Wrong Horse Research Articles

The wrong horse was bet on: the effects of argument structure versus argument adjacency on the processing of idiomatic sentences.

Psycholinguistic research remains puzzled about the circumstances under which syntactically transformed idioms keep their figurative meaning. There is an abundance of linguistic and psycholinguistic studies that have examined which factors may determine why some idioms are more syntactically fixed than others, including transparency, compositionality, and syntactic frozenness; however, they have returned inconclusive, sometimes even conflicting, results. This is the first study to examine argument structure (i.e., the number of arguments a verb takes) and argument adjacency (i.e., the position of the critical arguments relative to the verb) and their effects on the processing of idiomatic and literal sentences in German. Our results suggest that neither the traditional models of idiom processing (according to which idioms are stored as fixed entries) nor more recent hybrid theories (which concede some compositional handling in addition to a fixed entry) adequately account for the effects of argument structure or argument adjacency. Therefore, this study challenges existing models of idiom processing. In two sentence-completion experiments, participants listened to idiomatic and literal sentences in both active and passive voice without the sentence-final verb. They indicated which of three visually-presented verbs best completed the sentence. We manipulated the factor argument structure within experiments and argument adjacency across experiments. In Experiment 1, passivized three-argument sentences had the critical argument adjacent to the verb while two-argument sentences had the critical argument non-adjacent to the verb, and vice versa in Experiment 2. In both experiments, voice interacted with argument structure. Active sentences-both literal and idiomatic-showed equivalent processing of two- and three-argument sentences. However, passive sentences returned contrasting effects. In Experiment 1, three-argument sentences were processed faster than two-argument sentences and vice versa in Experiment 2. This pattern corresponds to faster processing when critical arguments are adjacent than non-adjacent. The results point to the dominant role of argument adjacency over the number of arguments in the processing of syntactically transformed sentences. Regarding idiom processing, we conclude that the adjacency of the verb to its critical arguments determines whether passivized idioms keep their figurative meaning and present the implications of this finding for relevant models of idiom processing.

Are We Betting on the Wrong Horse? Insignificant Archaeological Leather Fragments Provide the First Evidence for the Exploitation of Horsehide in Renaissance Denmark

Large archaeological, organic materials can be difficult to preserve, conserve, and store in their entirety, which is why prioritisation is often necessary. Priority is generally given to recognisable objects rather than smaller fragments. Nevertheless, for archaeological leather, exactly such insignificant fragments can provide new information on the diversity of species exploited. In this pilot study, we use a Citizen Science approach for the first time to identify archaeological leather fragments using the protein-based method Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS). By inviting the public to participate in archaeological research, the project’s first 52 samples, including both recognisable and unidentifiable objects, were analysed. We show that the participants not only generated good data, but also contributed to current knowledge by identifying two hitherto undescribed animal species for leather in medieval and Renaissance Copenhagen. The finding of deer suggests that Copenhagen citizens now and then had access to game through the nobility and the finding of horse suggests that the unclean status of horses was sometimes overlooked to exploit its hide. Our findings are promising for more identifications and the new knowledge the project will generate. The study calls into question how we prioritise and assign value to cultural heritage materials.

Betting on the wrong horse: The antecedents and outcomes of entrepreneur’s opportunity regret

We examine opportunity regret, which entrepreneurs may feel as they compare their own new venture opportunities with superior opportunities others have realized. We conjecture opportunity regret will be associated negatively with entrepreneurs’ equity stake in the venture and work–life satisfaction. In addition, we predict entrepreneurs with high personal accountability and female entrepreneurs will be less likely to experience opportunity regret. Structural equations modeling analysis of data collected from entrepreneurs in the United States who have launched a new venture provided support for all hypotheses. In conclusion, we argue entrepreneurs must be aware of the Januslike nature of regret, which may encourage the reassessment and readjustment of identified opportunities but also may hinder the discovery of new opportunities.

Betting on the Wrong (Trojan) Horse: CSR and the Implementation of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

AbstractTen years after the publication of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), implementation efforts are in full swing. Companies in particular have used their existing corporate social responsibility (CSR) structures to make sense of and implement Pillar II of the UNGPs. This process has led to a co-optation of the business and human rights (BHR) agenda. One manifestation of such co-optation is the instrumentalization of CSR to confront and undermine the growing trend towards binding BHR legislation. Accordingly, this contribution conceptualizes Pillar II implementation as a process of domestication, co-optation and confrontation of the BHR agenda. It makes sense of this process by juxtaposing it with long-standing critique against CSR put forth particularly by critical management scholars, raising the question whether CSR is indeed well-equipped to drive BHR implementation efforts within companies.

Can the wrong horse win: The ability of race models to predict fast or slow errors

This report continues our probe of the fundamental properties of elementary psychological processes. In the present instance, we first distinguish between descriptive and state–space based parallel race models. Then we show, engaging previous results on stochastic dominance in Theorem 1, that descriptive race models can be designed that predict either faster ‘right’ channels or faster ‘wrong’ channels. Moving to state–space based models and in particular, to inhomogeneous Poisson counter models, we use Theorem 1 to prove Theorem 2 which offers sufficient conditions for such models to elicit faster ‘rights’ than ‘wrongs’. Then, constraining ourselves to models possessing proportional processing rates, we revisit an important finding by Smith and Van Zandt (2000) to the effect that in such models, mean processing times conditional on ‘right’ decisions are faster than those conditional on ‘wrong’ decisions. Theorem 3 expands that property to the much stronger level of ordered conditional distribution functions. The penultimate section constructs an example of an inhomogeneous Poisson race model that predicts faster ‘wrongs’ for fast processing times but faster ‘rights’ for slower processing times. We leave as an open problem the question of whether there exist inhomogeneous Poisson race models where ‘wrongs’ are stochastically faster than ‘rights’ for all durations of processing.

Deception and reputation – An experimental test of reporting systems

We use a repeated sender-receiver game in which sender behavior is revealed to future counterparts either by (i) standardized computer reports or (ii) individual reports composed by the receivers. Compared to our baseline, both reporting systems significantly decrease the rate of deceptive messages chosen by senders. However, we find that computer reports reduce deception to a higher extent than individually written reports. This comparably higher impact can be explained by the senders’ anticipation of a high number of missing or deficient receiver reports that we find. We conclude that the precision of a reporting system has a higher importance for reducing deception than its personal character via individual feedback. Surprisingly, the reliability of computer reports is not correctly anticipated by receivers, who trust individually written reports more in the beginning and hence seem to back the wrong horse initially.

Symposium Article: The Myth of the Ideal Investor

Critiques of specific investor behavior often assume an ideal investor against which all others should be compared. This ideal investor figures prominently in the heated debates over the impact of investor time horizons on firm value. In much of the commentary, the ideal is a long-term investor that actively monitors management, but the specifics are typically left vague. That is no coincidence. The various characteristics that we might wish for in such an investor cannot peacefully coexist in practice. If the ideal investor remains illusory, which of the real-world investor types should we champion instead? The answer, I argue, is none. The corporate finance ecosystem evolves at such a rapid pace that interventions specifically designed to encourage particular types of investors are increasingly likely to be ineffective or even counterproductive: we are destined to place our bets on the wrong horse, time and again. To illustrate the difficulty, this Article briefly sketches the evolution of three types of shareholders frequently advanced as exemplars based on their time horizons: major mutual fund groups, activist hedge funds, and private equity funds. Based on their behavior to date, there is little support for policies aimed either at favoring or penalizing such investors’ participation in the capital markets generally, and corporate governance specifically.

Longing for a Better World: Hope in Professional Practices

ABSTRACTChristians are called to be a witness to the coming of the Kingdom of God and to cultivate practices in which peace and justice may flourish. In order to serve God in their daily work, Christians are faced with situations that cause both hope and despair. In this article, we explore what the concept of hope means for the education of Christian professionals. How does hope help them to fulfill their professional duty, especially in situations in which perseverance and courage are needed? We first elaborate on what Snyder (1994), one of the founding fathers of the field of positive psychology, wrote about hope. However interesting Snyder's ideas may be, we contend that the project-based attitude to the future that guides his research does not help us to develop a full understanding of the ambiguities and urgencies of professional practice. According to the scholarship of Schön (1991) and Bourdieu (1998), hope has been described as the active anticipation of a future state of affairs. Because hope anticipates a reality that does not yet exist, it always is a risky enterprise. To use a colloquial expression, we can never be sure whether or not we are betting on the wrong horse. Kelsey (2009) reflected on hope from a theological-anthropological perspective. He argued that hope is always a response to something that is eccentric to humankind. Professionals do not bring hope themselves, but rather orient themselves to something that transcends the horizon of human existence. From a Christian point of view, hope is grounded in the community with the living God.

Airway smooth muscle stretch and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: Have we chased the wrong horse?

why do humans with asthma have hyperresponsive airways? About 20 years ago, a delightfully simple hypothesized mechanism emerged that lack of stretch on the airway smooth muscle (ASM) can be causal to hyperresponsive airways as it occurs in asthma. On the face of it, this mechanism seemed to bridge

<i>A Political Biography of Alexander Pope</i> (review)

Reviewed by: A Political Biography of Alexander Pope Brean Hammond Pat Rogers. A Political Biography of Alexander Pope. London: Pickering and Chatto, 2010. Pp. xi + 258. $99. Mr. Rogers is an inspired choice of author for this volume. There is scarcely an area of Pope’s biography to which he has not made a major contribution. This achievement enriches every aspect of the writing, though it is particularly evident in the early chapters, as informed readers familiar with his two previous books focusing on Windsor-Forest would expect. In those earlier works, Mr. Rogers built a painstaking and meticulous case for the view that Pope was, in the phrase coined by Douglas Brooks-Davies, an “emotional Jacobite.” He demonstrated the extent to which Pope’s world was distinguished, in the years leading up to the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, by membership in a rural and regional Catholic and crypto-Jacobite enclave—a Berkshire Catholic community spreading tendrils into other southern English counties. Many of his closest friends were active Jacobites, whose lives were ruined by backing the wrong horse on Queen Anne’s death. Perhaps the most sensational new material in the present volume is that showing the consanguinity (even if by marriage rather than birth) between Pope’s close friends the Blount sisters and the Earl of Derwentwater, executed for treason in the aftermath of the ’15. It becomes impossible to argue that the Popes were left unscathed by the upheavals of 1688–1690 and 1714–1715; it is much more plausible that these fideistic and constitutional crises, albeit compounded by his deformity and his apparent sexual nullity, made [End Page 48] him into the outsider figure whose insider knowledge arms his satirical poetry with unequalled acuity and depth of cut. However securely identified with his Twickenham villa Pope later became, his family was in fact rendered quasi-nomadic by anti-Catholic penal legislation, and he only ever occupied this rented rural fastness by default. As Mr. Rogers mordantly observes, Pope was more of a Cockney poet than any of the “Cockney” school ever were. Even before he moved to Binfield, the present volume shows, the Pope family’s choice of Hammer-smith as a relatively safe bolt-hole was determined by the Catholic complexion of that village then. Once in Binfield, Pope’s extensively networked understanding of the small “p” politics governing the Catholic marriage market, the strategic imperatives of managing romance within the incestuous recusant group, is what gives Rape of the Lock, its “much ado about nothing” archness. The poem’s whistleblowing aspect threatened, for a while, to make Pope persona non grata even in his own community. Where the earlier books concentrate on Windsor-Forest, imputing to its images of hunting, blood, and mortality the threnodic, elegiac texture—the sense of being fore-doomed—that is a pervasive feature of all later Jacobite writing, the present volume extends to a full, if necessarily economical, account of Pope’s “interactions with public controversy of his . . . time.” Conducted over many years, Mr. Rogers’s research contributes graphic detail to this account of Pope’s political involvements: his half-sister Magdalen Rackett’s family contretemps over the Waltham Blacks, the relationship between Alderman John Barber and Elkanah Settle that explains some of the background to the early Dunciad, the perennial popping up of Edmund Curll and, least familiar to this reader, the centrality to Pope’s later poetry of another familial web based in Here-fordshire. Lady Scudamore is not a household name to Pope scholars—you will search the index to Maynard Mack’s standard biography in vain—but Mr. Rogers’s book shows her seat at Holme Lacy to be the epicenter of the latter part of Epistle to Bathurst, explaining that poem’s quarrel with Thomas Coningsby and positing that her local knowledge is the source of Pope’s information on the curious figure of the “Man of Ross.” This western connection embraces in its tentacles the families of Digby and Bathurst, offering Pope a substitute in his later life for the rootedness and sense of belonging that he earlier found in the region of Windsor. “What the book attempts,” Mr. Rogers states, “is to...

Rural Indebtedness and Distress: Whipping the Wrong Horse

Rural Indebtedness and Distress: Whipping the Wrong Horse

Backing the right horse: Teacher education, sociocultural analysis and literacy in rural education

This paper is a reflection on the way that a background in sociocultural theory and research actually saved my teaching career by allowing me to shift from being a dispenser of knowledge to a cultural neophyte attempting to understand where he is. Teaching then is understood as a reading exercise which is undertaken in a particular place which itself needs to be read by the effective teacher. This is a narrative inquiry into practice which represents an attempt to understand my own teaching career in the light of Frank Smith's (1984) provocative essay “How education backed the wrong horse” in which he argues that anthropology would have made a better choice for a foundational discipline for education than psychology. I conclude with some thoughts on what this perspective implies for literacy instruction.

The position of the duodenojejunal junction: the wrong horse to bet on in diagnosing or excluding malrotation

The purpose of this communication is to highlight the shortcomings of all currently used imaging criteria in diagnosing or excluding malrotation and offer ultrasound demonstration of the 3(rd) portion of the duodenum (D3) between the AO and the SMA in transverse and sagittal plains as the most reliable diagnostic method. Although UGI is currently considered to be the imaging modality of choice in diagnosis of malrotations, numerous publications indicate that in certain patients, false positives and negatives can be encountered. The material consists of more than 10 years experience in university settings, during which the author has used US as the definitive imaging modality for the work-up of malrotation. High resolution linear transducers (5-17 MHz) are the transducers of choice. Imaging plains: A. Transverse. With gradual grading compression, the following landmarks are illustrated in cehaplocaudad directions in the following order. The junction of splenic vein with the SMV portal vein. The cross sections of SMA and SMV that may either be situated in midline, or to the right or the left of the midline. Left renal vein crossing the spine from left to right between the AO and the SMA. The jejunal vein, often coming from left, transversing between the AO and the SMA. The transverse portion of the duodenum, D3, between the AO & the SMA. B. Sagittal. D3 between vertically oriented SMA-SMV and the AO. If SMA is not aligned with the AO by slight compression on the right or the left side of the abdomen, it will be aligned (depending on leftward or rightward position of SMA-SMV in axial plain). Vertical orientation of SMA and SMV if they have an anteroposterior orientation. C. Coronal. Side by side orientation of SMA and SMV if they don't have an anteroposterior orientation. In overwhelming majority of cases, by illustrating a retromesenteric D3 malrotation and, therefore, midgut volvulus were excluded. None of the current imaging criteria addresses the following most fundamental anatomic and embryologic facts regarding the gut rotation and fixation. In first trimester, the D3 is secured in retroperitoneal space after the embryologic journey comes to an end, making the duodenum immune of midgut volvulus. The surgical pathology of malrotation-midgut volvulus indicates that D3 is always Intraperitoneal and has not reached its final embryologic destination in retroperitoneal space. Demonstrating a retromesenteric D3, therefore, indicates that the embryologic journey is completed and the patient does not have malrotation. Excluding malrotation excludes the likelihood of midgut volvus. The position of the DJJ, the configuration of the duodenal sweep, the orientation of the mesenteric vessels are all wrong horses to bet on because none of them addresses the fundamental anatomic and embryologic facts. Only the cross-sectional imaging, US, CT and MRI can prove that the D3 is retromesenteric, therefore, excluding malrotation and volvulus. Therefore, demonstrating a retromesenteric duodenum is the reference standard of imaging in the work-up of malrotation, not any other previously published criteria. The US imaging is the most acceptable imaging method for malrotation work-up, in the spirit of ALARA principle and "Image Gently" campaign.

In an uncertain world

There has always been an element of uncertainty in all high-tech activities. It is the precarious balance which can throw up innovations and/or making a fortune. A hangover from my R&D days is forever wondering how you pick the winners. Even within the compounds there's so much to cover. For every success there must be millions of wasted funds backing the wrong horse.

GLOBAL SENSING AND SENSIBILITY -- A MULTI-STAGE MATCHING ASSESSMENT OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE FROM FOREIGN SOURCES FOR INNOVATION.

We focus on a core competitive capability of a modern firm: The ability to deliver successful innovations in a globalized environment. Companies literally find themselves confronted with a world of ideas. The challenge remains to decide which impulses should be on top of the list and which at the bottom. Given limited resources and substantial investments, betting on the wrong horse can be risky and costly. Theoretically integrated in capability based view of the firm we investigate firms' capabilities to assimilate, identify and prioritize valuable knowledge across national, cultural and social borders; a competence which we call global sensing. We establish an analytical framework to examine whether global sensing activities generate competitive advantage. Consequently, we develop an empirical, multistage evaluation strategy. The latter rests on a matching approach for a recent, broad sample of almost 1,700 German companies from both services and manufacturing. We find the strongest and most consistent support for global sensing as a strategic enabler for technological leadership. Apart from this strategic advantage we observe that foreign external sources for innovation are generally not superior to domestic ones.

Global Sensing and Sensibility - a Multi-Stage Matching Assessment of Competitive Advantage from Foreign Sources of Innovation

We focus on one of the core competitive capabilities of modern firms: the ability to deliver successful innovations in a globalized environment. Companies literally find themselves confronted with a world of ideas. The challenge remains to decide which impulses should be on top of the list and which at the bottom. Given limited resources and substantial investments, betting on the wrong horse can be risky and costly. Theoretically integrated in capability based view of the firm we investigate firms' capabilities to assimilate, identify and prioritize valuable knowledge across national, cultural and social borders - a competence we call global sensing. We establish an analytical framework to examine whether global sensing activities generate competitive advantage. Consequently, we develop an empirical, multistage evaluation strategy. This strategy rests on a matching approach for a recent, broad sample of almost 1,700 German companies from both services and manufacturing. We find the strongest and most consistent support for global sensing as a strategic enabler for technological leadership. Apart from this strategic advantage we observe that foreign external sources of innovation are generally not superior to domestic ones.

The 1912–13 Balkan Wars and the Siege of Edirne

Depending on the angle of view, the first and second Balkan1 wars of 1912–13 have been considered either as the culmination of a freedom struggle2 for the Christian nations of south-eastern Europe ...

‘Backing the wrong horse’: Japan in British Middle Eastern Policy 1914–18

The course of Anglo‐Japanese relations prior to 1914 rendered senior British policymakers nervous regarding possible Japanese aggrandisement in the Middle East. This article explores the factors which precluded British acceptance of Japanese military involvement there when, both before and during World War I, the idea was discussed. Particular reference is made to the views of the India Office and to those of Lord Curzon and the subject is analysed in the broader context of British Middle Eastern policy.

The Rape of Greek Democracy: The American Factor, 1947-1967 (review)

Reviewed by: James Edward Miller Alexis Papachelas. , 1947–1967. 2nd edition. Athens: Estia, 1997. Pp. 439. 5500 drachmas. Thirty years after 21 April 1967, assessment of responsibility for the military coup in Athens has taken a giant stride out of politically motivated polemic and into the realm of historical analysis. Alexis Papachelas’s The Rape of Greek Democracy: The American Factor, 1947–1967is a splendidly researched, soundly reasoned, and tightly written investigation of the roots of the crisis in Greece’s hybrid “crown democracy,” of the plot that led to its overthrow, and of American involvement in what Margaret Papandreou aptly called the “Nightmare in Athens.” In writing his history of Greece in the 1960s, Papachelas’s primary sources are the records created by extremely interested foreign observers: the diplomats of the United States Foreign Service. Since few Greek primary sources are available (outside of the voluminous record of the colonels’ trial), the author has supplemented his American archival treasure trove with a judicious use of the press and also of interviews with many of the participants, including some of the coup makers and their acolytes. The author’s choice of American diplomats’ dispatches is not without its dangers, even in a book that deals with the “American Factor” in Greek politics, but it takes advantage of the one undoubted virtue of the U. S. Foreign Service: its carefully honed reporting skills. Those skills were particularly acute in the Greek case because the State Department’s Office of Greek-Turkish and Iranian Affairs (GTI) was a sort of state within State, manned by diplomats who spent [End Page 162]decades shuttling between assignments in the Aegean and Washington and frequently developed exceptional language skills and cultural-political insights. American documentation on the overthrow of Greek democracy and the U. S. role in that tragedy has been growing for years. Within weeks of the coup, a copy of the policy-making 303 Committee’s February 1967 discussion of a possible secret operation in Greece was leaked to the Washington Post. The following year, Elizabeth Drew, who had access to the same document, was able to piece together an accurate appraisal of events in Athens based on discussions with U. S. officials. The desire of embarrassed philhellenes within the State Department and CIA to talk about the coup and its origins (and to justify their role in the disaster) reached its height in the mid-1970s when the CIA’s ex-station chief, Jack Maury, went public. Maury had already joined a plethora of officials who talked to the Washington Post’s Laurence Stern. Stern’s The Wrong Horse: The Politics of Intervention and the Failure of American Diplomacy(New York: Times Books, 1977) is a goldmine of information on both the 1967 coup and the subsequent 1974 Cyprus disaster, although the analysis is marred by the author’s too evident biases. The Association for Diplomatic Studies’ oral history program, run by another Athens veteran, Stu Kennedy, has interviewed most of the living American participants in the events of 1965–1974. The papers of the State Department’s Greece analyst Charilaos Lagoudakis have been available at Boston University for some years. In addition to these sources, Papachelas’s work profited from the landmark 1991 legislation and the 1995 executive order that the Clinton administration laboriously extracted in the teeth of determined bureaucratic opposition. The CIA, steadfastly refusing to cooperate with the intent of either Congress or the White House, has succeeded in holding up the publication of the Foreign Relationsvolume on Greece, Cyprus, and Turkey, 1964–1968, for five years. However, this rear-guard action is largely irrelevant since it has not impeded the opening of State Department archives. The picture that emerges from Papachelas’s reconstruction is one of a rapidly declining American ability to control Greek affairs. With the end of Marshall Plan assistance in 1952–1953 and the subsequent decline in military aid, the U. S. simply had fewer tools available to influence Greek behavior. Moreover, thoughtful American officials realized that the United States needed to develop a more normal and mature relationship with Greece. Henry Labouisse, President Kennedy’s ambassadorial appointee (1962–1965), engaged in a...

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