Wrong Items Research Articles

It’s all your fault! restaurant vs. platform blame attribution in food delivery service failures

PurposeWhile third-party food delivery continues to increase in popularity, surveys suggest nearly a quarter of deliveries suffer from service failures. With the limited research on third-party food delivery, we explore the important questions of (1) where customers place blame in the case of service failures with third-party food delivery (i.e. the platform or the restaurant) and (2) does this depend on the type of service failure? Drawing on blame attribution theory, signaling theory, and an exploratory study, we demonstrate that customers typically perceive such mishaps to be the responsibility of the restaurant rather than the delivery platform itself. We also examine the effect of visible service failure preventative actions taken by the restaurant on blame attribution and re-order intention.Design/methodology/approachWe conducted two online scenario-based studies to explore customer blame attribution in the case of third-party food delivery service failure. First, an exploratory study approach (NStudy1 = 512) was taken to provide additional support for the hypothesis development. An experiment (NStudy2 = 252) was then conducted to examine the hypothesized effects.FindingsFirst, the results of an exploratory study demonstrate that customers attribute service failures such as wrong items, missing items, cold food, or leaking containers to restaurants over third-party food delivery platforms. Second, the results of an experimental study suggest inclusion of an observable cue indicating preventative action, such as time-stamp information indicating when an order was received and packaged for delivery, increases customer re-order intention through the underlying mechanism of blame attribution.Originality/valueWe contribute to the underexplored area of third-party food delivery service failure and to our understanding of blame attribution in service failure scenarios. Further, we demonstrate a practical method to shift the blame away from restaurants for service failures that are outside of the establishment’s control.

Online Grocery Shopping and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Electronic Benefit Transfer Card (EBT): Perceptions of Head Start Caregivers

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to explore perceptions of online grocery shopping and the online United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Electronic Benefit Transfer card (EBT) program among Head Start caregivers. Three focus groups were conducted between December 2019 and January 2020. Most participants hadn’t tried online grocery shopping. Concerns included others choosing perishables, receiving wrong items, and inappropriate substitutes. Perceived benefits included saving time, preventing impulse buys, and eating healthier. Results have broad applicability in the current COVID-19 pandemic where online grocery shopping and the online SNAP EBT program have rapidly expanded across the United States.

Counterproductive Worker Behavior After a Pay Cut

Abstract We examine how workers reacted to a pay cut in a sales call center setting in the United States. The pay cut was implemented by raising two pre-existing sales targets, that is, by “moving the goalposts”. Using a difference-in-difference approach, we show that among the workers who experienced the pay cut, some chose to leave the firm (exit); others generated abnormally high customer refunds, in a way that hurt both them and the firm. (We define this work practice as counterproductive.) The firm believed, and we present evidence, that these workers intentionally sold the wrong items, as opposed to simply optimally shirking on effort in response to the pay cut. We show that the most loyal workers (those with longer tenure) expressed themselves only through counterproductive work practices and not through exit. Less loyal workers reacted more strongly than loyal workers, and did so through a balanced mix of exit and counterproductive behavior. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document individual-level patterns of exit and (counter-) productivity following a pay cut and, how these differ for high- versus low-loyalty workers.

Adjusting for partial invariance in latent parameter estimation: Comparing forward specification search and approximate invariance methods.

Measurement invariance is the condition that an instrument measures a target construct in the same way across subgroups, settings, and time. In psychological measurement, usually only partial, but not full, invariance is achieved, which potentially biases subsequent parameter estimations and statistical inferences. Although existing literature shows that a correctly specified partial invariance model can remove such biases, it ignores the model uncertainty in the specification search step: flagging the wrong items may lead to additional bias and variability in subsequent inferences. On the other hand, several new approaches, including Bayesian approximate invariance and alignment optimization methods, have been proposed; these methods use an approximate invariance model to adjust for partial measurement invariance without the need to directly identify noninvariant items. However, there has been limited research on these methods in situations with a small number of groups. In this paper, we conducted three systematic simulation studies to compare five methods for adjusting partial invariance. While specification search performed reasonably well when the proportion of noninvariant parameters was no more than one-third, alignment optimization overall performed best across conditions in terms of efficiency of parameter estimates, confidence interval coverage, and type I error rates. In addition, the Bayesian version of alignment optimization performed best for estimating latent means and variances in small-sample and low-reliability conditions. We thus recommend the use of the alignment optimization methods for adjusting partial invariance when comparing latent constructs across a few groups.

Development and psychometric testing of Reasoning Skills test for nursing student selection: An item response theory approach.

To develop and psychometrically test the Reasoning Skills (ReSki) test assessing undergraduate nursing applicants' reasoning skills for student selection purposes. A methodological cross-sectional design was applied for the psychometric testing. The ReSki test was developed as part of a wider electronic entrance examination. The ReSki test included a case followed by three question sections assessing nursing applicants' reasoning skills according to the reasoning process. Item response theory was used for psychometric testing to assess item discrimination, difficulty and pseudoguessing parameters. The ReSki test was taken by 1056 nursing applicants in six Finnish Universities of Applied Sciences (28 May 2019). In the development process, the expert evaluations indicated acceptable content validity. In the psychometric testing, the test reliability was supported by item variance, the theoretical structure was supported by the correlation coefficients and the applicant mean performance supported an acceptable overall test difficulty. The item response theory indicated variance between the items' difficulty and discrimination ranges. However, most of the wrong items failed at being functional distractors. The ReSki test is a new and valid objective assessment of undergraduate nursing applicants' reasoning skills. The item response theory provided item-level information that can be used for further development of the test, especially related to the revisions needed for the distractor items to achieve the desired level of difficulty. What problem did the study address? The assessment of nursing applicants' reasoning skills is suggested, but there is a lack of admission tools. What were the main findings? The results provided support for the reliability and validity of the ReSki test. Item response theory indicated the need for further item-level improvement. Where and on whom will the research have an impact? The results may benefit higher education institutions and researchers when developing a test and/or student selection processes.

Continuous theta burst stimulation over right pars triangularis facilitates naming abilities in chronic post-stroke aphasia by enhancing phonological access

BackgroundRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been used experimentally to facilitate naming abilities in individuals with chronic post-stroke aphasia. However, little is known about how rTMS confers clinical improvement, hampering its therapeutic value. The present study investigated the characteristics of naming failure that improve following administration of continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS)—an inhibitory form of rTMS—to the right pars triangularis (rPTr) in persons with chronic aphasia. MethodsEleven participants with chronic aphasia following left hemisphere stroke named pictures prior to and immediately following cTBS of the rPTr and a control site (vertex) in separate sessions. Prior to stimulation, we obtained two baseline measurements of picture naming ability to determine the extent and type (i.e., phonological vs. semantic) of naming impairment. Items presented for naming during stimulation were those that were named incorrectly in one or both of the baseline sessions (i.e., inconsistent vs. wrong items, respectively). Analyses assessed whether cTBS effects differed depending on the severity and/or type of naming impairment. ResultsRelative to vertex, cTBS of the rPTr improved naming of inconsistent, but not wrong, items for individuals with more severe baseline naming impairment. Critically, baseline phonological but not semantic naming impairment severity marginally correlated with improved accuracy overall, and significantly correlated with decreased phonological errors following rPTr stimulation. ConclusionCTBS of the rPTr enhances naming by facilitating phonological access during word retrieval, indicating that individuals whose naming impairment is localized to this stage of processing may be most likely to benefit from this rTMS approach.

The Psychological Effect of Errors in Standardized Language Test Items on EFL Students’ Responses to the Following Item

This study investigates the psychological effect of a wrong question with wrong items on answering to the next question in a test of structure. Forty students selected through stratified random sampling are given 15 questions of a standardized test namely a TOEFL structure test in which questions number 7 and number 11are wrong and their answers to the next question is being analyzed. Three way ANOVA determines whether the total scores of the students, also their age, and gender affect the students’ responses to the upcoming question or it is just a psychological factor affecting students’ responses. The results showed that only 20 percent provided true answers; among them were only very proficient and proficient students. Age and gender were not considered significant factors in this regard. The correct answers were attributed to their full mastery over the structure and their personality type rather than the psychological factor. Most of the students were psychologically affected by a wrongly given item. Thus, it is suggested that test givers and teachers ignore the wrongly given question and also the upcoming one in order to prevent the psychological factor that makes students provide unsure and false answers to the question.

Recognizing Grabbing Actions from Inertial and Video Sensor Data in a Warehouse Scenario

Modern industries are increasingly adapting to smart devices for aiding and improving their productivity and work flow. This includes logistics in warehouses where validation of correct items per order can be enhanced with mobile devices. Since handling incorrect orders is a big part of the costs of warehouse maintenance, reducing errors like missed or wrong items should be avoided. Thus, early identification of picking procedures and items picked is beneficial for reducing these errors. By using data glasses and a smartwatch we aim to reduce these errors while also enabling the picker to work hands-free. In this paper, we present an analysis of feature sets for classification of grabbing actions in the order picking process. For this purpose, we created a dataset containing inertial data and egocentric video from four participants performing picking tasks, modeled closely to a real-world warehouse environment. We extract features from the time and frequency domain for inertial data and color and descriptor features from the image data to learn grabbing actions. By using three different supervised learning approaches on inertial and video data, we are able to recognize grabbing actions in a picking scenario. We show that the combination of both video and inertial sensors yields a F-measure of 85.3% for recognizing grabbing actions.

When two heads are better than one and when they can be worse: The amplification hypothesis.

According to the self-consistency model (Koriat, 2012a), confidence judgments in the responses to 2-alternative forced-choice items are correlated with the consensuality of the responses rather than with their correctness: For consensually correct (CC) items, for which the majority response is correct, accuracy is higher for the correct answer than for the wrong answer, whereas for consensually wrong items (CW), confidence is higher for the wrong answer. Assuming that group decisions are dominated by the more confident members, a maximum confidence slating (MCS) algorithm that was applied to virtual dyads outperformed the better member for CC items, but yielded worse performance than the worse member for CW items (Koriat, 2012b). We examined whether group deliberation also amplifies the tendencies that are exhibited by individual decisions, or rather improves performance for both CC and CW items. A perceptual task and a general-information task yielded very similar results. MCS applied to the individual decisions yielded a similar amplification as in Koriat (2012b), but dyadic interaction accentuated this amplification further. Thus, group deliberation had an added effect over confidence-based judgments, possibly due to the exchange of arguments within a dyad, but both confidence slating and group deliberation affected performance in the same direction, improving accuracy when individual accuracy was better than chance, but impairing it when individual accuracy was below chance. Notably, for CW items, group interaction not only impaired accuracy but also enhanced confidence in the erroneous decisions. The mechanisms underlying consensual amplifications were discussed.

Adaptation of Clinical Evaluation of Language Functions - 4th Edition to Brazilian Portuguese

To translate and adapt the Clinical Evaluation of Language Functions--4th Edition (CELF-4) to Brazilian Portuguese. One hundred and sixty normal language development school children between the ages of seven and ten, half from public schools and the other half from private schools, both located on the east side of São Paulo. CELF-4's translation and adjustment to Brazilian Portuguese language showed equivalence between the original and translated versions, which demonstrates that there were no significant changes in the test's form and content. Cronbach's α test was used in order to verify CELF-4's subtests internal consistency, in other words, if every subtest measures consistently the evaluated constructors. In this analysis, we observed that by excluding right or wrong items, and problematic items from the pool (those different from the rest of the group), all analyzed subtest presented satisfactory internal consistency, except for the Word Association Task for eight years old. Most subtests, as well as the Pragmatic Profile and the Observational Evaluation Scale, were simply translated, dismissing significant adaptations. The alterations performed were due to morphosyntactic and phonological differences between both languages. CELF-4's translated and adapted version to Brazilian Portuguese was able to characterize the language performance in the studied population.

Accuracy and Completeness of Patient Information in Organic World-Wide Web Search for Mohs Surgery: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Multirater Study Using Consensus Criteria

Many patients obtain medical information from the Internet. Inaccurate information affects patient care and perceptions. To assess the accuracy and completeness of information regarding Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) on the Internet. Prospective cross-sectional Internet-based study reviewing 30 consecutive organic results from three U.S. urban areas on "Mohs surgery" using Google. Text was assessed using a consensus-derived rating scale that quantified necessary and additional or supplementary information about MMS, as well as wrong information. Websites were classified according to type of sponsor. Ninety-one percent of sites conveyed basic information about MMS. There was variation in the mean amount of additional information items (range 0-9) according to website type: 8.4, medical societies; 6.7, academic practices; 5.9, web-based medical information resources; 4.7, private practices; and 4.4, other (p<.001). Cumulatively, academic practices and professional societies (mean 7.42) provided more additional information than private practices and web-based sources (mean 5.11, p<.001). There were no differences based on geographic location. Wrong items included misspelling Mohs (10%), indicating that only plastic surgeons could reconstruct (7%), and noting MMS was never cost-effective (7%). High-ranking websites provide basic information about MMS. Academic practice and professional society sites provide more-comprehensive information, but private practice sites and web-based medical information sources also provide additional information.

Find duplicates among the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library Databases in systematic review.

BackgroundFinding duplicates is an important phase of systematic review. However, no consensus regarding the methods to find duplicates has been provided. This study aims to describe a pragmatic strategy of combining auto- and hand-searching duplicates in systematic review and to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of duplicates.Methods and FindingsLiteratures regarding portal vein thrombosis (PVT) and Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) were searched by the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases. Duplicates included one index paper and one or more redundant papers. They were divided into type-I (duplicates among different databases) and type-II (duplicate publications in different journals/issues) duplicates. For type-I duplicates, reference items were further compared between index and redundant papers. Of 10936 papers regarding PVT, 2399 and 1307 were identified as auto- and hand-searched duplicates, respectively. The prevalence of auto- and hand-searched redundant papers was 11.0% (1201/10936) and 6.1% (665/10936), respectively. They included 3431 type-I and 275 type-II duplicates. Of 11403 papers regarding BCS, 3275 and 2064 were identified as auto- and hand-searched duplicates, respectively. The prevalence of auto- and hand-searched redundant papers was 14.4% (1640/11403) and 9.1% (1039/11403), respectively. They included 5053 type-I and 286 type-II duplicates. Most of type-I duplicates were identified by auto-searching method (69.5%, 2385/3431 in PVT literatures; 64.6%, 3263/5053 in BCS literatures). Nearly all type-II duplicates were identified by hand-searching method (94.9%, 261/275 in PVT literatures; 95.8%, 274/286 in BCS literatures). Compared with those identified by auto-searching method, type-I duplicates identified by hand-searching method had a significantly higher prevalence of wrong items (47/2385 versus 498/1046, p<0.0001 in PVT literatures; 30/3263 versus 778/1790, p<0.0001 in BCS literatures). Most of wrong items originated from EMBASE database.ConclusionGiven the inadequacy of a single strategy of auto-searching method, a combined strategy of auto- and hand-searching methods should be employed to find duplicates in systematic review.

Effects of various characteristics of social commerce (s-commerce) on consumers’ trust and trust performance

The development of social networking sites (SNSs) has given rise to a new e-commerce paradigm called social commerce (s-commerce). S-commerce is a subset of e-commerce and uses SNSs for social interactions and user contributions to facilitate the online buying and selling of various products and services. Recent years have witnessed the rapid growth of s-commerce in Korea, but this growth has involved a number of transaction-related issues such as no delivery and the delivery of wrong items. In particular, consumers’ trust has become a crucial factor in the success of s-commerce firms, requiring these firms to make more effort to gain this trust. In this regard, this study identifies the key factors in s-commerce [reputation, size, information quality, transaction safety, communication, economic feasibility, and word-of-mouth (WOM) referrals], that is, the characteristics of s-commerce influencing Korean consumers’ trust in s-commerce. In addition, the study assesses the effects of trust on trust performance (purchase intentions and WOM intentions). The results of an empirical analysis based on a sample of 371s-commerce users indicate that all the characteristics of s-commerce (except for economic feasibility) had significant effects on trust and that trust had significant effects on purchase and WOM intentions. The results have important implications for s-commerce firms wishing to develop a successful business model for providing their customers with trustworthy services.

Teaching requesting and rejecting sequences to four children with developmental disabilities using augmentative and alternative communication

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of teaching an integrated requesting–rejecting sequence. Four children with developmental disabilities were taught to request missing items and reject wrong items using either speech-generating devices (SGD) or picture-exchange (PE) communication. Data showed that the introduction of the teaching procedures were associated with acquisition of the targeted requesting and rejecting responses. The newly acquired rejecting responses generalized across two untrained activities and were maintained for up to four weeks following intervention for three of the four participants. The missing-item and wrong-item formats can be successfully combined to teach an integrated sequence of requesting and rejecting to students with developmental disabilities who use speech-generating devices (SGD) or picture-exchange (PE) communication.

“You will only see it, if you understand it” or occupational risk prevention from a management perspective

AbstractEvidence of a managerial influence on occupational risk prevention is largely lacking. The incidence of major accidents in high‐hazard sectors of industry does not show a downward trend. Also, the decline of fatal occupational accidents in industrialized Western countries may well be attributed to the growing employment in the relatively safe service sectors and to a phenomenon known as export of hazards. Looking more closely at accidents and disasters, we now believe they are not only caused by direct physical events, nor by human errors alone. They have their roots in organizational settings and in the sociotechnical system companies are active in. Whatever their cause, we know that (major) accidents almost always take us by surprise. Despite all our efforts and systems, we seem unable to foresee or predict these events. It seems our management systems are looking at the wrong items. Critics from small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises also point in that direction; management systems are too bureaucratic and lack a focus on hazard and risk identification. Apparently, we fail to incorporate the main ingredients of accident causation in our management systems. This article will discuss current models and presentations. In reference to the title of this article, the possibility to integrate these presentations into management systems will be discussed. This article is based on the presentation given at the 4th International Conference on Occupational Risk Prevention, Sevilla, Spain, May 10–12, 2006. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Eyewitness accuracy and gender.

43 people gave written descriptions of a 3-min. video they had viewed of an ambiguous, staged scene. Accuracy scores were determined based on the number of correct items listed minus the number of wrong items listed. The finding of higher scores for the 19 women than for the 24 men is consistent with previous research on gender and memory.

Frequency judgments of individual items after varying exposures in a multiple-item recognition learning list

Sets of pairs for a multiple-item recognition learning task varied in their number of exposures (one, two, and four) during a single extended study trial. The test phase required frequency of exposure judgments of individual items (i.e., prior right and wrong items). In agreement with frequency analyses of multiple-item recognition learning, frequency judgments of right items were greater than judgments of wrong items at each exposure level. Judgments of both item types increased as the number of pretest exposures increased, and the disparity between item types also increased with increases in exposure. Individual differences in frequency judgments were greater for wrong items than for right items.

The Relative Effectiveness of Rules 1 and 2 in Verbal Discrimination Learning

The prediction, derived from frequency theory, that performance on a verbal discrimination task would be the same for Rules 1 and 2 was tested. Appropriateness of the rules was achieved by varying the number of times the right (R) and wrong (W) items were pronounced during the feedback interval. The sequence of pronunciation (R-W or W-R) was also manipulated in order to determine whether rehearsal depends on the order of pronunciation. After the task was completed, each subject was given a modified free-recall task to investigate possible relationships between the various treatment conditions and incidental learning. Analyses of the data revealed a significant differential pronunciation effect (p < .05) indicating that Rule 2 responding retarded acquisition rate. Superior performance on the modified free-recall task was associated with a W-R, relative to an R-W, sequence of pronunciation during feedback. Discussion of the results indicated possible explanations inconsistent with frequency theory predictions.

Instructions and processing of right vs. wrong items in multiple-item recognition learning

Recognition of individual items after one, two, or four study trials on paired right (R) and wrong (W) items was contrasted for subjects expecting a standard paired R-W item test and subjects expecting an individual item test. Expecting to be tested on individual items resulted in less disparity between R and W items in terms of their recognizability as prior study, or old, items and in more false recognitions of W items as having functioned as prior R items. Informing subjects about the precise nature of their individual item test presumably diminishes the distinction between R and W items as nominally relevant and irrelevant sources of informational input, respectively.

False Recognition of Synonyms of Right and Wrong Items in Multiple-Item Recognition Learning

The hypothesis that right items are processed at a featurally deeper level than wrong items was tested. After one, two, or four study trials on a list of paired right and wrong items, subjects were asked to decide whether individual items, including new ones that were synonyms of the prior ones or unrelated to them, were old or new and, if old, had been right or wrong. A false-recognition effect was found for synonyms of both right and wrong items, suggesting that wrong items, as well as right, are processed at a semantic level. However, that effect took more study trials to appear for synonyms of wrong items, reflecting the disparity between right and wrong items in the rates at which their features accrue frequency units. Implicit in Ekstrand, Wallace, and Underwood's (1966) frequency theory of verbal-discrimination learning - that is to say, multiple-item recognition learning - is the assumption that the processing of right items does not differ qualitatively from the processing of wrong items. Processing consists of representational and/or rehearsal responses to items whether they function as right or wrong in the pairs. That is, the processing of right items is distinguishable from the processing of wrong items only in terms of the greater number of responses elicited by right items. It is intuitively ap