Wormhole Detection Research Articles

Leveraging Propagation Delay for Wormhole Detection in Wireless Networks

Leveraging Propagation Delay for Wormhole Detection in Wireless Networks

Enhancing Mobile Ad Hoc Network Security: A Study on Termite Colony Optimization for Wormhole Detection

An ordinary, self-orbiting communication network with the ability to manage mobile nodes is called a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET). The vulnerability of the MANET to various threats and attacks is addressed by numerous proposed protocols. The malicious node takes advantage of these weaknesses to launch attacks, such as wormhole attacks, particularly when nodes are mobile and the network's topology is unstable. The termite method for detecting wormhole attacks in MANETs is presented in this research. Keywords: MANET, Denial of service, Wormhole attack, Termite approach

Genetic algorithm-based Wormhole attack detection in WSN

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology has received a lot of attention and has opened new applications. Examining security assaults on the network layer and coming up with a solution for them is one of the difficult topics in modern networks. Therefore, to achieve our goals, we must develop a technique that can identify an attack, prevent the attacker from accessing the network, and do so while consuming the fewest amounts of battery power. This technique must also use a simple, reliable algorithm. The use of a genetic algorithm is suggested in this research as a detection of wormhole attacks in WSNs. The strategy makes use of a genetic algorithm to investigate and identify the ideal group of parameters for a wormhole detection technique. Even in the case of enormous networks, the search for the most effective parameters may be carried out quickly and effectively by using this genetic algorithm.

Traversable wormholes with electric charge and scalar field in f(R,T) gravity

Kim and Lee [Phys. Rev. D 63 (2001) 064014] studied charged wormholes and Morris–Thorne wormholes in the presence of scalar field using the concepts of general relativity. In this paper, we have also considered same wormholes affected with electric charge and scalar field and extended their study using the framework of [Formula: see text] gravity with [Formula: see text] gravity model, where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are constants. We have examined the possibility for minimization of the amount of exotic matter through energy conditions. Further, we have obtained the deflection angle, an important notion in gravitational lensing, by using strong field limit coefficients which may be helpful in the detection of wormholes.

Detection and Prevention of Worm hole Attack to Improve Traffic in VANET

Abstract: A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) made up of spatially dispersed independent devices using sensors is vulnerable to many different types of threats and attacks due to a number of factors, including the unattended deployment in an untrusted environment, the limited network resources, the ease of network access, and the range of radio transmission. One of these weaknesses is the wormhole attack, in which a hacker sets up a low-latency link between sensor nodes in order to sabotage them, use up network resources, and steal sensitive information. This essay outlines the WSN wormhole attack and provides a critical assessment of the defences. Wireless sensor network defences against wormhole attacks and wormhole detection methods are contrasted and evaluated for their efficacy (WSN). Because there are unwanted attackers present, secure communication is absolutely necessary for the community. The bundle appears to be disintegrating, but most likely due to the attacker, according to the wormhole. If the intrusion is discovered in time, the perpetrator can be found and expelled from the network before any potentially dangerous actions are taken or data is corrupted. Similar to that, the suggested Worm hole serves as a deterrent and protects you. Information on entrance tactics that might be utilised to protect the access point can be found using the suggested device. The performance of the prior device, which is also the best and safest network to use, can be used to assess the correctness of the results. The packets connecting the nodes to the network can be used to calculate the agreement's cost

A cascaded federated deep learning based framework for detecting wormhole attacks in IoT networks

The growth of the internet over the years has resulted in massive use and spread of the Internet of Things (IoT) in many areas. From home networks to industrial IoT, from medicine to transportation, IoT is everywhere. This massive usage has come with a price as attackers make use of sophisticated techniques and malware to target these heterogeneous IoT networks. Moreover, the low processing power and minimal resources of the IoT devices make security and privacy a major challenge. This weakness has motivated attackers to target IoT networks in a wide variety of ways by launching different types of attacks. One such kind of attack is the Wormhole attack which belongs to the family of routing attacks and disturbs the normal routing and flow of network packets in the IoT network. Many techniques involving rule-based, trust-based, machine learning-driven and deep learning assisted have been devised to counter wormhole attacks. The proposed research work presents a cascaded wormhole detection technique for IoT networks which is based on the federated deep learning technique and a Dynamic Trust Factor (DTF). The DTF is based on two trust attributes, whereas Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) deep learning models have been trained using the federated approach, which guarantees data security and privacy at the node level. The proposed technique achieves the accuracy of 96% and is lightweight due to the cascaded and federated learning approach.

An Efficient Wormhole Detection and Optimal Path Selection for Secure Data Transmission in WSN Environment

An Efficient Wormhole Detection and Optimal Path Selection for Secure Data Transmission in WSN Environment

Performance Evaluation of the Proposed Wormhole Detection Scheme with Existing Schemes

When dynamic nature, autonomous, self- configured types nodes are combined together and make contact with each other for the purpose of communication and data sharing; these types of forms networks are known as a mobile ad hoc network. The nodes don't restrict themselves due to physical barrier. They move into any location, place and communicate with the other nodes within their communication range. There is no fixed location of nodes. The dynamic nature of MANET makes it vulnerable to different type of attack. We are considering the wormhole attack which affects the network by transferring the data from one location to another location using a long range tunnel. In this paper, we are evaluating the performance of the proposed scheme with existing schemes such as RTT1, RTT2, DelPHI. The performance of the proposed scheme is measured in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, packet loss, average E2E delay and jitter.

A Hybrid Wormhole Attack Detection in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET)

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) are decentralized wireless networks that communicate without pre-existing infrastructure. MANETs are vulnerable to the most popular types of attacks and threats, such as wormhole attacks. A wormhole attacks is very challenging issues that records the packets from one location of the network and tunnels them to another location to undermines the performance of the wireless network and disrupt the most routing protocol. However, the existing solutions have been developed to overcome the wormhole attack, but still suffering from additional hardware, incur high delay delivery, or fail to provide high throughput, packet delivery ratio as well as consume higher energy. In this paper a hybrid wormhole attack detection (HWAD) algorithm is proposed, which is able to detect both in-band wormholes through performs round trip time (RTT) based on its hop count, and packet delivery ratio (PDR), also out-of-band wormholes through performs transmission range between successive nodes in a more optimistic manner than existing solutions. HWAD reduce the delay and energy through avoids performing wormhole detections for all available nodes in the network. HWAD does not rely on any special hardware and middleware. The proposed algorithm HWAD was executed using NS-2 network simulator. The performance metrics was taking into consideration to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm the throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio, and consuming energy. The proposed algorithm utilized Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol to improve the detection method. The experimental results have shown the performance metrics of the proposed approach HWAD outperformed in wormhole detection compared with other algorithms.

RTT based wormhole detection for wireless mesh networks

One of the challenging security threats to wireless mesh network (WMN) is their vulnerability to routing protocols. This vulnerability is mainly caused by certain internal attacks, one of which is known as a wormhole attack. This attack is launched by two or more malicious nodes which gives a false illusion of shortest path through them via a tunnel. They formed a tunnel via encapsulation, which restricts the increment of hop count during the traversal through intermediate nodes and therefore launches a wormhole attack between source and destination. In this paper, we proposed a detection mechanism based on the calculation of round trip time (RTT) and processing time to identify the malicious nodes forming wormhole attack. Our proposed work prevents the AODV routing protocol against the wormhole attack in WMNs. The simulation of our proposed work had done using NS-3 simulator, and the results show that the performance of our detection algorithm improves over the existing detection techniques against wormhole attack.

Cluster based Detection and Reduction Techniques to Identify Wormhole Attacks in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) is widely used in variety of applications but none of the applications have taken network security into considerations. Deployment of underwater network is a challenging task and because of the hash underwater environment, the network is vulnerable to large class of security attacks. Recent research on underwater communication focuses mainly on energy efficiency, network connectivity and maximum communication range. The nature of underwater sensor network makes it more attractive for the attackers. One of the most serious problems in underwater networks is wormhole attack. In this research work we concentrate on providing security to the underwater network against wormhole attacks. We introduce the wormhole attack in the network and propose a solution to detect this attack in underwater wireless networks. Energy Efficient Hybrid Optical - Acoustic Cluster Based Routing Protocol (EEHRCP) is incorporated and using the round trip time and other characteristics of wormhole attack, the presence of the wormhole attack in the network is identified. The simulation results depicts that the proposed wormhole detection mechanism increases throughput by 26%, reduces energy consumption by 3%, reduces end to end delay by 13% and increases packet delivery ratio by 3%.

MAR_Worm: Secure and Efficient Wormhole Detection Scheme through Trusted Neighbour Nodes in VANETs

VANET is an application and subclass of MANET’s, in which nodes are mobiles and considered as moving, communicating vehicles in a wireless adhoc network. Vehicles communicate through dedicated short rage communication (DSRC) via IEEE 802.11p protocol. With the progress of wireless technology, vehicular ad hoc network has become emerging technology to support real-time traffic condition, safety, entertainment, enhance driver experience and emergency navigation in intelligent transport system (ITS). Core of VANETs application is the communication between vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to roadside unit (V2RSU) and securing the data messages from malicious activities and attackers in the network. Securing V2V and V2RSU communication has raised challenging issues in detecting and avoiding malicious attackers for secure communications. VANET’s are exposed to different threats while routing data, wormhole attack is the most threatening routing attack which severely effects VANET routing data and causes incorrect routing by private tunnels and damages to VANET’s communication in terms of data leakage, data dropping, and delayed delivery. However existing attack detection schemes have failed to meet secured VANETs communication leading to packet loss. In this paper we propose an efficient wormhole detection mechanism by creating potential and trusted neighbour nodes discovery (TNND) in VANETs, which can detect malicious nodes through enabling common forwarding neighbour nodes as witness to monitor data packets are forwarded by malicious nodes. Basically this mechanism is based on trust management. This scheme is resilient and resistant against attackers launching malicious nodes to corrupt entire network. Simulation is carried on event driven network simulator and results shows efficient detection of wormhole nodes, increases packet delivery and performs better than existing detection scheme.

Wormhole Detection Mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a component with sensor nodes that continuously observes environmental circumstances. Sensor nodes accomplish different key operations like sensing temperature and distance. It has been used in many applications like computing, signal processing, and network selfconfiguration to expand network coverage and build up its scalability. The Unit of all these sensors that exhibit sensing and transmitting information will offer more information than those offered by autonomously operating sensors. Usually, the transmitting task is somewhat critical as there is a huge amount of data and sensors devices are restricted. Being the limited number of sensor devices the network is exposed to different types of attacks. The Traditional security mechanisms are not suitable for WSN as they are generally heavy and having limited number of nodes and also these mechanisms will not eliminate the risk of other attacks. WSN are most useful in different crucial domains such as health care, environment, industry, and security, military. For example, in a military operation, a wireless sensor network monitors various activities. If an event is detected, these sensor nodes sense that and report the data to the primary (base) station (called sink) by making communication with other nodes. To collect data from WSN base Stations are commonly used. Base stations have more resources (e.g. computation power and energy) compared to normal sensor nodes which include more or less such limitations. Aggregation points will gather the data from neighboring sensor nodes to combine the data and forward to master (base) stations, where the data will be further forwarded or processed to a processing center. In this manner, the energy can be preserved in WSN and the lifetime of network is expanded.

Design and development of new framework for detection and mitigation of wormhole and black hole attacks in VANET

VANET is the future of network technology. Due to its characteristics it does possess threats and one of those threats is its safety. The issues of safety in VANET are discussed several times over. Many researchers are working on increasing the security in VANET. However, still it possesses threats which can’t be overlooked such as Black Hole and Gray Hole Attack. Black hole attack is an attack where the node behave selfishly and will not forward the packets further but in Gray hole attack node dropped the packets and does not raise any indication that’s why it is not easy to find. If we look further these attacks have same concept and no work is done till now on the combine study of these network. In this paper we have implement the AODV, FA-AODV, BH-AODV and WH-AODV routing protocol and simulate the attack in different scenario. We have evaluated the performance of the different routing protocol with the PDR, End to End delay, throughput and other parameter. Result show that the PDR of FA-AODV protocol is lower than BHAODV and WH-AODV protocol

Detecting wormhole attacks in 3D wireless ad hoc networks via 3D forbidden substructures

A wormhole in wireless ad hoc networks is a physically low-latency link that connects two topologically distant nodes. Thereby, an adversary can launch the wormhole attack by tunnelling recorded packets from one node to the other and retransmitting them in the network. Since the wormhole attack is independent of MAC layer protocols and immune to cryptographic techniques, it has been one of the most dangerous security threats to wireless ad hoc networks. At present, efficient algorithms have been applied to 2D networks to detect wormhole attacks by seeking for forbidden substructures. However, when we employ their defined forbidden substructures to detect wormhole attacks in 3D networks (which are more pervasive in reality), we encounter severe obstacles. Through an in-depth examination, we discover the existence of efficient 3D forbidden substructures by introducing maximum independent sets (MaxIS) into the network. Essentially different from 2D forbidden substructures, 3D forbidden substructures can hardly be intuitively perceived. Driven by above understandings, we design a MaxIS-based wormhole detection algorithm for 3D networks using only connectivity information. Furthermore, we conduct thorough theoretical analyses and illustrate that our algorithm is able to detect almost 100% wormhole attacks even in a wireless network with very poor connectivity.

CREDND: A Novel Secure Neighbor Discovery Algorithm for Wormhole Attack

As nodes’ characteristics that they are self-governed and resource-limited, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) face potential threats due to various attacks, among which the most threatening attack is wormhole attack. Wormhole attack severely imperils WSNs and is difficult to be detected, for it causes incorrect routing by private tunnels and damages to WSNs in terms of data leakage, data dropping, and delayed delivery. However, the existing solutions are based on additional hardware, incur high communication overhead, or fail to give consideration to all types of wormholes. In this paper, we propose CREDND, a protocol for creating a Credible Neighbor Discovery against wormholes in WSN, which can detect not only external wormholes through the hop difference between the own exclusive neighbors but also internal wormholes through enabling the common neighbor nodes as witnesses to monitor whether the authentication packets are forwarded by malicious nodes. CREDND is a simple, localized protocol and needs no special hardware, localization, or synchronization, but it improves the ability of wormhole defense. The simulation results are provided, showing that CREDND outperforms in wormhole detection than other same types of solutions.

Detection and Prevention of Wormhole and Black Hole Attacks in MANET Using AODV Protocol Review

Detection and Prevention of Wormhole and Black Hole Attacks in MANET Using AODV Protocol Review

Wormhole Detection and Removal Algorithm in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks using Enhanced Cluster based Technique

Wormhole Detection and Removal Algorithm in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks using Enhanced Cluster based Technique

Multirate DelPHI to secure multirate ad hoc networks against wormhole attacks

DelPHI [1] is a highly cited protocol that secures Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol against wormhole attacks. DelPHI assumes that the underlying wireless transmission rate is constant. Under such an assumption it has a wormhole detection rate above 80%. In this work we show that DelPHI is unable to secure AODV in a multirate transmission environment because it does not take into account the variable bit rate nature of the wireless channel and assumes a constant bit rate leading to either false detection or no detection of wormhole attacks. We go on to propose an extension to DelPHI (M-DelPHI) that adapts it to the multirate 802.11 wireless channel. We propose three fundamental extensions: 1. Multirate channel, 2. Processing delay and 3. Neighbour monitoring. We provide 2 test cases that demonstrate our extension and simulate the new protocol in different environments. We show that M-DelPHI performs exceptionally well resulting in above 90% wormhole detection rate against inbound and out-of-band wormholes under the specified test conditions.

Wormhole Attack Detection Technique in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A wormhole attack is harmful attack against routing protocols in ad hoc network where node attracts packets from one location and retransmits them to other location using long range link within the network. A wormhole attack can be easily launched between two attacker nodes without compromising the mobile nodes. Most of routing protocols don't have any defending technique against wormhole activities; so in the presence of attacker nodes malicious activities may occur and disrupt network communication by tamper the data or forward the message to unknown location of the network to disrupt it functionality. Several routing protocols have been proposed to defend against wormhole attack in mobile ad hoc networks by adapting synchronization clocks, GPS or any special hardware. In this research article, we proposed a novel wormhole detection technique which identifies the wormhole link by calculating the maximum end to end delay between two nodes within the communication range. Mobile nodes do not need to be equipped with GPS, clock synchronized or any other type of special hardware. The simulation results prove that proposed scheme detects wormhole attack.