Wp System Research Articles

Intelligent control of the power generation system using DSPACE

AbstractWind power systems (WPs) are complex non‐linear systems with varying parameters affected by environmental changes, including wind speed fluctuations. Extracting maximum power from WPs poses a significant challenge due to these factors. Direct power control (DPC) is a highly effective technique known for its simplicity and ease of implementation. However, it suffers from power ripples caused by the use of hysteresis comparators and switching tables that operate at variable frequencies. To address this issue, this paper presents the robust neural controller (NC) based on DPC, which replaces the switching tables. The Double‐Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is the chosen generator for the studied WP system due to its advantageous features. The NC‐DPC effectively regulates the exchange of active and reactive powers between the DFIG and the system, maximizing power extraction from the WP system while reducing Total Harmonic Distortion and enhancing overall system quality. The effectiveness of the NC‐DPC is evaluated through MATLAB simulations and further supported by experimental data obtained using the Real‐Time Interface of the dSPACE‐DS1104 Controller card.

Mathematical analysis of an electric car in the aspect of the application of renewable energy sources

This paper presents a model of an electric car based on the BMW i3 whose low-voltage electrical system and traction battery were supported by a photovoltaic system installed on the body of the vehicle. The photovoltaic system was installed on the roof, side doors and bonnet. The 350 Wp (Watts peak) system was made of semiflex panels. The input parameters for the model were the measurements taken during the simulated annual operation of the vehicle as driving time, weather conditions and their switching times. During stationary tests, the power of individual electrical consumers was measured and its maximum was 1.1 kW. The model included data on the electricity consumption for driving a given distance. The amount of electricity generated by the photovoltaic system was related to a stationary system of 4 kWp. The degree of shading and curtailment of energy generated by the photovoltaic system was measured during testing on a vehicle driving in urban conditions. In the vehicle under analysis, an additional energy stream supplied the 12 V electrical consumers and recharged the battery. The traction battery used to drive the vehicle during such a power supply scenario may increase the vehicle range by about 16% on average.

배전계통에 있어서 태양광전원의 수용성 향상을 위한 SVR 및 ESS의 운용방안

According to the 3020 RE policy of korean government, renewable sources including PV and WP systems have been actively installed and operated in distribution systems. However, if large-scale PV systems are interconnected in distribution system, hosting capacity in PV systems may be reduced because they may violate the allowable voltage limits(220±13V) due to reverse power flow of PV systems. Under these circumstances, this paper proposes the operation algorithms of SVR(step voltage regulator) and ESS(energy storage system) to improve the hosting capacity of PV systems. Specifically, optimal LDC setting values are obtained by calculation algorithm of LDC setting values for SVR using the Least-squares method that minimizes the error for the entire time interval based on the distribution characteristics of upper and lower limits for the sending voltage of SVR considering the reverse power flow by PV systems. In addition, the minimum introduction capacity of ESS is obtained by evaluation algorithm of the required capacity of ESS to maintain the customer voltage within the allowable voltage limits for each time interval. From the simulation results, it is confirmed that the proposed algorithms are useful and practical tool to improve the hosting capacity of PV system.

Performance Evaluation of a Second-Order Lever Single Axis Solar Tracking System

This article presents a novel single axis solar tracking system to enable more solar radiation striking on the photovoltaic (PV) panel. The working principle is based on second-order lever principle. The single axis movement is carried out by balancing the mass of water together with the part mass of the PV panel on one side (left) of the fulcrum and the mass of the PV panel on the other side (right) of the fulcrum. Here the necessity of an external motor for axial movement of the PV panel is avoided. The design and performance of the proposed second-order lever single axis solar tracking system is studied for a period of 90 days (from January 2022 to March 2022). The proposed 20 Wp system prototype model is compared with the conventional single axis solar tracking (CSAST) system of the same rating. The working principle of the proposed system along with the operation of peripheral circuitry and gadgets are discussed. Finally, the percentage of increase in the solar power output in comparison with the CSAST system is estimated along with techno-economic analysis.

An infrared based dust mitigation system operated by the robotic arm for performance improvement of the solar panel

Solar panel is one of the key elements to extract the electrical energy from solar energy for end use. The performance of solar panels is affected by the dust accumulation, which is one of the serious concerns for the decrement in the solar panel output. A suitable cleaning technique can be useful to overcome this problem. Thus, to mitigate the dust effect on the solar panel surface, a robotic arm based self-automated dust removal system is designed and developed. A novel IR sensor-based cleaning technique is utilized, which performs multitasking operation for early morning shadow-free cleaning, day-to-night shifting, overheating observations and movement of robotic arm. The proposed wet cleaning mechanism offers a Silicone rubber based wiping function carried out by a PWM operated motor of robotic arm. The IEEE 1149.1 compliant embedded controller (C8051F226DK) is incorporated to control the whole system. The experimental work on a 30 WP system can produce the average value of 11.88 % of energy increase, 13.02 % of PV module efficiency and 81.35 % of performance ratio after 2.4 months (73 days) cleaning in winter season. The device works at higher cleaning rate (1.86 m2/s) with less water (0.31 L/m2) consumption. A comparatively light weighted (520 g) device provides low power cleaning operation and offers low cost (1.84 $/kW) per cleaning cycle. It is concluded that the upgradability and user-friendly operation of this indigenous device make it competitive among other cleaning solutions. The proposed technique is more suitable in terms of its operation, electrical and economic performance.

Microencapsulation of a Pseudomonas Strain (VUPF506) in Alginate-Whey Protein-Carbon Nanotubes and Next-Generation Sequencing Identification of This Strain.

Alginate is a common agent used for microencapsulation; however, the formed capsule is easily damaged. Therefore, alginate requires blending with other biopolymers to reduce capsule vulnerability. Whey protein is one polymer that can be incorporated with alginate to improve microcapsule structure. In this study, three different encapsulation methods (extrusion, emulsification, and spray drying) were tested for their ability to stabilize microencapsulated Pseudomonas strain VUPF506. Extrusion and emulsification methods enhanced encapsulation efficiency by up to 80% and gave the best release patterns over two months. A greenhouse experiment using potato plants treated with alginate–whey protein microcapsules showed a decrease in Rhizoctonia disease intensity of up to 70%. This is because whey protein is rich in amino acids and can serve as a resistance induction agent for the plant. In this study, the use of CNT in the ALG–WP system increased the rooting and proliferation and reduced physiological complication. The results of this study showed that the technique used in encapsulation could have a significant effect on the efficiency and persistence of probiotic bacteria. Whole genome sequence analysis of strain VUPF506 identified it as Pseudomonas chlororaphis and revealed some genes that control pathogens.

Photovoltaic and solar disinfection technology meeting the needs of water and electricity of a typical household in developing countries: From a Solar Home System to a full-functional hybrid system

A novel SolWat system designed exclusively as a Solar Home System that also meets the drinking water access in a family of a rural community in a developing country has been designed, manufactured and tested outdoors. The system is composed of 5 photovoltaic modules of monocrystalline silicon solar cells technology, each 20 Wp, parallel-interconnected, adding up to a 100 Wp system. The modules have a water reactor on top with the capacity of providing a minimum of 37.5 L per day for a family of 5 members, guaranteeing the minimum daily needs. Experimental campaign run tests of SODIS of 3 h each, running the system 3 times per day (with a total of 9 h of experimentation per day). Results show that the water treatment of 3 h should be increased at certain periods of the day when the UV dose is not sufficient (late in the afternoon). E. coli and Enterococcus spp achieved total inactivation or almost total disinfection. Regarding electrical production, although energy losses of 5.6–10% were observed in comparison with a single PV module, it was sufficient to fully meet the load demand of the solar home system. The system could be used in a household of a developing country, using only solar energy to meet the electricity and drinking water demand.

A new IR and sprinkler based embedded controller directed robotic arm for automatic cleaning of solar panel

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to design and develop an IR and sprinkler based embedded controller operated robotic arm for automatic dust removal system to mitigate the dust effect on the solar panel surface, since dust accumulation normally affected by real weather conditions is one of the serious concern for the deterioration of photovoltaic (PV) system output. Design/methodology/approach The system is a wet cleaning device which provides a cheap silicon rubber-based wiping operation controlled by the pulse width modulation-operated motors of robotic arm. The IEEE 1149.1-compliant mixed signal-embedded platform of C8051F226DK is involved to command the complete system. Findings A prototype of 30 WP system is capable of producing an inspiring average value of 11.26 per cent in energy increase, 13.63 per cent in PV module efficiency and 85.20 per cent in performance ratio of the system after 73 days of cleaning in summer season. In addition, a total of 1,617.93 W power; 1,0516.55 Wh energy; and 350.55 KWh/KWP final yield was found during the entire cleaning period. Originality/value A novel technique of the implementation of IR sensor and sprinkler in dust mitigation is proposed in this paper. The IR sensor is used as a versatile object which can manage the robotic arm setting and control the automatic switching between cleaning and charging, as well as identify the thermal condition of solar panel for overheating.

Highly efficient catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction on pristine and monovacancy defected WP systems: a first-principles investigation.

Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we have comprehensively investigated the structure and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalytic activity for pristine and monovacancy defected WP systems. It was revealed that the (101) surface can have the most exposure for the WP structure. The calculated free energy values of H* (ΔGH*) show that the (101) surface can exhibit good HER catalytic activity, where the top site over the W atoms can act as the most active site for HER due the existence of antibonding characteristics after adsorbing H*. Moreover, we have proposed an effective strategy through the introduction of a monovacancy to further improve the HER activity of the WP system. It was found that the formation of the W-monovacancy can significantly improve HER activity since the decreased coordination number of the correlative atoms brings some new active sites around the defect. Particularly, these systems can even exhibit considerably high HER activity over a wide range of hydrogen coverage. Clearly, all these fascinating findings at the atomic level can be beneficial for realizing highly efficient nonprecious HER electrocatalysts based on tungsten phosphide and even other transition metal phosphides in the near future.

Energy and economic losses caused by dust on residential photovoltaic (PV) systems deployed in different climate areas

Abstract Results of the study revealed that when dust impinged on the surface of the PV modules, monthly maximum power output of a 1.5 kWp system in Perth, Australia and a 50 Wp system in Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), Indonesia decreased, on average, by about 4.5% and 8%, respectively. Economic modelling showed that, the cost of production per kWh lost due to dust exhibited by these systems were A$ 0.26/kWh and A$ 0.15/kWh, respectively. Comparison of the cost of energy losses and maintenance revealed that, the Perth system would require manual cleaning in October while the system in NTT would require cleaning in August and October. Although the saving in production losses is not economically significant, this cleaning schedule was recommended, particularly for small systems in NTT since the extra output can have a significant effect on the quality of life in remote villages. The key finding was that higher dust de-rating factors and more cleaning activity may be more appropriate for PV systems deployed in tropical climate areas than that in temperate climate regions. It is recommended that PV system Standards that use the 5% performance de-rating factor due to soiling are reviewed and consideration given to climate-dependent de-rating factors.

Evaluation of Energy Payback and CO2 Emission of Solar Home Systems in Bangladesh

Around 1.4 million solar home systems are already installed by February 2013 in Bangladesh. In this paper, the energy and emission of solar home systems installed in Bangladesh are analyzed based on the field visit at the six different districts in Bangladesh. Study has been conducted for 40∼85 Wp systems as these systems are mostly used in the rural user level. Total primary energy requirement including energy requirement for manufacturing and energy required to replace its components in the estimated project life 20 years are calculated. On the other hand, energy supply by a SHS in its entire life time is also evaluated based on monitoring of selected SHSs. Energy payback period for 40, 50, 65, 75 and 85 systems are found to be 6.94, 7.47, 7.80, 7.32 and 6.91 years respectively. It is also revealed from the study that 1.4 million solar home systems in Bangladesh can mitigate 0.8 million ton of CO2 per year.

Selection of the most appropriate package of Solar Home System using Analytic Hierarchy Process model in rural areas of Bangladesh

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model was applied to select the most appropriate package of Solar Home System (SHS) for rural electrification in Bangladesh. Three different packages (75 Wp, 50 Wp and 30 Wp) were considered for selection and expert's opinions based on three attributes: i) cost, ii) meeting the electricity demand of basic household need and iii) availability of package in local market were taken to quantify relative priorities. After an intensive analysis through AHP model, it was found that 30 Wp system was the most appropriate package (percentage of priority was 42.19%) of SHS for rural electrification in Bangladesh. The useable items of this package are 2 lamps; each 8 Watt capacity and a black and white television. Customers can get it with cash price of BDT 12500 (US$ 162.34), although, different credit and pricing options are also available. 30 Wp SHS is also financially feasible for suppliers with Internal Rate of Return (IRR) value as 28%.

Increasing the cost-effectiveness of small solar photovoltaic pumping systems

Small photovoltaic pumping systems are needed in many parts of the world but are at present too expensive for most users. The cost can be reduced by using optical concentrators to reduce the cost of solar electricity, and by developing more efficient pump/motor/controller systems. The cost reduction for a 300–500 Wp system should be by a factor of between 2 and 3, for the same daily output of water.

Predictive computer vision for robotic assembly

A description of the Workspace Prediction and Fast Matching System (WPFM System) is given. The purpose of the system is to exploit the special constraints on the identity and placement of objects in a typical industrial robot workcell to perform rapid analysis of stereo vision data derived from such a scene. The a-priori knowledge of the positions and identities of some objects can allow some stereo data to be quickly matched to model features, and subtracted out of the scene data, leaving unknown data to be dealt with by a more comprehensive (and more computationally expensive) vision matcher. A workspace prediction graph (WP Graph) for a given scene can be created using the Robmod CSG solid modelling system (the WP System). The 3D model features in the WP Graph can then be matched against 3D stereo data derived from the equivalent real scene, using the Fast a priori Matching System (FAPM System). Matching is currently carried out only with edge features. The stereo data used in the matching process is derived from the real scene by a low level stereo vision capability (the GDB System). Curved objects can be handled by the WPFM System, and these are represented in the WP Graph by polyhedral approximations, which are then matched to stereo data.

Effect of harvesting system on nutrient losses during silage making. 2. In‐silo losses

AbstractNutrient losses during the in‐silo period were determined following the ensiling of grass using three differing harvesting systems. The treatments were either (a) harvesting herbage directly by means of a flail harvester (unwilted flail, UF) or (b) pre‐mowing of herbage with a rotary drum mower and lifting using a precision chop forage harvester with wilting (WP) and without wilting (UP). Herbage was harvested and ensiled over the period 26–29 May 1982, and a good fermentation was achieved with all three silages. Losses of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) during the in‐silo period were greatest with the UF system, intermediate with the UP system and lowest with the WP system. Gross energy losses followed the same trend with losses (as a percentage of ensiled levels) of 18·6, 9·8 and 4·4% for the UF, UP and WP systems, respectively. Gross energy loss as effluent accounted for 24% and 22% of total gross energy ensiled for the UF and UP treatments. Patterns of effluent flow differed between the two unwilted silages with a higher peak flow rate with the UF material. Total effluent production at 354 ml (kg DM ensiled)‐1 was greater for the UF material than for the UP material (288 ml (kg DM ensiled)‐1). Nutrient loss through surface waste was similar for all three silages whereas gross energy losses arising through residual respiration, fermentation and gaseous loss amounted to 149%, 6·7% and 31% of that ensiled for the UF, UP and WP silages, respectively. The results of this study, taken in conjunction with those of an earlier study where field losses were assessed, indicate that recovery of gross energy during silage making was very similar for the UP and WP systems and only marginally greater than that recovered with the UF system.

Implementing and integrating office automation

An international textile company describes how it selected and then implemented its office automation system. Originally, it was installed to replace the company's clustered WP system, but soon other applications were seen to be possible, including electronic mail and connection with outside services such as Datastream.

The Adrano Project

Abstract The aim of the Adrano Photovoltaic Project is to permit direct on site testing and comparison of different P.V. generators. The Project includes the design, fabrication, installation and testing of four 2.5-3 kW blocks, representing two different types of fixed flat-plate modules and one type of sun-tracking modules. Each block consists of the array (P.V. modules, sun-tracker devices, support structures, wiring connectors, protection devices), the power conditioning system (MPPT-inverter) and the suitable instrumentation. Therefore each block is a fully independent P.V. system able to supply electric energy to a 380 V, 50 Hz three-phase line. Furthermore, two experimental 200 Wp systems with GaAs cells and amorphous silicon cells are installed in the same area for the testing of these particular technologies.