and its relationships with environmental factors at different scales. However, how the leaf carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometric characteristics of the same vegetation type at the community level vary with environmental factors along a continuous altitudinal gradient remains poorly understood. In this paper, 13 sampling sites along an altitudinal gradient of 1,800-3,011 m in a typical temperate mountain meadow ecosystem on the southern slope of the Wutai Mountain in North China were sampled to explore the response of leaf carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometric characteristics to altitude change using correlation analysis, and then quantified the contribution of driving factors using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and variation partitioning. We found that the community-level leaf stoichiometry of mountain meadows differed significantly at different altitudes, and an increase in altitude significantly decreased community-level leaf total nitrogen (LTN) and leaf total phosphorus (LTP); however, the leaf total carbon (LTC), C∶N, C∶P, and N∶P increased with an increase in altitude. Additionally, with increasing altitude, soil properties showed significant trends. Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN), soil total phosphorus (STP), soil water content and soil electrical conductivity increased significantly, but soil temperature, soil bulk density and soil pH exhibited the opposite trend. Our results suggested that altitude, soil electrical conductivity and soil bulk density significantly influenced the changes in the leaf stoichiometric characteristics, explaining 75.5% of the total variation, and altitude had the greatest influence (36.6%). In the temperate mountains, altitude played a decisive role in affecting patterns of meadow plant nutrients and stoichiometry and was more important than soil in explaining leaf C∶N∶P stoichiometry variations. Our findings provide important references to understand the responses of plant stoichiometry to altitudinal gradients.

Determining the cooling magnitude in the east of China during the Last Glacial Maximum using a degree-day model

There is a great controversy regarding the cooling magnitude and the existence of ancient glaciers during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the east of China. The cooling magnitude during the LGM can be seen as a basis for determining whether glaciers developed during the Quaternary. In this study, we chose 9 mountain areas where there are long-term meteorological records as the research sites. And there are different glacier-climate conditions at these 9 sites. The degree-day model was conducted to estimate the snow mass and the snowmelt at the altitude of the bottom of ancient cirques (snow line) based on the mean multiple-year-day temperature and mean multiple-year-day precipitation. The results showed that: (1) The altitude of the modern snow line of Tianshan Mountains was similar to the result estimated by the degree-day model, which indicated this model can be used to determine the altitude of ancient cirques, and it can also be used to calculate the cooling magnitude required to meet a condition for cirques to develop at a given altitude. (2) For the sites where ancient cirques existed in the monsoon zone, the cooling magnitude during the LGM was 6.4 °C, 6.4 °C, and 8.0 °C in Garze, Taibi Mountain, and Yu Mountain, respectively. For the site where ancient cirques existed in the non-monsoon zone, the cooling magnitude during the LGM was 3.3 °C in Tianshan Mountains. The mean cooling magnitude during the LGM was 5.9 °C in China. (3) A much greater cooling magnitude was required to develop cirques during the LGM than the average cooling magnitude of China in Huanggangliang, Wutai Mountain, Tai Mountain, Shenlongjia, and Lu Mountain. (4) The cooling magnitude was underestimated by the TraCE-21ka model compared with this study. The differences between the results from the TraCE-21ka model and this study were approximately 3.3 °C, 2.9 °C, and 5.7 °C for Garze, Taibai, and Yu Mountain, respectively, averaging 4.0 °C. (5) There was no sufficient evidence showing that the cooling magnitude during the LGM decreased with latitude.

Study on Futon Patterns in Mural of Buddhist Temple in Wutai Mountain under Digital Vision

Study on Futon Patterns in Mural of Buddhist Temple in Wutai Mountain under Digital Vision

Petrogenesis and geological implications of the ca.2520Ma gabbroic intrusions in Wutai Mountain of the North China Craton

本次研究从华北克拉通五台地区基底中识别出一套~25亿年的基性侵入体（主要为岩株）。其中，龙王堂岩株出露面积约5km²，侵入新太古界五台群台怀亚群，岩石类型主要为粗粒辉长岩。一条北东向基性岩墙侵入该岩株，岩墙边部发育明显的冷凝边，岩性为中粒辉长岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年代学分析显示龙王堂粗粒辉长岩岩株形成时代为新太古代晚期（~2520Ma），中粒辉长岩岩墙形成时代为晚三叠世（~230Ma）。锆石原位Lu-Hf同位素分析显示龙王堂岩株具有正的<i>ε</i>_Hf（<i>t</i>）值（4.75~7.95，峰值为6.3），其亏损地幔Hf模式年龄与岩浆年龄接近（<i>t</i>_DM=2.64~2.53Ga），指示龙王堂粗粒辉长岩的原始岩浆来自于亏损地幔端元。全岩主微量元素地球化学分析显示龙王堂粗粒辉长岩表现出与洋岛玄武岩（OIB）相似的地球化学特征，并经历了橄榄石和单斜辉石等的结晶分异。结合前人研究成果，本文认为龙王堂新太古代晚期辉长岩岩株与区域上绿岩带（五台群）及同时期花岗侵入体形成时代接近，可能共同指示早期地幔直接分异形成陆壳物质的过程。这可能与俯冲构造体制不同，而与地幔柱作用产生的岩浆特征更为相似。

Research on the Archaeoacoustic Simulation of Daxiong Main Halls in Chinese Buddhist Temples Through Comsol Tool

The acoustic analysis plays an irreplaceable role in obtaining information on Chinese Buddhist main halls tradition and relative practice that includes sound, deepening our comprehension of Chinese Buddhist architectural heritage. Various ceremonies and dojos constitute rich types of Buddhist main halls’ sound fields. In this paper, the indoor sound fields of four main halls in the Buddhist temples are researched and compared. This paper used Sketchup to build the models and simulate sound fields when conducting ceremonies and dojos using Comsol Multiphysics software. The four main halls are Chongshan temple main hall, Xiantong temple main hall, Shuxiang temple Manjusri hall and Bodhisattva Top main hall, which are located in separately four temples of Shanxi Wutai mountain in China. Targeting three acoustic parameters including the reverberation time(RT), the first ray arrival time(Re1first) and surface sound pressure level(SPL) distribution, we simulated the acoustic effect of the space occupancy, Buddha realm space and worship space, indicating that the acoustic wave diffusion rate was positively correlated with proportion of hall height to depth, while the first arrival time is exactly the opposite. The largest RT at 2000Hz(about 1.3s)in the shortest period for 500Hz voice was observed in the main hall of Pusa Peak, while T60 even reached 4s in Xiantong temple main hall. The acoustic wave transmission rate was positively correlated with proportion of hall’s height to depth, but the first ray arrival time was the opposite. The main hall of Pusa Peak had the shortest (0.0150s) first ray arrival time，the Shuxiang temple main hall had the longest time(0.0381s). In all the cases, appearing of the "sound shadow area" of the surface SPL distribution and the uneven sound energy distribution showed pillars in the middle space exerting significant impact on the acoustics of the Daxiong main hall.

Exploration and Thinking of Ecological Restoration Measures of Mountain Meadow in Wutai Mountain

Exploration and Thinking of Ecological Restoration Measures of Mountain Meadow in Wutai Mountain

Analysis of Public Big Data Management under Text Analysis

Based on text analysis, public big data management is studied. The public data management of Mount Wutai tourism network travel notes is discussed. The positive, neutral, and negative effects of the naive Bayesian classification model and decision tree classification model on the tourism sentiment attitude of Mount Wutai are compared. The relationship between tourism resources, tourism facilities, tourism services, tourism environment, and tourism sentiment and attitude of Wutai Mountain is analyzed. The results show that the true positive rate, true negative rate, and F-measure of the Bayesian decision tree classifier to classify positive text are 86.64%, 81.27%, and 84.62%, respectively. The true positive rate for neutral text is 82.05%, the true negative rate is 78.89%, and the F-measure is 77.11%. The true positive rate for negative text is 83.67%, the true negative rate is 98.29%, and the F-measure is 82.83%. The Bayesian decision tree classifier can evaluate positive and negative texts better than neutral texts. The true positive rate of the C4.5 decision tree classifier for positive text is 91.44%, the true negative rate is 86.57%, and the F-measure is 89.45%. The true positive rate for neutral text is 90.17%, the true negative rate is 83.28%, and the F-measure is 84.06%. The true positive rate for negative text is 91.84%, the true negative rate is 99.05%, and the F-measure is 90.91%. The decision tree classifier has a better evaluation effect on positive and negative texts than on neutral texts. The ROC curve of the evaluation effect of the two classifiers shows that the evaluation effect of the two classifiers has a better evaluation effect on positive text than that of the neutral and negative texts, and the evaluation effect of the C4.5 decision tree classifier is better than that of the Bayesian classifier. The promotion degree of tourism resources and facilities in forwarding online travel notes is obviously higher, and there is a high correlation between tourism resources and facilities and forward online travel notes. In negative online travel notes, the promotion degree of tourism service and tourism environment is high, and the correlation between tourism service and tourism environment and negative online travel notes is high. In summary, improving the quality of tourism services and the tourism environment of Mount Wutai scenic spots can better enhance the recognition and satisfaction of tourists with Mount Wutai tourism.

Folds inside pebbles: When do they form during conglomerate deformation? Numerical modelling and comparison with the Hutuo Group conglomerates, North China Craton

The analysis of folds within pebbles in conglomerates has been used to infer deformation events before deposition of the conglomerate. However, it is not clear whether folds can develop within pebbles during subsequent conglomerate deformation. We use numerical modelling to investigate folding within internally layered pebbles in a ductile deformation regime and simple shear deformation. We vary the initial orientation and rheology of the layers within pebbles, as well as the relative rheology of the conglomerate matrix, for single isolated pebbles and multiple interacting pebbles. We use a power-law viscous rheology for both the pebbles and their matrix. Folding within pebbles can indeed occur, but only within a narrow range of initial layer orientations, strength or viscosity ratio between the internal layers and that of the matrix relative to the pebble layers. Results are used to interpret the strongly deformed conglomerates from the Proterozoic Hutuo Group in the Wutai Mountains, North China Craton, that contain a small percentage of pebbles with internal folds. Based on field observations and numerical modelling results, we suggest that these formed during deformation of the conglomerate and do not represent inclusion of previously folded lithologies into the unit.

基于群落视角的五台山景区森林植被旅游承载力研究

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于群落视角的五台山景区森林植被旅游承载力研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202105231336 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41571141）；山西省哲学社会科学规划课题（2020YY118）；山西省研究生教育改革研究项目（2019JG129，2020YJJG168） Tourism carrying capacity of forest vegetation in Wutai Mountain scenic area based on community perspective Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:植被旅游承载力的研究对于加强山地型景区生态管理，促进可持续发展具有重要意义。文章从多角度建立了群落旅游承载力的测量指标，并对五台山景区森林植被的旅游承载力进行了测算。结果表明：①五台山森林群落可分为多幼苗-有灌木型、少幼苗-有灌木型、多幼苗-无灌木型、少幼苗-无灌木型、有萌枝-有灌木型、有萌枝-无灌木型、极少萌枝-有幼苗型以及无萌枝-无幼苗型，各组类型逐渐由生态环境良好区到生态环境较差区递变。②群落旅游承载力的测算结果显示，有37个样方处于超载状态，且主要受到寺庙与村落周边的旅游干扰影响。③群落旅游承载力也受到各类地理因子的影响。其中，坡向、坡形分别与群落旅游承载力呈显著负相关和显著正相关，其余地理因子则与群落旅游承载力呈正相关关系。 Abstract:Research of the tourism carrying capacity of vegetation is important to strengthen the ecological management of mountainous scenic areas and promote sustainable development. Based on relevant studies at home and abroad, this article constructed an evaluation index system of the tourism carrying capacity of the community from four aspects:the vertical structure, the horizontal structure, the life-form spectrum, and the renewal ability of plant community. Various quantitatively ecological methods such as Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) were used to measure the tourism carrying capacity of forest vegetation in Wutai Mountain scenic area. The results show that:① based on the classification results of TWINSPAN, the forest communities in Wutai Mountain can be divided into the type with many seedlings and some shrubs, the type with few seedlings and some shrubs, the type with many seedlings and no shrubs, the type with few seedlings and no shrubs, the type with some shrubs and sprouts, the type with some sprouts and no shrubs, the type with very few sprouts and some seedlings, the type with no seedlings and no sprouts. The types of each group were transited gradually from good to poor ecological environment. ② The measurement results of the tourism carrying capacity of the community showed that 43 samples were not overloaded, 37 samples were overloaded, and the total overload rate was 46.25%. The overloaded samples were mainly affected by the tourism interference around the temples and villages. ③ The principal geographical factors affecting the change of tourism carrying capacity of the community could be identified by the Pearson correlation analysis method, such as altitude, slope, slope position, slope shape, and aspect. Among them, the slope shape was significantly positively correlated with the tourism carrying capacity of the community, the aspect was significantly negatively correlated with the tourism carrying capacity of the community, and the rest of geographical factors were positively correlated with the tourism carrying capacity of the community. In addition, some targeted control strategies were pointed out for vegetation protection and ecological management in Wutai Mountain scenic area. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Seasonal Changes in Soil Respiration with An Elevation Gradient in Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim. Forests in North China

Soil respiration (Rs) plays an important role in regulating carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems and presents temporal and spatial heterogeneity. Abies nephrolepis is a tree species that prefers the cold and wet environment and is mainly distributed in Northeast Asia and East Asia. The Rs variations of Abies nephrolepis forests communities are generally environmental-sensitive and can effectively reflect the adaptive responses of forest ecosystems to climate change. In this study, the growing-seasonal variations of Rs, soil temperature, soil water content and soil properties of Abies nephrolepis forests were analyzed along an altitude gradient (2000, 2100, 2200 and 2300 m) over two years on Wutai Mountain in North China. As the main results showed, soil respiration keeps the same change trend as soil temperature and reached peaks in July at 2000 m in 2019 and 2020. During 26th July to 25th October in 2019 and 27th May to 23rd October in 2020, on the whole, the soil temperature independently explained 76.2% of Rs variations while the soil water content independently explained 26.8%. Soil temperature and soil water content jointly explained 81.8% of Rs variations. Soil properties explained 61.8% and 69.6% of Rs variation in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Soil organic carbon content and soil enzyme activity had the signifi- cant (P < 0.01) negative and positive relationships, respectively, with Rs variation. With altitudes evaluated from 2000 to 2300 m, soil respiration temperature sensitivity (Q10) and the soil organic carbon content increased by 12.4% and 10.4%, respectively, while invertase activity, cellulase activity and urease activity dropped by 41.2%, 29.45% and 38.19%, respectively. The results demonstrate that (1) soil temperature is the major factor affecting Rs variations in Abies nephrolepis forests; (2) weakened microbial carbon metabolism in high-altitude areas results in the accumulation of soil organic carbon; (3) with a higher Q1, forest ecosystems in high-altitude areas might be more easily affected by climate change; (4) climate warming might accelerate the consumption of soil organic carbon sink in forest ecosystems, especially in high-altitude areas.

Petrogenesis of the Pandao granites in the Wutai Mountains area in the North China Craton: Constraints from geochemistry, zircon U–Pb geochronology, and Hf isotopes

The Trans‐North China Orogen (TNCO) is a part of the North China Craton (NCC) and together provides a classic example of lithospheric destruction. The Pandao granites outcropping in the Wutai Mountains area provide a window to investigate the Mesozoic magmatism in the TNCO. Here, this paper presents the new zircon geochronology, whole‐rock geochemistry, and zircon Hf isotope data for the Pandao granites to discuss their petrogenesis and tectonic implications. The Pandao granites are mainly composed of light‐red medium‐ to coarse‐grained biotite granite and light‐grey fine‐ to medium‐grained biotite granite. Zircon U–Pb ages of 110.05 ± 0.67 Ma and 108.35 ± 0.81 Ma suggest that the Pandao granites were crystallized in the Early Cretaceous. The Pandao granites are classified as high‐K calc‐alkaline and weak peraluminous series. The rocks display abundance in large‐ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare‐earth elements (LREE) but show depletion in high‐field‐strength elements (HFSE) and heavy rare‐earth elements (HREE), with strong negative Eu anomalies. The classification diagrams indicate that the Pandao granites are A‐type granites and thus belong to the A1 subtype, formed in an intraplate extensional environment. The Pandao granites have homogeneous zircon Hf isotopic compositions. Their zircons have negative εHf(t) values (−19.1 to −17.1) and old Hf isotope crustal model ages (2,250–2,375 Ma), suggesting that the Pandao granites were formed by partial melting of the Paleoproterozoic lower crustal material. Therefore, it is suggested that the Pandao granites were formed under an intraplate extensional tectonic environment of remote effect due to the ancient Pacific Plate subduction and retreat beneath the Eurasian continent. The TNCO was influenced by the subduction and retreat of the ancient Pacific Plate in the late Early Cretaceous.

Research on China’s the Oldest Wooden Building Structure in the Tang Dynasty-the Restoration Model of the Main Hall of Nanchan Temple, Re-Understanding the Value of Heritage

China has a long five thousand years of cultural history. There is much precious architectural heritage have been preserved, and during the most prosperous period of the Tang Dynasty, there are only two wooden structures of the Tang Dynasty that have been preserved. They are the Main Hall of Nanchan Temple and the Main Hall of Foguang Temple in Wutai Mountain, Shanxi Province, China. This paper is based on the Main Hall of Nanchan Temple, which was established more than 1,200 years ago, as the research object. By referring to the restoration report in 19801, the 1/10 scale large wooden structure model of the Main Hall of Nanchan Temple was made for the first time; the Main Hall of Nanchan Temple drawings and 3D renderings was systematically drawn. Secondly, this paper analyses and interprets the three criteria for identifying the value of the heritage, combined with the status of Chinese heritage protection, and from the perspective of the authenticity and integrity of the heritage, combined with the two restoration fortifications of the Main Hall of Nanchan Temple, and systematically carried out. After sorting out, summed up constructive opinions suitable for the protection of Chinese heritage, to better highlight the universal value of heritage.

A climate sensitive mixed-effects diameter class mortality model for Prince Rupprecht larch (Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii) in northern China

Forest mortality is an important variable commonly included as one of the predictors in the growth and yield models that are the fundamental decision-making tools in forest management. The existing forest mortality models for Larch (Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii) forest, which plays key roles in maintaining forest ecosystem functions and reducing atmospheric carbon concentration through the sequestration, are based on the traditional modeling methods, and these models do not account for the effects of climate on the forest mortality. Developing climate sensitive mortality models are useful for formulating effective forest management strategies in the context of climate change. We developed the diameter class mortality models using the data of 102 temporary sample plots distributed across the Guandi Mountain National Forest Park and Wutai Mountain Boqiang State-owned Forest Farm in the Shanxi Province of northern China. Four commonly used mortality functions were used to fit the data. Among many climatic and dendrometric variables evaluated, number of trees per diameter class (NC), mean annual precipitation (MAP); median diameter class (MDC), and mean temperature difference (DT) contributed significantly highly to the mortality variations. Then, these variables were selected as predictors to develop the two-level nonlinear mixed-effects mortality models applicable to the diameter class levels. The random effects at the levels of both the sample plots and stands with different site quality (blocks) were taken into account to build the models. Compared to other three models derived from the Poisson; Zero-inflated Poisson; Hurdle Poisson functions, the two-level Logistic mixed-effects mortality model better explained the effects of climate variables on the forest mortality of Larch. Tree mortality increased with increasing NC and MAP, however, MDC and DT had the opposite effects with diameter class increasing. Modeling the random effects at the block-level alone led to significantly high correlations among the residuals, and correlations were significantly reduced when the random effects were modeled at both the block- and sample plot-levels. Excessive rain during the growing season decreased the rate of tree mortality, especially for diameter classes with high number of trees. Findings from this study can be combined with the knowledge of the adaptive management to reduce the risks and uncertainties associated with forest management decision.

Representation and Display of Digital Images of Cultural Heritage: A Semantic Enrichment Approach

Digital images of cultural heritage (CH) contain rich semantic information. However, today’s semantic representations of CH images fail to fully reveal the content entities and context within these vital surrogates. This paper draws on the fields of image research and digital humanities to propose a systematic methodology and a technical route for semantic enrichment of CH digital images. This new methodology systematically applies a series of procedures including: semantic annotation, entity-based enrichment, establishing internal relations, event-centric enrichment, defining hierarchy relations between properties text annotation, and finally, named entity recognition in order to ultimately provide fine-grained contextual semantic content disclosure. The feasibility and advantages of the proposed semantic enrichment methods for semantic representation are demonstrated via a visual display platform for digital images of CH built to represent the Wutai Mountain Map, a typical Dunhuang mural. This study proves that semantic enrichment offers a promising new model for exposing content at a fine-grained level, and establishing a rich semantic network centered on the content of digital images of CH.

Chinese girlfriend getaway tourism in Buddhist destinations: Towards the construction of a gendered spirituality dimension

AbstractThis study identifies the multidimensional scale of spiritual tourism among Chinese girlfriend getaway (GGA) tourists. The 379 questionnaires were distributed using convenience sampling at Wutai Mountain, one of the most important Buddhist sites in China. Through factor analysis and structural modeling, a six‐factor model that includes escapism, leisureliness, happiness, personal enrichment, nothingness, and sense of connection (27 items) is developed and validated. Using Buddhist destinations, the study discusses GGA tourism from the spiritual point of view and reveals the significance of this experience. Implications and limitations for theory and practice as well as directions for future research are discussed.

Microfossils from the Paleoproterozoic Hutuo Group, Shanxi, North China: Early evidence for eukaryotic metabolism

The Paleoproterozoic Hutuo Group is well-developed and distributed in the Wutai Mountains in the Xinzhou area of Shanxi Province, North China. Its middle part - the Dongye Subgroup is more suitable for obtaining microfossils in deposited sediments characterized with sandstone or slate in the lower part, and upward into interbedded sandstone, carbonate with stromatolites and phyllite. Based on recent zircon dating, the Hutuo Group was deposited around 2150–1950 Ma. In this study, eight morphological genera of microfossils, including the spheroid and filamentous cyanobacteria Eoentophysalis, Sphaerophycus, Siphonophycus, Pseudodendron, and the acritarchs Dictyosphaera, Dongyesphaera gen. nov., Leiosphaeridia, Satka were identified from the Wenshan, Hebiancun and Tianpengnao Formations of the Dongye Subgroup. The identified microfossils reveal that eukaryotic protists exercised metabolic activities rarely observed to have occurred in what are thought to have been suitable environments.