Worth Drawing Research Articles

Social Distance of Ethnic Groups: from Proximity to Remoteness (in the Example of Kazakhstan)

The ethno-demographic structure of the population of Kazakhstan is characterized by a high degree of ethno-cultural diversity. In the historical retrospective, the analysis of the conflicts involving ethnic groups allows us to discuss the presence of certain social distances that find their expression with categories such as connection and solidarity, remoteness, and intolerance. Over the years of independence, the country has experienced more than 20 intergroup conflicts related to the interethnic sphere. The causes of similar incidents can be attributed to various factors. The main ones are economic inequality, geopolitical instability, cultural gap, stereotypical representation, etc. The above-mentioned factors, especially stereotypes and prejudice, can be a potential cause-and-effect link in the relationship formation of various degrees of proximity. In this regard, it is worth drawing clear parallels between interethnic attitudes and social distance, which requires a sociological measurement of their interrelation in Kazakh society. The article represents a systematization of manifestation characteristics of the social distance in the context of interaction between ethnic groups across different regions. The proposed work represents one of the initial attempts in the Kazakh ethno-political literature to study the processes of interethnic relations within the framework of the assessment proximity: from readiness for interethnic marriages to the desire for ethnic isolation.

Modele nauczania religii w wybranych krajach Europy inspiracją dla odnowy polskiej edukacji religijnej

Aim: The aim of the analyses conducted in this article is to search for a new vision of religious education in Poland, which would constitute a response to the contemporary secularization of youth. This search is inspired by models of religious education in selected European countries with similar religious and social conditions to Poland. Methods: The main method, which constitutes the axis of the search, is the comparative method. Thanks to it, not only the concepts of religious education in Italy, Malta and Croatia were compared, but also those elements which would be worth implementing in Poland were pointed out. Results: A synthetic presentation of the system of religious education in Italy, Croatia and Malta shows how these countries respond to the contemporary secularisation of the young generation and makes it possible to distinguish elements that can provide inspiration for the process of renewing religious education in Poland. Conclusion: The proposals for the renewal of religious education in Poland developed in this article appear to be relevant to contemporary socio-cultural changes, especially the secularisation that is staggering. Oryginality: The subject matter under analysis is original and is intended by the author to be a voice in the discussion on the new concept of religious education in Poland. This is because it is worth drawing on the experience of other countries that have been experiencing secularisation processes for many years. Keywords: Religious Education in Poland, secularization, models of religious education, Poland, Malta, Italy, Croatia, catechesis.

PUBLIC RELATIONS IN THE COMMEMORATION OF KVITKA CISYK IN UKRAINE

The article presents the study results of the main stages, forms and promoters of the cult of Kvitka Cisyk in Ukraine. Kvitka Cisyk was a US citizen born in the US. However, she attached great importance to her Ukrainian origin and tried to reflect this Ukrainian ethnic self-identification in her work. However, she became much more famous worldwide because of her work as a singer for advertising products commissioned by leading American corporations than as a perform- er of Ukrainian lyrical songs. The article’s authors focused on the history and current state of public commemoration of Kvitka Cisyk in Ukraine. An interdisciplinary approach was applied; in particular, psychological hypothetical explanations were made regarding the motivation of the promoters of some commemorative actions. With the help of a comparative analysis of Ukrainian and foreign mass media, the key events, forms, and directions of the commemoration of Kvitka Cisyk on the territory of Ukraine are determined, the influence of many actions, individuals, including leaders of public opinion, on the formation of the mod- ern Ukrainian mass media image of this advertising industry figure is characterized. Systematized, in chronological order, the history of naming dozens of Ukrainian streets in honour of Kvitka Cisyk. The practical significance of the article lies, in particular, in providing recommendations and means of their imple- mentation for educational institutions that train specialists in the field of advertising and public relations. A number of hypotheses have been put forward that can stimulate further scientific explorations of the Ukrainian commemoration of Kvitka Cisyk. In the educational process, in the training of specialists in advertising and public relations, it is worth drawing more attention of future figures of the advertising business and related industries to the example of Kvitka Tsysyk’s achievements and honoring these achievements. After all, Kvitka Tsysyk is currently in Ukraine, apparently, the most glorified, honored figure in the advertising business. Receiving such recognition, immortalization in the names of streets, awards, museums, and creative contests is for many actors no less, and for some, much stronger than material reward, a stimulus for professional growth, hard work in the chosen business field.

Ригидность в структуре личности: история вопроса и проблема исследования

The –issues of research on rigidity in personality organization – are discussed indepth in this article as the main theoretical and applied aspects of one of the relevant areas of general psychology. In this regard, the reasons for the formulation of the stated problem in its proper psychological aspect are presented and interpreted: the absence of a single categorical and conceptual apparatus; spectral and local organization of scientific rigidity research; “bipolar” character reflecting the convergence process of rigidity and flexibility; the vagueness of the content, boundaries and place of rigidity in the system of psychological concepts, its structural and functional organization, position among other structural components of personality and the relationship with them. As a result of the difficulties associated with the formation of a unified view on the genesis of the concept, justification of the choice of basic definitions, diversification of approaches in the study of rigidity, the allocation of structural components, the concept of rigidity is used and interpreted in various contexts differently. It is shown that the current research on rigidity in the structure of personality aims to solve the important, but narrow issues despite of their high theoretical and practical significance. At the same time, relevant general issues fall out of scientists’ sight and need to be discussed. The rigidity research should be carried out as in the field of general psychology and rigidity should be studied within the section of cognitive processes taking into account its key aspects including dynamics and structural organization. Strate gically, in order to develop theoretical ideas about the psychological concept of rigidity, study its procedural side, analyze key aspects of structural organization and dynamics, it is necessary to make a reasonable choice of both a theoretical and methodological foundation and a theoretical model supplemented by the results of empirical research. Along with this, it is worth drawing attention of the scientific community to the issue of determination the causes of manifestation of personality rigidity. Summarizing the presented materials, the author concludes that rigidity in personality organization should be studied as a general psychology problem.

The application of the pseudo-documentary form in the film "The Evil”

"The Possessed"is a horror film directed by Ma Kai, cast by hengdian walk-on actors and ordinary actors. The film premiered at the 10th FIRST Youth Film Festival on July 23, 2016. By imitating the creation technique and presentation form of documentary, "The Possessed" imitates the real context of the film, and uses the full DV perspective to narrate, bringing psychological oppression and game experience to the audience. This paper will start with the pseudo-documentary "The Possessed" of the horror type, and analyze its technical level and the formation mechanism of the terror psychology involved. This article through to the concept of pseudo documentary definition, origin and classification analysis, "The Possessed", for example, from the structure of the film the real context technique and USES the imaginary space of the narrative Angle of view to create two aspects, to illustrate how the pseudo documentary its style characteristics under the guidance of the theory of thematic to complete the actual filming and production, In this way, we will discuss what the film is worth learning and drawing lessons from and explore the innovation of the film director. Consider how domestic horror films should localize the emerging film form, how to rely on the form of "pseudo-documentary" to deepen the level of horror, so that the audience can experience the immersive film watching experience.

Methodological foundations of assessing research impact in business and management

Motivation: Assessment of research impact in the business and management field is more difficult than in the case of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines and, therefore, it is justified to improve the approaches, methods and tools used in this field and social sciences in general. Methodological research concerning such assessment is quite a challenge as it is not easy to identify useful assessment methods, indicators and evaluation criteria for carrying out objective processes for conceptualizing and measuring research impact. Creating conditions for obtaining reliable results of research impact assessment is accompanied by the growing interest of scientists and public institutions sponsoring their study.
 Aim: The article aims to indicate the current main methodological trends in assessing the impact of research in business and management.
 Results: The paper presents the results of bibliometric research enabling the identification of leading study centers and main methodological solutions, which may be a source of progress in the field of research on systems and methods of research impact assessment in business and management. This is especially important for the scientific community and public sponsors from countries that are currently starting to implement impact assessment systems. It is worth drawing from the experience, good practices and vast resources of knowledge related to evaluation systems and models of knowledge exchange between academia and non-academic stakeholders.

Recreational activities among students aged 14-18

It is an unfortunate fact that children have less and less free time now because they live a busy life. Several studies confirm that it is extremely important that we do leisure activities which have a positive impact and active leisure activities should come into prominence. Methods: Our study examined the leisure and sports habits of physical education and non-physical education students (N=114). We used a questionnaire, and we also made correlation examinations. The results were analyzed by using SPSS software. Results: The results show 14-18 year old students have an average of 2-3, 3-4 hours of free time, in which both active and passive recreational activities come to the front. 83.3% of respondents do some form of sport, which is not surprising since many are in physical education, but it is also a promising result, because sport has many positive effects. The most popular sports are ball games, especially football. It is not surprising the internet is very popular as a leisure activity among young people. Our results also illustrate that it is worth drawing attention to the right way of spending free time in childhood and that children need to love sports to integrate them into their lives.

Assessment of Olympic performance in relation to economic, demographic, geographic, and social factors: quantile and Tobit approaches

The sports industry's global gain is worth drawing attention to in the face of economics. Scholars argued that a country's success in sports is directly related to its economic, demographic, geographic, and social factors. Therefore, investigating the relationship between these factors and sports prizes could be a garment in formulating policies for promoting sports success. Thus, this study used cross-sectional data analysis to investigate such claims based on the recent Olympic Games of Rio 2016 from 207 countries with more than 11,000 athletes on 306 events in 28 different sports by employing Quantile Regression and Tobit Regression models. The findings revealed that inflation rate in moderate performed countries; economically active population in low, moderate, high, and very high performed countries; and countries' income classification in low, moderate, high, and very high performed countries are influencing the countries medal ranking performance in the Olympic Games. Furthermore, countries with high temperatures are not likely to do well in the games. However, the size of a country's GDP level, corruption ranking level, the number of athletes, and the topographical nature of a country have no impact on the countries medal ranking performance in the Olympic Games.

A more global urban studies, besides empirical variation

An expanded set of sites, a more differentiated set of references and linguistic diversification have been discussed as needed changes in urban studies. The critiques of the limitations of urban studies, in terms of both the scholarship and the scholars, offer important and concrete responses to expanding the scope of the field. Yet this tremendous special issue on ‘Comparative Methods for Global Urban Studies’ with 10 papers cutting across a range of sites and topics is decidedly not only about empirical variation; this is an important distinction worth drawing more attention to. The creativity expressed in these papers comes at an auspicious time in urban studies where new routes for doing urban theory are needed to move past debates about singular versus plural epistemologies of the urban. As a kind of research that demands more translation, exchange and collaboration, perhaps comparative urban research as a mode of theory-building can help to humble the chest-pounding, posturing, privilege of thinking and speaking the language of theory. The theoretical ambitions of these very different papers show how urban theory need not only be about better understanding urbanisation within the epistemological confines of late capitalism. Rather than reifying a shared grammar of urbanisation as a necessity to understand each other, they may entice scholars everywhere to develop a broader vocabulary and perhaps even learn another language.

RODION RASKOLNIKOV’S IDEA IN VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION

The article discusses the translation into Vietnamese of excerpts about the protagonist Rodion Raskolnikov’s idea in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel «Crime and Punishment». We used all available Vietnamese translations of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel, adapted of the original language. We have done a comparative analysis of translations of the verbal conceptualisation of Rodion Raskolnikov’s ideas and their reverse translations accompanied by their analysis. What is worth drawing attention to, are the depressing poverty of Raskolnikov, his social protest as the main motives which made the hero to pass to the terrible crime. There is weakened interest in the hero’s idea, in its hidden godless character of Raskolnikov’s ideas – the protagonist challenges not only the outrageous social injustice, but also the foundations of Orthodoxy, according to which the Law of moral goodness comes from God rather than from humans. It has been shown that Vietnamese translators, working on the translations of «Crime and Punishment», have experienced several diffi culties. The main one is their lack of understanding and knowledge of the realia from Russian people’s daily religious and cultural life in the mid-19th century. The realities of everyday life and spiritual Orthodoxy are often replaced by the realities of the Buddhist cult, which brings to the novel an unusual «oriental» religious fl avour. Some specifi c clarifi cations are suggested for unclear content in the available translations.

Sociedad civil y movimientos sociales. Entre el cambio y la organización social

In this text, I suggest that it is worth drawing attention to both structural and dynamic aspects of social reality from the field of social movements and social participation. Going beyond Social Movement Studies or the Sociology of Protest, I advocate for doing Sociology trough the study of social movements. If academics on this field have traditionally emphasized their agency capacity, as collective actors urging social transformations and changes, an alternative (and complementary) view emphasizes, on the other hand, that sociology of action shouldn’t conform as a different field of the social organization.

Analysis of the electric wheel vibration reduction system of a wheel-hub motor-driven vehicle

Based on the principle of multi-stage vibration isolation and active vibration absorption, a multi-stage passive vibration-isolating system and active motor vibration-absorbing system are designed for the electric wheel system of wheel-hub motor-driven electric vehicle, and the 1/4 suspension structural diagrams of the two vibration-isolating systems are drawn. Secondly, the corresponding multi-degrees-of-freedom vertical vibration model is established according to the different structural diagrams, and the dynamic differential equation of the multi-degrees-of-freedom vibration system is deduced. Then, by programming the MATLAB software is used to solve the acceleration of the vehicle body, the dynamic deflection of the suspension spring, and the amplitude, and the frequency characteristic curve of the relative dynamic load of the wheel of the 1/4 suspension system are drawn and the results are compared and analyzed. Finally, the ADAMS software is used for remodeling; the simulation experiment of ADAMS multi-body dynamics verified the correctness of the theoretical results of MATLAB software. The results show that the ADAMS simulation experiment results are consistent with the MATLAB theoretical results, and their correctness is verified. The vibration isolation effect of the active vibration-absorbing system is better and can improve the riding comfort and safety of the vehicle; hence it is worth popularizing and drawing.

Japanese Ways of Developing Urban Underground Recreation Space

This paper defines the concept of urban recreation space at first, and then focuses on the six aspects of experience in functional orientation, joint development, business planning, environment designing, recreational route designing, operation and management based on reviewing the development process of the underground street in urban recreation space in Japan. The results show that the overall planning and detailed design of urban recreational space in Japan is worth learning and drawing lessons for all countries in the world.

Protection issues in selected European historic towns and their contemporary development

The presented article is aimed at presenting a few selected examples of small European historic towns whose properly protected cultural heritage considerably contributes to their development in the 21st century. The issue of protection and revalorisation of Polish towns, particularly the smaller ones, is relevant nowadays. Historic heritage seems to be a burden for local authorities and residents because very often they are not aware of how it could contribute to the multidirectional development of their towns. The local inhabitants and authorities of small historic towns in Western European countries respect their heritage much more than Poles, as they associate it with the idea of sustainable development, “place specificity”, and finally, with an opportunity for development, treating cultural heritage as a basis for economic progress and building new and modern infrastructure. It is worth drawing attention here, that sustainable development denotes changing the reality in such a way that the development would optimally satisfy the needs of modern man, without violating the needs of future generations. The testimony to the potential of the cultural heritage of historic towns in the context of their modern development is borne by the towns whose authorities and inhabitants were able to utilise their past for building their future. As examples one could name here French (e.g. Auxerre, Provins,) or German towns (e.g. Heppenheim, Lorsch).

The impact of DO and salinity on microbial community in poly(butylene succinate) denitrification reactors for recirculating aquaculture system wastewater treatment

The interactions between environmental factors and bacterial community shift in solid-phase denitrification are crucial for optimum operation of a reactor and to achieve maximum treatment efficiency. In this study, Illumina high-throughput sequencing was applied to reveal the effects of different operational conditions on bacterial community distribution of three continuous operated poly(butylene succinate) biological denitrification reactors used for recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) wastewater treatment. The results indicated that salinity decreased OTU numbers and diversity while dissolved oxygen (DO) had no obvious influence on OTU numbers. Significant microbial community composition differences were observed among and between three denitrification reactors under varied operation conditions. This result was also demonstrated by cluster analysis (CA) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). Hierarchical clustering and redundancy analysis (RDA) was performed to test the relationship between environmental factors and bacterial community compositions and result indicated that salinity, DO and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were the three key factors in microbial community formation. Besides, Simplicispira was detected under all operational conditions, which worth drawing more attention for nitrate removal. Moreover, the abundance of nosZ gene and 16S rRNA were analyzed by real-time PCR, which suggested that salinity decreased the proportion of denitrifiers among whole bacterial community while DO had little influence on marine reactors. This study provides an overview of microbial community shift dynamics in solid-phase denitrification reactors when operation parameters changed and proved the feasibility to apply interval aeration for denitrification process based on microbial level, which may shed light on improving the performance of RAS treatment units.

On Symbolic Depiction of the Background in Robert Stevenson's Short Story

This paper analyzes Robert Stevenson's short story (Markheim) by probing into the symbolic meaning of objects and sounds in the background of a murder scene. Different from most short stories by other writers, who tend to express the theme by creating sophisticated characters and constructing complicated plot, this story lays unusual stress on the background and endows it with symbolic significance and textual prominence. The symbolic contrast between brightness and darkness at the place of the murder and the symbolic contrast between silence and sounds in the surroundings of the scene can be interpreted as the conflict between good and evil in Markheim's mind after he murdered the shop keeper and thus committed a sin. The symbolic depiction of the background helps to build up the psychological tension within the murderer and contributes to the manifestation of the theme: the struggle between good and evil and the conquest of good over evil. Symbolism in background depiction is shown by this paper to be an effective literary technique for revealing the theme and is thus worth drawing on even by contemporary writers.

Lines of Descent: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Emergence of Identity

Lines of Descent: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Emergence of Identity

Die neuen Psalmenhomilien: Eine kritische Edition des Codex Monacensis Graecus 314 ed. by Lorenzo Perrone

Reviewed by: Die neuen Psalmenhomilien: Eine kritische Edition des Codex Monacensis Graecus 314 ed. by Lorenzo Perrone Peter W. Martens Lorenzo Perrone, ed., with Marina Molin Pradel, Emanuela Prinzivalli and Antonio Cacciari Die neuen Psalmenhomilien: Eine kritische Edition des Codex Monacensis Graecus 314 Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte, Neue Folge 19 (Origenes Werke XIII) Berlin: De Gruyter, 2015 Pp. IX + 641. $196.00. In the spring of 2012, Marina Molin Pradel made a remarkable discovery in the Staatsbibliothek in Munich. Pradel was tasked with producing a new catalog of some of its Greek manuscripts—a long undertaking, in which a team of scholars will ultimately replace the catalog produced over two hundred years ago by Ignatio Hardt (a digitized version of this older catalog is available on the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek website). When Pradel’s research took her to Codex [End Page 628] Graecus 314, a twelfth-century manuscript that contains 29 anonymous Greek homilies on the Psalms, her attention was piqued by the fact that this collection included the text of four of the five Origenian homilies on Psalm 36 that Rufinus had translated into Latin (and which we still possess today). Moreover, she noticed that the other homilies transmitted by Codex Graecus 314 corresponded to a large extent to the catalog of Origen’s sermons on the Psalms that Jerome listed in his Epistula 33. With the help of a team of scholars, Lorenzo Perrone set himself the task of editing this manuscript. The critical edition here under review, the editio princeps of Codex Graecus 314, was published less than three years after the discovery of these homilies. Joseph Trigg is preparing an English translation for the Fathers of the Church series. The edition is prefaced with four introductory chapters. The first by Perrone briefly describes the circumstances under which Codex Graecus 314 was discovered and identifies a series of external and internal criteria that point to Origenian authorship and what we can learn about Origen from these new homilies. There are some interesting discoveries. For instance, Origen admits that he has become more circumspect about his “flight to the tropological meaning” of passages, now holding himself more closely to the wording of passages (Hom. 76 in Ps. III.2); he acknowledges a bishop who has heard him preach and praised his words (Hom. 67 in Ps. I.1); there is also a reference to his youth in Alexandria, where he remarks about the lack of qualified ecclesiastical teachers and the schools of “heretics” who flourished there (Hom. 77 in Ps. II.4). The next chapter by Pradel offers an abbreviated catalog entry of Codex Graecus 314, describing its contents, physical description, scribal characteristics, provenance, and binding. Next, Emanuela Prinzivalli analyzes Rufinus’s method of translation, which can now be fruitfully compared against his Greek original. (The appendix of this edition prints in parallel columns Rufinus’s four Latin homilies that now have a corresponding Greek text.) In the final section of the introduction Perrone lays out the principles of the current edition. A few points are worth drawing to the reader’s attention: text is printed in bold where it coincides with material attributed to Origen in the catenae on the Psalms (the apparatus identifies the editions or manuscripts from which these catenae fragments are drawn); the apparatus also identifies passages in other Origenian works that parallel what we find in these homilies; finally, the apparatus signals some of Origen’s sources, mainly Philo, and a few later authors who drew inspiration from his work on the Psalms, chiefly Eusebius, Didymus, and Jerome. The volume closes with black-and-white images of three folios, and a number of indices of passages: scriptural, Origenian, and those from other ancient authors. It is hard to overstate the importance of this manuscript discovery. For a discovery of similar magnitude for the study of Greek early Christianity we are required to look back over seventy years to the Tura papyrus find, where a number of Origen and Didymus’s previously lost works were uncovered. Prior to the discovery of the 29 homilies in Munich, all that survived of Origen’s enormous work on the Psalms were Rufinus’s translation of...

OUP accepted manuscript

1. INTRODUCTIONIt is ten to noon and I am sitting in a park, leafing through a catalogue of Mondrian's paintings. While I look at the photograph of Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow, I peripherally see the text describing the painting, my hands holding the book, and, beyond the book, some people and trees, and a fountain in the background. At the same time, I hear the fountain's water pouring down, girls chatting on my left, leaves rustling and children laughing, and other background noises. I have my legs crossed, and I am aware of that. Further, I am eating nut chocolate, tasting its flavor and feeling the little nut pieces in my mouth, and smelling the pleasant odor of the roses behind me. Unfortunately, I have a bad headache, so I am thinking that I should take some aspirin. All those conscious states occur simultaneously at ten to noon, and they belong to the same subject-me. They occur together, and I experience them as occurring together.The conscious states I have at ten to noon also seem to be tightly related to each other. The picture of Composition appears to me as a unified image. Moreover, it appears to me as being part of the book I hold in my hands. It also appears as standing in a specific spatial relation with the text which describes it (say, on its left). The book itself appears to me as a unified thing, and as bearing spatial relations with me and the other objects in my visual field-for example, it is closer to me than the trees and the fountain in the background. The objects around me are unitarily perceived by me through different sense modalities-the fountain, for instance, is both heard and seen. My thought about aspirin is causally related to my feeling pain in my head. And so on. Not only all the conscious states I have at ten to noon appear to me as occurring together. They also appear as being intimately connected in such a way to form a unified state of consciousness.At any one time we simultaneously have a number of conscious states. It seems intuitively true that such conscious states are somehow unified. But what makes them unified? In virtue of what are all the conscious states one has at any given time unified? This is the problem of the unity of consciousness. Before attempting any solution to the problem, it is worth drawing some distinctions, and to clarify what exactly the phenomenon at issue is.First, what we are concerned with is phenomenal unity, namely the unity of one's phenomenally conscious states. This must be distinguished from other kinds of unity, such as access unity (the unity of one's access-conscious states), introspective unity (the unity of one's introspected conscious states), and cognitive unity (the integration and coordinated use of one's mental faculties, aimed at task accomplishment, problem solving, and interaction with the environment).1 It must also be distinguished from behavioral unity (the capacity to coordinate one's body parts in order to produce more or less complex actions), and neurophysiological unity (the unity of a set of conscious states which are correlated to or brought about by the same area of the brain).2Second, unity of consciousness is unity of all the phenomenally conscious states of a subject, rather than a subset of them. Thus, it must be distinguished from both objectual and spatial unity, which are only forms of partial unity. Objectual unity is the kind of unity which binds together, say, your perceiving redness and your perceiving roundness, thereby enabling you to perceive a red ball as a unified object. It also enables you to perceive one and the same object through different sense modalities. Objectual unity is only partial unity because, usually, not all the conscious states one has at a time are directed to one and the same object. Spatial unity is the unity of conscious states which represent objects as belonging to the same space. It is merely partial because not all the conscious states one has at a time represent objects as being located in space, or as bearing spatial relations with other objects. …

Adventure into Peacetime Intra-Alliance Espionage: Assessment of the America-Germany Saga

Abstract Peacetime espionage is often employed by states as a means of acquiring information about competitor states in the international system. However the practice is not limited to competitor states. In a world where security concerns are an ever-present consideration for state action, acts of espionage normally reserved for use against enemies are also used against ally states. The basic premise is that while alliances are able to foster mutual trust and cooperation, they do not conclude that an ally will always be trust-worthy and faithful, most especially, when it involves issues of national interest. The international system and a need to safeguard one’s own interests and population mean that espionage, even against an ally, will remain a necessary state function and all states should therefore remain vigilant against attempts at infiltration of their state secrets. The question of peacetime intra-alliance espionage and the consequences thereof has yet to be answered and it is the purpose of this research to fill that intellectual gap. This research will look at traditionally allied countries, with a long record of cooperation, and not competing states. To achieve this, the case from 2013 of two North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) allies, Germany and the United States (US), are our main focus. Lessons worth drawing from this, by NATO small states members, shall be discussed.