World Electricity Demand Research Articles

Experimental and numerical investigation of Zephyr-type wind turbine

The search for more environmentally friendly energy sources has been prompted by growing environmental concerns. In this regard, wind energy can be an alternative viable source of energy for world electricity demand supply. Despite of their benefits in terms of simplicity of manufacture, independency on wind direction and good starting ability in turbulent flow, Savonius wind turbines as a vertical axis wind energy converter are not recommended for large-scale power generation because of their poor performances. This research emphasizes on the performance improvement of a Zephyr wind rotor (ZWR). Experimental tests were conducted in a wind tunnel for different Reynolds numbers. Maximum power coefficient of 0.074 was recorded for Re = 158,000 corresponding to V∞ = 10 m s−1 at a tip speed ratio of λ = 0.99. Numerical study was carried out with the use of Ansys Fluent 17.0 software through transient 3D simulations investigating the optimization of the ZWR rotor blades and stator vanes with the aim of performance betterment. Maximum power coefficient of 0.168 was found with 8-bladed ZWR with 12 stator vanes. Aerodynamic properties were also improved.

Decarbonisation – how are we tracking against plans

Globally many countries have committed to reducing carbon dioxide emissions and their dependence on fossil fuels with most large emitting countries now committing to ‘net-zero’ targets sometime in the second half of this century and earlier intermediate targets in 2030. With only 6 years to go until the deadline to meet 2030 emission reduction targets, what is the verdict? How are Australian and global emission reduction projects tracking? World electricity demand in 2022 was 28,500 TWh with 39.3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emitted in the same year as a result. The global energy mix hasn’t changed much: fossil fuel consumption as a percentage of primary energy in 2022 remained steady at 82% and in July 2023 the International Energy Agency projected 2023 oil demand to be 102.1 million barrels a day, an all-time high. This paper will take a look at decarbonisation efforts around the world and provide an overview of what was targeted in previous years and compare it with what has actually been achieved. How far are we truly on the road to decarbonisation? Are decarbonisation initiatives including carbon capture, utilisation and storage, hydrogen projects, solar and wind farms providing the intended results? Incorporating recent key regulatory initiatives from governments around the world including the US, Australia and the EU, this paper will outline progress to date and attempt to show possible paths going forward in answering the question whether it is possible to achieve the proposed emission reduction targets in 6 years.

Energy Management Strategy for DC Micro-Grid System with the Important Penetration of Renewable Energy

This paper presents an energy management strategy using a Stateflow controller related to DC microgrids with the important penetration of renewable energy. The increase in world electricity demand is one of the principal drivers of the exhaustion of fossil fuels and increased greenhouse gas emissions. To solve these problems, several countries have adopted actions for widespread renewable energy deployment, which includes wind energy, solar power, biomass power, tidal, and hydropower. These sources are considered as significant in delivering clean energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions for sustainable improvement. As these sources play an increasingly vital role in the global energy landscape, the efficient management of these intermittent sources is essential for grid stability and sustainability. This paper aimed to develop an energy management strategy for DC microgrids to supply power to a DC microgrid system. The main objective of this paper was to implement an energy management system to ensure the proper operation of DC microgrid systems utilizing Simulink blocks available in MATLAB/Simulink 2020b software. The simulation results demonstrated that the developed energy management algorithm was unconditionally reliable, ensuring the proper operation of the microgrid systems. Additionally, the results demonstrated that the energy management strategy exhibited robust performance across different scenarios, effectively balancing energy generation and consumption while ensuring the reliable operation of the microgrid system. Moreover, the developed algorithm model presents another advantage, as it enables users to access and to change any control parameters within the DC microgrid. By comparing these results with the literature, the developed energy management algorithm provides safety and the automatic control of the microgrid.

Wave energy harvesting using Silicone as Electro-active Polymers

Wave energy is one of the renewable resources, which is very little exploited at the moment. Note that the energy transmitted through this energy is important, 140 to 700 TWh/year according to the WEC (World Energy Council), that is 1 to 5% of the world's electricity demand. The mechanical energy of the waves can be converted into electricity thanks to a completely flexible system based on the technology of electro-active polymers (EAP). These materials have the ability to generate a voltage when subjected to a certain stress and conversely to deform when subjected to an electrical voltage, hence the importance of developing conductive materials. The EAP material selected for the study is silicone rubber. Thus, the formulation of composite materials from a silicon elastomer matrix loaded with conductive carbon particles (graphite, graphite nanosheets and multi-wall carbon nanotubes) is the route followed for the formation of deformable electrodes.

Automated Air Conditioner Controler and Monitoring Based on Internet of Things

Air conditioner make electricity demand becomes higher over time. International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that electricity consumption for air conditioner will be the main trigger for the increase in world electricity demand in 2050. Higher electricity demand caused by inefficient usage of air conditioner due to human error factors. Human error that mostly happen is forget to turn off the air conditioner. This condition make air conditioner will be operate all day. This research is aim to reduce human error case that happened by making automated air conditioner controller and monitoring based on internet of things. This research use passive infrared sensor as an input to make sure air conditioner in the room is used or not and temperature sensor DHT 11 to make sure air conditioner operation. Internet of things technology is used to monitor the output from the system and control the device. Data test shows that the device works well. Air conditioner controller device works as the command and scenario that given. Error reading for temperature sensor is 0.29% and best configuration for infrared transmitter and passive infrared at radius 90°.

Adaptive state-observer for monitoring flexible nuclear reactors

Since nuclear power still fulfills nearly 11% of world electricity demand nowadays, the flexible operation of nuclear reactors can be positive to improve the penetration level of intermittent renewable energy (IRE) sources. Meanwhile, the operational flexibility of nuclear reactors results in the frequent variation of reactor process variables such as the neutron flux, fuel temperature and primary coolant pressure and temperature, which may fasten the degradation of equipment, and further leads to the necessity of developing performance monitoring methods for nuclear reactors in the context of fast and deep IRE penetration. Motivated by the importance of performance monitoring, an adaptive state observer (ASO) for nuclear reactors is newly proposed, which only needs the measurements of neutron flux and coolant temperature at reactor inlet and can provide globally asymptotic estimation for the normalized concentrations of delayed neutron precursors, 135Xe and 135I, the average temperatures of fuel elements and primary coolant as well as the total reactivity disturbance. The ASO is then applied for reconstructing the unmeasurable state variables and total reactivity disturbance of a nuclear heating reactor (NHR). Numerical simulation results verify the theoretical analysis, and show the satisfactory observation performance with its influence given by the ASO parameters. Furthermore, a hardware-in-loop (HIL) verification experiment is performed, and the corresponding results show that this newly-built ASO is not sensitive to the measurement noises, which leads to the feasibility of deploying the ASO on those digital control system platforms.

Enhancing privacy of electricity consumption in smart cities through morphing of anticipated demand pattern utilizing self-elasticity and genetic algorithms

The vision of smart cities has emerged from the integration of advances in information technologies to a city’s infrastructures and assets. The use of information will improve the daily operations, and lead to greener, safer, and more human friendly cities. The most preeminent city asset is the electrical power grid, upon which the modernization of human life is built. However, integration of power grid with information technologies, known as smart grid, comes at a cost of reduced privacy. Electricity consumer behavior expressed via daily consumption patterns may be visible to third parties, which can make critical inferences over the consumers’ personal life. In this paper, a new method is proposed that aims at enhancing consumer privacy in smart cities by proposing an intelligent aggregation of anticipated demand patterns of multiple consumers as a mean to hide individual features. To that end, the method utilizes consumers self-elasticities matrices and a genetic algorithm to create an aggregated pattern that masks individual consumption data. The proposed method is tested on real world electricity demand patterns, and morphing performance is recorded with respect to symmetric mean average percentage error (SMAPE) attaining morphing over 60% in all tested cases.

The Status and Future of Geothermal Power in Indian Context

Geothermal energy, described as the warmth from the Earth, is simple and sustainable. The energy demand by the world population is growing because of the enlargement of economies and population growth of the planet Earth and advancements in energy intense technology. Between 2008 and 2035, the world’s energy use is anticipated to broaden with the aid of using about 53% with half of the boom attributed to India and China (International energy Outlook 2011). An awful lot of energy increase comes from developing international locations. Fossil fuels are predicted to supply about 80% of worldwide electricity use in 2035. Renewables are the world’s fastest-growing electricity supply, at 2.8% in line with year, with the renewable’s percentage of the arena energy supply developing to about 15% in 2035 (International energy Outlook 2011). Renewable electricity in popular and geothermal electricity especially may additionally want to play a large role in offering a easy and environmentally sustainable supply of power to fulfill the world electricity demand for and its annoying situations. In India, exploration and feature a observe of geothermal fields started out in 1970. The Geological Survey of India estimates the potential to be of the order of 10,000 MW constituted of the four hundred thermal springs allotted in exceptional geographic and temperature zones. The most promising of these is in Puga valley of Ladakh. The anticipated ability for geothermal electricity in India is ready 10000 MW. In March 2017, after a sequence of in-depth consultations with all of the relevant ministries, India joined the IEA. This changed into a chief milestone for global energy governance and some other foremost step in the direction of the IEA turning into a truly international electricity organisation and strengthening ties with the important thing strength gamers. Thermax installation few geothermal flowers in INDIA in recent years as an improvement on this area for zero deficit.

Optimized Adaptive Control for the MYRRHA Linear Accelerator: Control System Design for a Superconducting Cavity in a Particle Accelerator

Energy forecasts indicate that world primary energy consumption will increase significantly (approximately 37%) by 2040, despite projected improvements in energy efficiency. World electricity demand is expected to increase to almost 80% by 2040 [1]. As a result, electricity usage will increase more rapidly than the share of other energies, even more so when carbon-avoiding technologies are implemented. The security of the energy supply is, and will be, a major concern for the world.

Clean and Green India: Is Solar Energy the Answer?

Approximately 78% of the world's electricity demand is fulfilled by fossil-fuelbased power plants. Electricity generated from such power plants is costly and often leads to environmental pollution and subsequent health hazards. For example, pollutants from coal combustion cause a variety of respiratory ailments and impact cardiovascular health and the nervous system.

The transition to renewables: Can PV provide an answer to the peak oil and climate change challenges?

This paper explores energy and physical resource limitations to transitioning from fossil fuels to the large-scale generation of electricity with photovoltaic arrays. The model finds that business as usual models, which involve growth rates in world electricity demand of between 2% and 3.2% p.a., exhibit severe material difficulties before the end of this century. If the growth rate is lowered to 1% p.a., then it may be possible to reach the year 2100 before such difficulties, but it is likely that material constraints will occur early the next century. Steady state scenarios show that silicon based photovoltaic panels could, however, displace fossil fuels before the middle of the century, providing around the same order of magnitude as present (2010) world electricity demand. Scenarios also show that outcomes will be highly dependent upon the rate of improvement of photovoltaic technologies. The analysis does not contend that silicon PV technology is the only technology that will or can be adopted, but as the embodied energy content per kWh generated of this technology is similar to other renewable technologies, such as other solar technologies and wind, it can provide a baseline for examining a transition to a mixture of renewable energy sources.

Zirconium Alloys for Fuel Element Structures

Today more than 400 light water power reactors (LWRs) operate worldwide providing approximately 17% of the world's electricity demand. One important component for their successful operation is the fuel tube, made out of a zirconium alloy. A huge number of out-of-pile and in-pile experiments have been performed to improve step by step the fuel for higher burn-up and to reduce the failure rates of fuel pins close to zero. The influencing parameters for excellent or poor cladding behaviour are numerous and sometimes counteract each other. The process of cladding corrosion is slow, difficult to follow, the mechanistic understanding at best incomplete. A vast amount of literature documents the abundant tests and comes up with hypotheses and models for the materials behaviour. PSI has supported for the past 20 years the development of high burn-up fuel cladding by microstructural research studies and service work in post-irradiation examination of test pins. This article reviews the development of the cladding tubes, focussing on the chemical and materials science aspects.

Generation and transmission prospects for solar electricity: UK and global markets

World energy demands are assumed to double within the next 20 years. Fossil fuels are being depleted at a faster rate than ever before. Global warming and its associated climatic change are becoming serious concerns for governments worldwide. There is, thus, an urgent need for much more efficient and environmentally friendly energy resources to be exploited worldwide. Renewable energy is the solution to these challenges. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy, is an elegant and effective renewable energy resource that is increasingly being seen as a promising candidate for provision of clean and sustainable power. Using up to 20 years of measured solar radiation data from seven widespread UK locations, the feasibility of interconnected, solar powered communities has been presently undertaken. This study has also explored the long term prospects of large scale PV generation in arid/semi-arid locations, around the globe and its transmission using hydrogen as the energy vector. It is estimated that a single solar PV station of 250×250 km 2 area, or 12 decentralised stations each of 72×72 km 2 area would be sufficient to meet the year 2020 world electricity demand. Presently, closer attention is paid towards the feasibility of supply of hydrogen from arid/semi-arid regions to meet partially the year 2020 electrical demand. For OECD-Europe, a modular approach is proposed. Estimates show that a 9×9 km 2 PV array area would be sufficient to provide a flow rate of 11.5 kg/s of hydrogen through a 2 m diameter pipeline, which translates to an annual capacity of 9 TW h. Because of the low density of hydrogen, compared to natural gas, staged pumping would be required only after a distance of over 3000 km.

Foundations for the fourth generation of nuclear power

Plentiful, affordable electrical energy is a critically important commodity to nations wishing to grow their economy. Energy, and more specifically electricity, is the fuel of economic growth. More than one-third of the world’s population (more than 2 billion people), however, live today without access to any electricity. Further, another 2 billion people in the world exist on less than 100 watts of electricity per capita. By comparison, the large economies of Japan and France use more than 800 watts of electricity per capita, and the United States uses nearly 1500 watts of electricity per capita. As the governments of developing nations strive to improve their economies, and hence the standard of living of their people, electricity use is increasing. Several forecasts of electrical generation growth have concluded that world electricity demand will roughly double in the next 20–25 years, and possibly triple by 2050. This electrical generation growth will occur primarily in the rapidly developing and growing economies in Asia and Latin America. This net growth is in addition to the need for replacement generating capacity in the United States and Europe as aging power plants (primarily fossil-fueled) are replaced. This very substantial worldwide electricity demand growth places the issuemore » of where this new electricity generation capacity is to come from squarely in front of the developed countries. They have a fundamental desire (if not a moral obligation) to help these developing countries sustain their economic growth and improve their standard of living, while at the same time protecting the energy (and economic) security of their own countries. There are currently 435 power reactors generating about 16 percent of the world’s electricity. We know full well that nuclear power shows great promise as an economical, safe, and emissions-free source of electrical energy, but it also carries at least the perception of great problems, from public safety to dealing with radioactive wastes. I will have more to say about this later. For the moment, let me put forth the proposition that nuclear power should (and must) play a role in the future world energy supply, and perhaps should play an increasing role as the only technology capable of large-scale, near-term deployment without greenhouse gas emissions. If there is a moral imperative to assure the world of abundant, affordable, and clean electricity supplies, then there is no less of a moral imperative for us to assure that nuclear power is capable of taking its rightful place in this energy mix« less

The Global Nuclear Fuel Market: Supply and Demand 1998 – 2020

Since 1996, there have been several important developments which have had or may have an impact on the nuclear fuel market. These include electricity market restructuring in many countries, the economic turbulence in East Asia, and the increased interest in the environmental advantages of nuclear power in the context of limits on the emissions of greenhouse gases agreed to at the Kyoto climate conference. Rapid growth in world demand for electricity has provided a strong market for the development of nuclear power over the past 30 years, and it now contributes 17% of world electricity supply. Today, electricity demand growth is relatively low in most of the countries where nuclear power is well established, but remains rapid in many developing countries. In both established and potential markets, nuclear power faces a tough competitive challenge from rival modes of generation, while continuing to face regulatory and political hurdles. The forecasts of nuclear generating capacity in individual countries and areas have been fully revised. It is expected that the fortunes of nuclear power in a relatively small number of countries, notably the United States, China, Japan and Russia, will be particularly crucial in determining nuclear power's overall contribution to world electricity supplies. The Uranium Institute has prepared three scenarios for world nuclear generating capacity up to 2020, referred to as the reference, upper and lower scenarios. These range from a modest revival of nuclear power to a substantial decline over the forecast period. At the end of 1997, world nuclear capacity was 346 GWe. In the reference scenario this is expected to be 349 GWe by 2000, and then to grow to 376 GWe by 2010 and to 405 GWe by 2020. The annual average rate of growth over the whole period is 0.7%. Given expected world electricity demand growth substantially in excess of this, the nuclear share of total generation is likely to decrease. In the upper scenario, the equivalent figures are 355 GWe in 2000, 422 GWe in 2010, and 483 GWe in 2020. The lower case has 346 GWe in 2000, 345 GWe in 2010, and 293 GWe by 2020.

Exploitation of wind as an energy source to meet the world's electricity demand

Abstract This paper provides an introduction to the basic aspects of the exploitation of wind energy for electricity generation, as regards both the characteristics of the source and the features and state-of-the-art of today's wind energy conversion systems. It also provides an overview of worldwide applications of wind energy and of the various factors currently driving the wind turbine market. Possible restraints to and benefits from wind plant integration in utility systems are considered, as well as the use of stand-alone wind systems. Some possible forecasts on the role of wind energy in the next two decades are also given.

Technology's role in our changing industry [electricity supply industry

This article outlines American Electric Power's (AEP) perspective of the future utility company and the main competitive forces impacting that future, as well as AEP's business strategy. It also emphasizes the importance of technology in shaping that future for the energy delivery business. Electricity is a growth industry, both in absolute usage as well as in percentage of total energy consumption. Various reputable research organizations have projected that the world electricity demand will increase fourfold within the next half century. In the United States, electricity as a percentage of energy consumption will increase from the current 37 percent to perhaps as much as 60 percent in the same time frame. The primary reason for this growth is the fact that electricity is the most refined and controllable of all energy forms. The future landscape of the energy business is changing at an accelerated pace. When it settles down, in perhaps five to ten years, there will likely remain a diversity of competitors which include large national/international energy providers, a number of integrated BTU companies, regional energy providers as well as a variety of niche players. While each competitor will pursue its own strategy, the winners will share some common attributes. They will be competent, but more than competent, they will be highly innovative. They will be visionary with a focus on things they do very well. They will be aggressive in capitalizing on their strengths. These companies will be ethical because good ethics is good business. In other words, they will be strategically savvy.

Life cycle analysis of world electricity in the 21st century using the world energy LCA model

World energy and electricity demand by the year 2100 has been analysed using the World Energy LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) Model. Three energy scenarios are set–up: the current fossil fuel–intensive pattern, as well as renewable–intensive and nuclear–intensive alternatives. The performance of CO2 emissions, resource availability, total investment costs, indirect energy consumption from the life cycle standpoint and total fatality risks are compared between these scenarios. The result shows that the renewable and nuclear scenarios achieve the 1990 CO2 emission level by 2100, while the total investment cost and indirect energy consumption for the renewable scenario would hamper its wide scale adoption. In the case of the current fossil–fuel scenario, coal is used for as much as 53% of primary energy, which gives about a three times higher fatality rate compared with the other scenarios. Although resource availability will not constrain all three scenarios, the marginal production cost of oil and gas will double by the year 2100. As a whole, the nuclear scenario becomes advantageous from the comparisons made in the present study.

Present status of advanced coal-fired power plants

According to IEA data the total installed coal-fired capacity for generation of electricity is about 950 GWe. The units generate annually 5 PWh of electricity, consuming over 2 Gt of coal. The amount of coal used for electricity generation is expected to grow at a compound average rate of 2% per annum in the late 90s. The bulk of growth comes from the OECD countries. Beyond the year 2000 the growth rate of the developing countries will start to surpass the growth rate of the OECD countries. World demand for electricity will increase by a factor of 3–5 over the first half of the next century to about 35–50 PWh in 2050. Should 40% be generated by coal then the 2500 GWe coal-fired capacity must be installed which is the equivalent of 4000 units of 600 MW each. This is a potential market for clean and more efficient coal technologies to penetrate. A new generation of clean coal plants have been developed during the ‘80s and the early ‘90s and various demonstration plants are coming on stream. This report will present a utility view on various competing coal-based technologies for the coming decade: the pulverized coal-fired plant with advanced steam data (PF-USC), the integrated coal gasification/combined cycle plant (IGCC), and the pressurized fluid-bed combustion combined cycle plant (PFBC-CC). Furthermore, the longer-term perspectives of new coal-based technologies for a deregulated market will be addressed.

World energy to 2050: Outline scenarios for energy and electricity

This paper explores two outline scenarios for the year 2050. The one with a lower environmental impact involves a targeted efficiency future in which per capita energy use in the industrialized countries is halved by the year 2050, while in the developing countries it is doubled. The most important driving forces for future growth in demand in the developing countries are their increasing population and their need for more services requiring the use of energy and electricity. Less than doubling in per capita energy would imply unacceptable levels of growth in these services. In the targeted efficiency future world total commercial energy demand increases by more than 50%; the share arising from the developing countries increases from its present value of one-quarter of the total to nearly three-quarters of the total in the year 2050, and total carbon emissions increase. World electricity demand continues to increase, but the rate of growth becomes much lower than in the past, in response to improved efficiencies and saturation of demand in the industrialized countries, and to improved efficiencies and shortage of investment capital in the developing countries.