Worth Revisiting Research Articles

40 years since the Heidelberg genetic screen that revolutionized developmental and cell biology.

Our current understanding of the molecular basis of embryonic development and the shared machinery underlying this remarkable process has its roots in three papers published 40 years ago, which summarize the results of the Nobel Prize-winning 'Heidelberg screen'. The genesis of these experiments that empowered us and the stories behind the experiments are worth revisiting.

Authors reply Re: Sharma AP, Singh PP, Chauhan R, Panda I, Devana SK, Bora GS, et al. Clinical study of steroid receptors in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: A domain worth revisiting. Indian J Urol 2024;40:127-32.

Authors reply Re: Sharma AP, Singh PP, Chauhan R, Panda I, Devana SK, Bora GS, et al. Clinical study of steroid receptors in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: A domain worth revisiting. Indian J Urol 2024;40:127-32.

Re: Sharma AP, Singh PP, Chauhan R, Panda I, Devana SK, Bora GS, et al. Clinical study of steroid receptors in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: A domain worth revisiting. Indian J Urol 2024;40:127-32.

Re: Sharma AP, Singh PP, Chauhan R, Panda I, Devana SK, Bora GS, et al. Clinical study of steroid receptors in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: A domain worth revisiting. Indian J Urol 2024;40:127-32.

Ukraine in Soviet Narratives about the October Revolution: A Case Study of Ihor Savchenko’s Film Ballad About Cossack Holota (1937)

Ukraine’s social, political, and cultural history has become a controversial issue since the 1990s. Dominant until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the discourse about the Soviet brotherly nations has since been contested by depictions of Ukraine as politically and ideologically divided over the course of its 20th-century history. Russia-Ukraine war that began with the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 Feb 2022 has had a dramatic impact on the process of replacing the formerly standard version of Ukraine’s past with new interpretations. At the same time, Russia’s war on Ukraine has also demonstrated that Soviet-era collective memory about the key events in Soviet history has outlived the Soviet state and has been mobilized for political use. When in pain of heart a Ukrainian politician says that Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has cancelled a shared past of Ukraine and Russia, he refers to a familiar discourse about these nations’ familial ties (Tkach). With this discourse now shattered, the question of particular salience is: How was the idea of brotherhood between Ukraine and other Soviet nations expressed and sustained? How did it evolve? In light of Russia-Ukraine war, the stories that were building blocks of the Soviet foundational narrative about Ukraine and Russia as fraternal nations are worth revisiting. An analysis of such stories reveals the mechanism of making Ukraine’s part an integral part of Soviet culture. In this paper, I discuss the issue of the evolution of the Soviet discourse about ‘eternal friendship of Ukrainian and Russian peoples’ in the example of Igor Savchenko’s film Ballad About Cossack Holota ( Duma pro kozaka Golotu, 1937), released by the Gorkii Film Studio as part of the celebrations of the twentieth anniversary of the October Revolution. Igor Savchenko (Ihor Savchenko in 24 | WEEReview 13 | 2024 Ukraine in Soviet Narratives about the October Revolution Ukrainian) was a Ukrainian Soviet film director who made films both in Russian and Ukrainian film studios; his work played an important role in promoting the idea of familial ties between Ukraine and Russia. Ballad About Cossak Holota is based on Arkadii Gaidar’s novella for children R.V.S. (1925) that is set during the Civil War in Ukraine, following the October Revolution. Savchenko’s film is especially interesting in how he reworks Gaidar’s story; he depicts events of the Civil War in the context of Ukraine’s 17th-18th-century history, drawing on Ukrainian folklore. Cossack Holota, a character from Ukrainian folklore, becomes a symbol of the revolutionary liberation of Ukraine, a promise of a just social and political order. Drawing on memory studies, post-colonial theory, and theory of deconstruction, I discuss the artistic means that Savchenko used in order to integrate Ukraine’s experience of the revolution and the Civil War into the Soviet discourse about the fight for Soviet power. Savchenko constructs Ukraine’s response to the revolution by making use of tropes of a big family, Biblical imagery, elements of folk culture, conventions of the adventure film. The study of Savchenko’s film contributes to our understanding of the debates about Soviet-era and presentday collective memory about the October Revolution and the Civil War in Ukraine and Russia. As the discourse about the biggest Soviet nations’ familial unity is yet another casualty of Russia-Ukraine war, it is important to consider how the idea of brotherhood between Ukraine and other Soviet nations was expressed in Soviet cinema. Such analysis explains why Ukrainian’s common emotional response to the start of the war was that of a feeling of shock and betrayal.

Clinical study of steroid receptors in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: A domain worth revisiting.

The prognostic significance of steroid receptors in bladder cancer remains controversial. This study was designed to determine the expression status of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptors (ERα and Erβ), and its potential role in predicting survival in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Sixty patients of NMIBC were screened and 57 (41 males and 16 females) were included in our study. The tissue microarray slides were evaluated by pathologists blinded to the clinical information. Association of distribution of steroid receptors with stage, grade, progression, and recurrence was seen. The mean age of the population was 60.9 ± 9.3 years. Pathologically, majority of the patients were Ta (Ta: T1 stage 61.4% vs. 38.6%). Nine (15.8%) of the tumors stained positive for AR while one (1.8%) tumor stained positive for ERα and 36 (63.2%) tumors stained for ERβ. A higher proportion of male NMIBC stained positive for AR (19.5% vs. 6.2%, P = 0.420) while ERβ positivity was higher in females (58.5% vs. and 75%,P = 0.247). AR-negative tumors showed higher recurrence (20/48%-42%) as compared to AR-positive tumors (2/9%-22%). ERβ-positive tumors showed higher recurrence (15/36%-42% vs. 7/21%-33%, P = 0.179). Progression-free survival (PFS) was found to be significantly lower for ERβ-negative group (log-rank test P = 0.035). AR and ERβ positivity is found in NMIBC patients while ERα shows minimal staining in NMIBC patients. Although it did not reach a statistical significance, a higher proportion of AR-negative and ERβ-positive tumors recurred as compared to AR-positive and ERβ-negative patients. PFS was significantly lower in ERβ-negative group. Further exploratory studies on larger sample sizes are required to validate these findings in NMIBC patients.

Effects of the Pituitary-targeted Gland Axes on Hepatic Lipid Homeostasis in Endocrine-associated Fatty Liver Disease-A Concept Worth Revisiting.

Hepatic lipid homeostasis is not only essential for maintaining normal cellular and systemic metabolic function but is also closely related to the steatosis of the liver. The controversy over the nomenclature of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the past three years has once again sparked in-depth discussions on the pathogenesis of this disease and its impact on systemic metabolism. Pituitary-targeted gland axes (PTGA), an important hormone-regulating system, are indispensable in lipid homeostasis. This review focuses on the roles of thyroid hormones, adrenal hormones, sex hormones, and their receptors in hepatic lipid homeostasis, and summarizes recent research on pituitary target gland axes-related drugs regulating hepatic lipid metabolism. It also calls on researchers and clinicians to recognize the concept of endocrine-associated fatty liver disease (EAFLD) and to re-examine human lipid metabolism from the macroscopic perspective of homeostatic balance.

Upper Ocean Transport in the Anegada Passage From Multi‐Year Glider Surveys

AbstractCaribbean through‐flow accounts for two‐thirds of the Florida Current and consequently is an important conduit of heat and salt fluxes in the upper limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Considering there is evidence that up to one‐half of the Florida Current originates as South Atlantic Water (SAW), determining the distribution of SAW throughout the Caribbean Island passages is important as this constitutes the major pathway for cross‐equatorial AMOC return flow. The Anegada Passage (AP) is a major pathway for subtropical gyre inflow and suggested to be a potential SAW inflow pathway worth revisiting. Here, we present glider‐based observations of temperature, salinity and subsurface velocity that represent the first observations of any type in the AP in nearly 20 years. An isopycnal water mass analysis is conducted to quantify the transport of water masses with South Atlantic or North Atlantic origin. Two potentially new aspects of AP transport are revealed. The total AP transport (−4.8 Sv) is shown to be larger than previously estimated, potentially by up to a factor of two. The transport of SAW through the AP (−1.66 Sv) is also shown to be larger than previously estimated, which represents 35% of the total transport reported here and 28% of the SAW entering the Caribbean north of the Windward Island Passages. These results indicate the AP may be an important pathway for cross‐equatorial AMOC return flow. These results also provide evidence that gliders with acoustic doppler profilers are a viable method for measuring island passage transport.

Global health wars: a rhetorical review of global health critique

The critique of global health is a longstanding tradition in the global health humanities (GHH). Typically, this critique takes an expected tack: critics take a slice of global health, identify...

The rebirth of the call for antiracism in schools: learning from the past

A prominent feature of the Black Lives Matter protests following the murder of George Floyd has been the renewed call for schools to become antiracist. What can be learnt from past unsuccessful attempts to implement antiracist education? Specific critiques of the antiracist movement made by prominent academics such as Paul Gilroy are worth revisiting. Research also suggests that sections of White working-class students were alienated by antiracist strategies that were often clumsy and exclusive in their implementation. In relation to state initiatives, there has been a shift from antiracist or multicultural agendas to the forefronting of the teaching of British values in schools. It is within this context, with the catalyst of popular outrage at racial injustice, that calls for antiracist education are again being vocalised. This article suggests that a renewed form of antiracism might focus on integrating a pedagogy of educating for social justice, setting out to avoid the polarisation of racialised categories. Rather than espousing a limited and essentialising discourse of race, a reexamination of class relations could usefully be positioned within a reformulated and reimagined antiracism that offers a critique of systemic injustice to include a wider constituency than race alone.

Sport History: The Basics

The Routledge series of guidebooks aims to offer “an overview of the fundamental principles of a subject area in a jargon free and undaunting format” (front matter). Sport History: The Basics is one of the latest in this series. Its author, Gerald Gems, is a respected and prolifically published scholar in the field of sport history.The extensive bibliographic materials make a significant contribution to the field. Each chapter contains content-specific materials, and, at the conclusion, there is an exhaustive bibliography surveying the historical literature well beyond the scope of the book. The only limitation of these materials comes from the lag time between completion of the manuscript and the publication date.In the opening chapter, Gems addresses the question “Why Study Sport History?” This may not be of concern to professional historians, but it is worth revisiting. Here Gems goes over familiar territory with precision and clarity. Similarly, he does an excellent job of explaining the work of the sport historian, including theory, research, and publication.From here, Gems moves on to an examination of the subfields and subtopics of sport history. On gender, he introduces materials from the ancient world, from early American history and from there moves through the growth of what he terms “feminism” in both Britain and the United States. This is followed by a brief examination of gender studies and body culture. Gems brings some clarity to these subjects while navigating the difficulties of terminology. What is surprising is the lack of any comment on subjects such as sex testing, intersex, and transgender sport experiences, gender affirmation, or related high-profile cases like that of Caster Semenya.The section on “Sport and Nationalism” has a focus on European, British, Japanese, and American nationalism, all of which include the element of imperialism. There is also a brief examination of national sports, a more problematic subject than it appears.Religion and sport, as Deion Sanders once proclaimed, go together like peanut butter and jelly. Fortunately, Gems does not go there. Rather, he begins with an examination of religion and sport in the ancient world. For European religious influences, Gems cites King James, William Bradford and the Puritans, Tom Brown's Schooldays, and Thomas Wentworth Higginson. There is a relatively long (given the total length of this study) treatment of the YMCA movement worldwide. From here, Gems offers comments on Catholic, Jewish, and Muslim sport and then concludes this section looking at the rather dubious proposition of sport as religion. Before leaving the pairings, Gems offers a very interesting and clear examination of the rise of leisure and sport and catalogs the many forms of sport that have emerged in the age of leisure. These are contained under the rubric of lifestyle sports and subdivided into a number of categories, such as winter sports, aquatic sports, and aerial sports.Under the heading “Megaevents,” in Chapter 8, Gems begins with the Olympic games, ancient and modern, and concludes this section by enumerating a number of the spinoffs of the Olympics. The World Cup (football) is followed by a raft of other World Cups with varying degrees of importance, lesser cups, regional games, and championships spread across the globe.It is in the final chapter, “Sport History around the Globe,” that Gerald Gems offers a full display of his expertise and the amazing scope of this small but important volume. In this chapter, he assesses the state of the field of sport history and its literature in nations and regions of the world. The strengths and weaknesses are examined, and, overall, Gems offers a hopeful picture. Following this final section is a massive bibliography of sport history and an extremely helpful index to this volume.There are two caveats: A work of this scope will invariably exclude any number of things that another author might include, and it will, on the other hand, include any number of things another author would not include. This means that any reader or reviewer could nitpick this book to death, something that has been largely avoided here. In addition, some may object to Gems's extensive inclusion of materials of a sociological nature, although that seems unwarranted given the overlapping nature of the many subfields of sport studies.Sport History: The Basics belongs in the library of anyone who claims to practice sport history, either as a professional or an amateur. It is useful, enlightening, and indeed inspirational. All in the field should offer a round of thanks to Gerald Gems for taking on this massive task and the quality of the results he has produced.

Revisiting Marx on Race, Capitalism, and Revolution

Did Karl Marx have a theory of race and capitalism? Not exactly, but he theorized on these issues over four decades and much of what he wrote still speaks to us today. At a time of global and U.S. struggles for liberation in the face of a deeply racialized fascist threat, these writings are worth revisiting.

Microstructural description of the maniraptoran egg Protoceratopsidovum

AbstractSince their discovery in the 1920s, some asymmetric, elongated dinosaur eggs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia have been interpreted as ceratopsian eggs. However, recent views support a maniraptoran affinity mainly based on macroscopic features. Technical advancements in palaeontology provide a novel approach to diagnose maniraptoran eggs, and the discovery of soft ceratopsian eggs makes the debate a timely issue worth revisiting. Here, we analysed Protoceratopsidovum eggshell from southern Mongolia with electron backscatter diffraction and the results were compared with East Asian and North American maniraptoran and ornithischian eggs. The microstructure and crystallography of Protoceratopsidovum confirms the maniraptoran hypothesis, given that it shows diagnostic features of the clade absent from ornithischian (e.g. hadrosaur) eggs. Additional characters, such as egg shape, ornamentation, egg pairing and clutch structure also support a maniraptoran affinity. Protoceratopsidovum has both elongatoolithid (oviraptorosaur egg) and prismatoolithid (troodontid egg) features, and it may bridge the morphological gap between the two established oofamilies. Considering the similarity between Protoceratopsidovum and potential dromaeosaur eggs, at least some Protoceratopsidovum may be deinonychosaur eggs. Fossil localities that yield both deinonychosaurs and Protoceratopsidovum may yield conclusive evidence for the true affinity of this ootaxon. Future discovery of the egg‐laying taxon of Protoceratopsidovum will not only improve our understanding of maniraptoran reproductive biology but also make Protoceratopsidovum a reliable indicator of the palaeobiogeography of that maniraptoran clade.

Risk-adjusting away volume as a quality metric for surgical oncology: a perspective worth re-visiting.

Risk-adjusting away volume as a quality metric for surgical oncology: a perspective worth re-visiting.

Utopia revisited: Green guidance

Utopians have visions for a better society, often with a view to social justice and equality. Some utopians have focused, more specifically, on career development and career guidance. Such visionaries include Charles Fourier, Richard Owen, and Frank Parsons. They are worth revisiting. Currently, our societies need new visions of a just and sustainable future for all. Green Guidance is a contribution towards this, utopian as it may seem.

Resurrecting ParaNorman: Ghosts and gays in the New Queer Cartoon

When the Oscar-nominated, stop-motion animated film ParaNorman was released in August 2012, critics made much ado about the supporting character named Mitch: a dopey, beefy jock perceived to be the first openly gay character in a mainstream American children’s animated movie. As queer representation in children’s animated media continues to expand – as seen, for example, in Netflix’s 2021 film The Mitchells vs. the Machines, which features an openly queer protagonist – this article argues that Mitch’s now decade-old legacy is worth revisiting. Drawing on Noreen Giffney’s concept of the ‘New Queer Cartoon’, ParaNorman, I claim, marks a crucial turning point in children’s animated media. The film represents a collision between the latently and openly queer – it nods to the coded queer signifiers of past films while simultaneously making possible the gradual increase in visible queer representation that has taken place since its release.

Locating Central and Eastern European emerging welfare regimes: is the youth welfare citizenship typology useful?

PurposeThe authors’ aim is to establish the variance of youth welfare citizenship regimes in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and to revisit the applicability of the regime approach to the emerging welfare regimes (EWRs).Design/methodology/approachThe empirical analysis follows the descriptive case study strategy aiming to discover diversity of youth welfare citizenship patterns. The case selection is made within the CEE country group, which includes countries in Central Europe, the Baltics, Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe, all sharing the communist past. The subdivision of these countries in reference to the welfare states can be made via the European Union (EU) membership based on the assumption that EU social policy frameworks and recommendations have an important effect on domestic policies. We included countries which are in the EU, i.e., with a similar political and economic transition path. There were three waves of accession to the EU in CEE countries. In the first wave (2004), all the Baltic countries, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary and Slovenia joined. In the second wave (2007), Romania and Bulgaria joined. Finally, Croatia joined the EU in 2013. Altogether 11 CEE countries are the EU members today, the remaining CEE countries are non-EU members and thus are excluded from the current research. Those countries which are part of the EU share similarities in social and economic reforms during the pre-accession period and after in order to reach a comparatively similar system with other member states. So, in terms of casing strategy these six countries can be named as emerging welfare regimes (EWRs) evolving transformations across different public policy areas. Handpicking of six countries out of 11 relies on the assumption that the Anglo-Saxon welfare system characteristics are more evident in the Baltic countries (Aidukaite, 2019; Aidukaite et al., 2020; Ainsaar et al., 2020; Rajevska and Rajevska, 2020) and Slovenia, while in Bulgaria and Croatia certain outcomes reflect the Bismarckian principles of social security (Hrast and Rakar, 2020; Stoilova and Krasteva, 2020; Dobrotić, 2020). This brings important variety into our analysis logic. Last but not least, we juxtapose six CEE EWR countries under analysis with six mature welfare regime countries representing different welfare regime types. Those mature welfare regime countries (Finland, Sweden, France, Germany, Italy, UK) are not an explicit object of the study but help to put analysed CEE EWR cases into larger context and thus, reflect upon theoretical claims of the welfare regime literature.FindingsThe authors can confirm that the EWR countries can be rather well explained by the welfare citizenship typology and complement the existing knowledge on youth welfare regime typology clusters in the Western Europe. Estonia is clustered close to the Nordic countries, whereas Latvia, Lithuania, Croatia and Slovenia are close to the Bismarckian welfare model despite rather flexible, non-restricted educational path, universal child and student support. Bulgaria is an outlier; however, it is clustered together with mature Mediterranean welfare regimes. Former intact welfare regime clusters are becoming more diverse. The authors’ findings confirm that there is no any intact cluster of the “post-communist” welfare regime and Eastern European countries are today “on move”.Research limitations/implicationsAltogether 11 CEE countries are the EU members today. The remaining CEE countries are non-EU members and thus are excluded from the current research. Those countries which are part of the EU share similarities in social and economic reforms during the pre-accession period and after in order to reach a comparatively similar system with other member states. At least one CEE country was chosen based on existing theoretical knowledge on the welfare regime typology (Anglo Saxon, Beveridgean, Bismarckian) for the Post-communist country groups.Practical implicationsIn the social citizenship dimension we dropped social assistance schemes and tax-relief indices and included poverty risk and housing measures. Youth poverty together with housing showed rather clear distinction between familialized and individualised countries and thus, made the typology stronger. In the economic dimension the preliminary picture was much fuzzier, mainly due to the comprehensive education in the region and intervention of the EU in domestic ALMPs (and VET) reforms. The authors added a new indicator (pro-youth orientation of ALMP) in order better to capture youth-sensitivity of policy.Social implicationsThe authors included a working poverty measure (in-work poverty rate) in order to reflect labour market insecurity as an increasing concern. Yet, the analysis results were still mixed and new indicators did not help locating the regime types.Originality/valueIn order to improve the validity of the youth welfare citizenship regime economic dimension, Chevalier's (2020) model may also be worth revisiting. The authors argue that this dichotomy is not sufficient, because inclusive type can have orientation towards general skills or occupational skills (i.e. monitored or enabling citizenship clusters), which is currently ignored. Chevalier (2020) furthermore associates inclusive economic citizenship with “coordinated market economies” (referring to Hall and Soskice, 2001), which seems hardly hold validity in the Nordic and at least some CEE countries.

Malaysian Chinese Literature and Diaspora Studies: Tee Kim Tong and Lee Yucheng's Discourses

Mahua (Malaysian Chinese) Literature has been an academic field in diaspora studies since the 1990s. Lee Yucheng and Tee Kim Tong, both Malaysian-born, are among the scholars who have developed the theory thoroughly in Taiwan. The diaspora studies of Mahua Literature was benefited from Chinese diaspora studies and the Western diaspora studies, hence its outcome encompasses a few dimensions. Firstly, it focuses more on transnational network instead of national literature per se, in which such perspective is in line with the rise of globalization in modern capitalism. Secondly, the concept of Chinese diaspora (or diasporic Chinese) is used to distinguish the identity of the mainland Chinese. Thirdly, diaspora studies has shifted from empirical studies to critical studies, equipping scholars to reflect on more issues in Mahua Literature. Nevertheless, two decades after the establishment of the field, there are still questions needed to be asked and discussions worth revisiting. This article argues that after the “generalization turn”, the original discourse of the diaspora studies has shifted from the specific historical reference of the Jews and Africans, to a broader context which would include the diasporic experience of other ethnic groups such as Chinese, under the global transnational phenomenon which has become so common in today’s world. This transition has unavoidably brought new challenges, especially regarding the definition and the boundaries of the studies. While some scholars also attempt to further develop the concept of “diaspora” to become a critical theory instead of a mere historical idea, more valid foundation and reflections are still much needed.

An upper limit for the growth of inner planets?

ABSTRACT The exotic range of known planetary systems has provoked an equally exotic range of physical explanations for their diverse architectures. However, constraining formation processes requires mapping the observed exoplanet population to that which initially formed in the protoplanetary disc. Numerous results suggest that (internal or external) dynamical perturbation alters the architectures of some exoplanetary systems. Isolating planets that have evolved without any perturbation can help constrain formation processes. We consider the Kepler multiples, which have low mutual inclinations and are unlikely to have been dynamically perturbed. We apply an adaption of previous modelling efforts, accounting for the two-dimensionality of the radius ($R_\mathrm{pl} =0.3\!-\!20\, R_\oplus$) and period (Porb = 0.5–730 d) distribution. We find that an upper limit in planet mass of the form $M_\mathrm{lim} \propto a_\mathrm{pl}^{\beta } \exp (-a_\mathrm{in}/a_\mathrm{pl})$, for semimajor axis apl and a broad range of ain and β, can reproduce a distribution of Porb, Rpl that is indistinguishable from the observed distribution by our comparison metric. The index is consistent with β = 1.5, expected if growth is limited by accretion within the Hill radius. This model is favoured over models assuming a separable PDF in Porb, Rpl. The limit, extrapolated to longer periods, is coincident with the orbits of RV-discovered planets (apl > 0.2 au, $M_\mathrm{pl}\gt 1\, M_\mathrm{J}$) around recently identified low density host stars, hinting at isolation mass limited growth. We discuss the necessary circumstances for a coincidental age-related bias as the origin of this result; such a bias is possible but unlikely. We conclude that, in light of the evidence suggesting that some planetary systems have been dynamically perturbed, simple models for planet growth during the formation stage are worth revisiting.

Evaluation of Cartilage in the Wrist using Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Wrist pain is a common patient complaint with a myriad of clinical conditions that can explain the underlying cause. Short of wrist arthroscopy, no technique other than formal wrist arthrotomy exists for direct examination of the hyaline cartilage coating the articular surfaces of the carpal bones. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proven accurate in evaluating joint surfaces of large joints such as the shoulder, hip, and knee with articular cartilage surface thickness is in excess of 1 mm. However, in the carpus the thickness of the cartilage and the contours present have precluded accurate imaging. Advances in MRI technology over the last several decades are now making imaging of small joint surfaces, such as the carpus, an area worth revisiting. Herein we provide a review of these efforts with a specific focus on the evaluation of the wrist.

Why Were the Founders of Liberal Judaism in Britain Opposed to Zionism?

Until recently, scholars have assumed that Liberal Judaism’s pre-war stance against Zionism was motivated primarily by a desire to assimilate into bourgeois English cultural mores. This article argues to the contrary: that the founders of Liberal Judaism were expressly trying to combat secular assimilation. Focusing on speeches and writings from Liberal Judaism’s three primary founders, Lily Montagu, Claude Montefiore and Rabbi Israel Mattuck, I find they took a nuanced and principled approach to opposing Jewish nationalism. Their opposition to Zionism stemmed, instead, from a desire to contest definitions of Jewishness. In particular, they were concerned that national conceptions of Jewishness undermined their ethical and spiritual project. I conclude that many of their concerns anticipate problems in modern-day Israel, so that their arguments are worth revisiting.