World's Deepest Research Articles

BALINESE INTEREFERENCE OF ENGLISH NEWS ANCHOR

The presence of English in Indonesian leads bilingualism and multilingualism. Bilingualism and multilingualism community cannot avoid using interference because it is the effect of a first language on their production second language. Interference occurs in any linguistics aspects likes phonology, morphology, syntax and semantic. Based on the analysis on the news entitled “The World Deepest Under Water Christmas Tree- New World Record Set at 37.5 meters” which has aired on Bali Channel Program, found that any interference occurred in the aspect of phonology, morphology, syntax and semantic. The interference was caused by lack of bilingual ability where first language acquisition interferes in producing second language and ignorance of grammatical structure of the second language.

Shallow Water Flows (SWF) evaluation by 3D seismic studies in the South Caspian Basin, Iran

The South Caspian Basin (SCB) is known as one of the World's deepest and largest hydrocarbon-prone basins. Due to high subsidence and sedimentation rate in this deep-water basin, many overpressure sandy zones are susceptible to shallow water flow (SWF) problem. SWF is one of the geological hazards in deep-water exploratory drilling such as SCB. When the drill reaches the SWF zones, sands and water flow into the wellbore which cause the drilling failure. Therefore, the present study is the first detailed evaluation of SWF problem predrilling in the SCB, offshore Iran by using 3D post-stack, pre-stack seismic data and log data. Seismic attributes have been applied to identify the buried channels which may be considered as the most potential feature for SWF occurrence. Simultaneous inversion has been used to extract the parameters such as P-impedance (AI), S-impedance (SI), Vp/Vs ratio, Poisson's ratio. Based on inversion results, unsupervised artificial neural networks also used to estimate the probability of SWF risk in the buried channel for the first time. Our initial evaluations based on the similarity and sweetness attributes indicated that some buried shallow sandy channels with a variable width between 500 and 1500 m covered by imperious clay layers are the most potential facies for creating the SWF zones in the SCB. The SWF zone is detected by low-impedances (AI<3150 (m/s)*(g/cc), SI < 1500(m/s)*(g/cc), high Vp/Vs ratio (1.21 to 2.23) and Poisson's ratio in range of 0.05 to 0.38. The probability of SWF risk of the detected channel is estimated to be >0.35 by unsupervised artificial neural networks. Finally, our findings provide a new comprehensive evaluation of SWF problem in the channel system predrilling in the SCB which may be useful for other researchers and decrease the drilling risk in future works.

Myrtuscommunis L.: essential oil chemical composition, total phenols and flavonoids contents, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and α-amylase inhibitory activity

BackgroundMyrtuscommunis L. leaves, due to their tonic and antiseptic properties, have been used as folk medicine in many communities to treat a variety of conditions such as inflammation, peptic ulcers, diarrhea, leucorrhoea, headaches, excessive perspiration, and skin diseases. In this study, we examined the chemical makeup and biological properties of M.communis essential oils (EOs) from two locations in Palestine, including Jericho, the world's deepest site and Jenin. The plant's methanol and ethyl acetate extracts' biological efficacy were also assessed.ResultsThe GC–MS analysis revealed that the EO of M.communis leaves from Jenin included 39 components, the majority were 1,8-cineole (31.98%), linalool (21.94%), linalool acetate (11.42%), α-pinene (10.22%), and myrtenol (6.87%). While 33 compounds, were discovered in M.communis EO from Jericho, with cis-4-thujanol (27.37%), 1,8-cineole (24.32%), myrtenol (12.97%), and myrtenal (12.46%) being the main constituents. The EO, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts were tested (in vitro) for antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and α-amylase inhibitory properties. The EO from Jericho demonstrated greater antibacterial efficacy against Escherichiacoli, Proteusvulgaris,Klebsiellapneumoniae, Staphylococcusaureus, and, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) with MIC values of 0.27, 0.135, 0.135, 0.27, and 0.135 mg/mL, respectively. MRSA, S.aureus and C.albicans were all susceptible to the antimicrobial efficiency of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts (MIC = 0.097–0.195, 0.097–0.195, and 0.049 mg/mL, respectively). Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts, in contrast to EOs, showed high DPPH activity, with IC50 values ranging from 3.60 ± 0.35 to 25.70 ± 0.48 µg/mL. Both oils showed moderate cytotoxic activity against HeLa, MCF7, 3T3, and LX-2 cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 202.02 ± 2.27 to 592.40 ± 2.55 µg/mL for Jenin and 199.80 ± 3.41 to 914.54 ± 3.05 µg/mL for EO from Jericho. Furthermore, EO and methanol extracts from Jenin inhibited α-amylase with IC50 values of 950.48 ± 2.54 and 795.43 ± 1.88 µg/mL, respectively.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that M.communis extracts and EOs contain a vast array of pharmacologically active compounds with potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities that can be exploited to develop new types of natural pharmaceuticals and warrant further in vivo investigation for their therapeutic potential.Graphical

Expecting Brexit

The Brexit vote precipitated the unraveling of the United Kingdom's membership in the world's deepest economic integration agreement. This article reviews evidence on the realized economic effects of Brexit. The 2016 Brexit referendum changed expectations about future UK–EU relations. Studying its consequences provides new insights regarding the economic impacts of news and uncertainty shocks. Voting for Brexit had large negative effects on the UK economy between 2016 and 2019, leading to higher import and consumer prices, lower investment, and slower real wage and GDP growth. However, at the aggregate level, there was little or no trade diversion away from the European Union, implying that many of the anticipated long-run effects of Brexit did not materialize before the new UK–EU trade relationship came into force in 2021.

Hypogenic Versus Epigenic Origin of Deep Underwater Caves Illustrated by the Hranice Abyss (Czech Republic)—The World's Deepest Freshwater Cave

AbstractExtremely deep freshwater filled cave systems are common in karst systems globally. The origin and evolution of such caves are usually attributed to hypogenic (bottom‐up) processes, in which acidic groundwater dissolves limestone from below. However, these deep cave systems can form by epigenic (top‐down) processes, with meteoric waters descending from the surface underground. The Hranice Abyss (Czech Republic), with a reached depth of 473.5 m, is the deepest mapped extent of such a system globally, although its maximum depth is unknown. Multiple geophysical data sets (gravity, electrical resistivity tomography, audiomagnetotellurics, and seismic refraction and reflection) are used to investigate the extent and formation of the Hranice Abyss. The geophysical results suggest the Hranice Abyss extends to depths of ~1 km. Further, we identify structures within the karst, including buried cockpit karst towers with several NW‐SE‐oriented valleys. The new geophysical results from the Hranice Abyss, considered in combination with geological constraints of the region (tectonic evolution and morphology of karst structure), suggest an epigenic formation process, rather than the traditionally invoked hypogenic origin. Formation by epigenic rather than hypogenic processes has implications for local and regional karst history associated with areas hosting deep karst systems.

Carbon Cycling in the World's Deepest Blue Hole

AbstractBlue holes are unique geomorphological features with steep biogeochemical gradients and distinctive microbial communities. Carbon cycling in blue holes, however, remains poorly understood. Here we describe potential mechanisms of dissolved carbon cycling in the world's deepest blue hole, the Yongle Blue Hole (YBH), which was recently discovered in the South China Sea. In the YBH, we found some of the lowest concentrations (e.g., 22 μM) and oldest ages (e.g., 6,810 years before present) of dissolved organic carbon, as well as the highest concentrations (e.g., 3,090 μM) and the oldest ages (e.g., 8,270 years before present) of dissolved inorganic carbon observed in oceanic waters. Sharp gradients of dissolved oxygen, H2S, and CH4 and changes in bacterially mediated sulfur cycling with depth indicated that sulfur‐ and/or methane‐based metabolisms are closely linked to carbon cycling in the YBH. Our results showed that the YBH is a unique and easily accessible natural laboratory for examining carbon cycling in anoxic systems, which has potential for understanding carbon dynamics in both paleo and modern oceans—particularly in the context of global change.

Long‐Term Geophysical Observations and Analysis of the World's Deepest Borehole

Long‐Term Geophysical Observations and Analysis of the World's Deepest Borehole

Subseafloor microbial communities in hydrogen-rich vent fluids from hydrothermal systems along the Mid-Cayman Rise.

SummaryWarm fluids emanating from hydrothermal vents can be used as windows into the rocky subseafloor habitat and its resident microbial community. Two new vent systems on the Mid‐Cayman Rise each exhibits novel geologic settings and distinctively hydrogen‐rich vent fluid compositions. We have determined and compared the chemistry, potential energy yielding reactions, abundance, community composition, diversity, and function of microbes in venting fluids from both sites: Piccard, the world's deepest vent site, hosted in mafic rocks; and Von Damm, an adjacent, ultramafic‐influenced system. Von Damm hosted a wider diversity of lineages and metabolisms in comparison to Piccard, consistent with thermodynamic models that predict more numerous energy sources at ultramafic systems. There was little overlap in the phylotypes found at each site, although similar and dominant hydrogen‐utilizing genera were present at both. Despite the differences in community structure, depth, geology, and fluid chemistry, energetic modelling and metagenomic analysis indicate near functional equivalence between Von Damm and Piccard, likely driven by the high hydrogen concentrations and elevated temperatures at both sites. Results are compared with hydrothermal sites worldwide to provide a global perspective on the distinctiveness of these newly discovered sites and the interplay among rocks, fluid composition and life in the subseafloor.

Endemic Lake Baikal sponges from deep water. 1: Potential cryptic speciation and discovery of living species known only from fossils

We revealed new deep-water species and cryptic speciation within freshwater sponges of the endemic family Lubomirskiidae (Porifera; Demospongiae; Spongillina) based on molecular and spicule morphology analyses of ITS and CO1 mtDNA. Lubomirskiidae contains a group of closely related species which are a dominant component of the benthos in Lake Baikal, the world's deepest and most ancient lake. Spicule morphology was similar between two Recent samples and species only known previously from fossils in Late Pliocene (3.2-2.8 mya) sediments. Despite the morphological similarity with the cosmopolitan family Spongillidae, molecular analysis of ITS sequences has reliably assigned these species to Lubomirskiidae. This not only indicates that species identification of freshwater fossil sponge spicules should be made with caution, but also suggests that the structure of megascleres may not be a reliable character for interpretations of paleoclimatic reconstructions for the Baikal region. Our results do not support the current classification of Lubomirskiidae into its morphologically defined genera and species, suggesting a strong discrepancy between molecular and morphological variation in Baikalian sponges. This present contribution is the first part of a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Baikal deep water sponge fauna.

Integrated interpretation of 3D seismic data to enhance the detection of the gold‐bearing reef: Mponeng Gold mine, Witwatersrand Basin (South Africa)

ABSTRACTWe present an integrated approach to the seismic interpretation of one of the world's deepest gold ore body (Carbon Leader Reef) using three‐dimensional seismic data, ultrasonic velocity measurements at elevated stresses, and modified instantaneous attribute analysis. Seismic wave velocities of the drill‐core samples (quartzite, shale, and conglomeratic reef) from the mine are sensitive to uniaxial stress changes, i.e., they slowly increase with increasing pressure until they reach maximum value at ∼25 MPa. For all the samples, seismic velocities are constant above 25 MPa, indicating a possible closure of microcracks at stress corresponding to 1.0 km–1.5 km. A reflection coefficient of 0.02 computed between hanging wall and footwall quartzites of the Carbon Leader Reef ore body suggests that it may be difficult to obtain a strong seismic reflection at their interface. Our modified seismic attribute algorithm, on the other hand, shows that the detection of the lateral continuity of the Carbon Leader Reef reflector can significantly be improved by sharpening the seismic traces. Three‐dimensional seismic data reveal that faults with throws greater than 25 m that offset the Carbon Leader Reef can clearly be seen. Faults with throws less than 25 m but greater than 2‐m throw were identified through horizon‐based attribute analysis, while most dykes and sills with thickness less than 25 m were invisible. The detection of the lateral continuity of the Carbon Leader Reef reflector and its depth position is greatly improved by integrating the modified instantaneous attributes with controls from borehole observations. The three‐dimensional visualization and effective interpretation of the Carbon Leader Reef horizon shows a host of structurally complex ore body blocks that may impact future shaft positioning and reduce its associated risks.

The fishes and fishery in Lake Baikal

This article reviews the fish fauna of Lake Baikal, the world's deepest and largest lake in volume. The nucleus of the fish fauna of Lake Baikal is a unique complex of endemic cottoid fishes (56% of the total number of species and 41% of the total number of genera) and endemic species and subspecies of the coregonid and thymallid families. Abundance and composition of the fish fauna have changed during the 20th Century in each of the three main parts of the lake: north, central and south. Historical and present environmental conditions, such as main habitats, water quality and anthropogenic impacts, are discussed. Key objectives of fishery management on Lake Baikal include: (i) protection of fishes, especially commercial species, during periods of preparation for spawning, on spawning runs and in spawning areas; (ii) progressive restriction of the industrial fisheries and rapid expansion of sports and recreational fisheries; (iii) reallocation of priorities in the artificial breeding of fishes to restore the natural population structure of Omul and to restore the abundance of other valuable species that are important for sport fishing; (iv) prevention of the introduction into the Baikal basin of any new non-indigenous fish species; (v) conservation of habitats used by different ecological groups of fishes.

A multi-method approach for speleogenetic research on alpine karst caves. Torca La Texa shaft, Picos de Europa (Spain)

Speleogenetic research on alpine caves has advanced significantly during the last decades. These investigations require techniques from different geoscience disciplines that must be adapted to the methodological constraints of working in deep caves. The Picos de Europa mountains are one of the most important alpine karsts, including 14% of the World's Deepest Caves (caves with more than 1km depth). A speleogenetic research is currently being developed in selected caves in these mountains; one of them, named Torca La Texa shaft, is the main goal of this article. For this purpose, we have proposed both an optimized multi-method approach for speleogenetic research in alpine caves, and a speleogenetic model of the Torca La Texa shaft. The methodology includes: cave surveying, dye-tracing, cave geometry analyses, cave geomorphological mapping, Uranium series dating (234U/230Th) and geomorphological, structural and stratigraphical studies of the cave surroundings. The SpeleoDisc method was employed to establish the structural control of the cavity. Torca La Texa (2653m length, 215m depth) is an alpine cave formed by two cave levels, vadose canyons and shafts, soutirage conduits, and gravity-modified passages. The cave was formed prior to the Middle Pleistocene and its development was controlled by the drop of the base level, producing the development of the two cave levels. Coevally to the cave levels formation, soutirage conduits originated connecting phreatic and epiphreatic conduits and vadose canyons and shafts were formed. Most of the shafts were created before the local glacial maximum (43–45ka) and only two cave passages are related to dolines developed in recent times. The cave development is strongly related to the structure, locating the cave in the core of a gentle fold with the conduits' geometry and orientation controlled by the bedding and five families of joints.

Oceanic core complex development at the ultraslow spreading Mid‐Cayman Spreading Center

Roughly a third of the global mid‐ocean ridge system spreads at &lt;20 mm/yr (full rate) with predicted low crustal thicknesses, great axial depths, end‐member basalt compositions, and prominent axial faults. These predictions are here further investigated along the ultraslow (15–17 mm/yr) Mid‐Cayman Spreading Center (MCSC) through a compilation of both previously published and unpublished data. The MCSC sits along the Caribbean‐North American plate boundary and is one of the world's deepest (&gt;6 km) spreading centers, and thought to accrete some of the thinnest (∼3 km) crust. The MCSC generates end‐member mid‐ocean ridge basalt compositions and hosts recently discovered hydrothermal vents. Multibeam bathymetric data reveal that axial depth varies along the MCSC with intraridge rift walls defined by kilometer‐scale escarpments and massifs. Dredging and near‐bottom work has imaged and sampled predominantly basaltic lavas from the greatest axial depths and ∼15% peridotite surrounded by gabbroic rocks from the prominent massifs. The gabbroic rocks exhibit wide compositional variation (troctolites to ferrogabbros) and in many places contain high‐temperature (amphibolite to granulite facies) shear zones. Gabbroic compositions primarily reflect the accumulation of near‐liquidus phases that crystallized from a range of basaltic melts, as well as from interactions with interstitial melts in a subaxial mush zone. Magnetization variations inverted from aeromagnetic data are consistent with a discontinuous distribution of basaltic lavas and structurally asymmetric spreading. These observations support an oceanic core complex model for MCSC seafloor spreading, potentially making it a type example of ultraslow seafloor spreading through mush zone and detachment fault crustal processes.

Volcanic vents found in deep Caribbean waters

Scientists surveying the Cayman Trough in the Caribbean Sea have discovered the world's deepest undersea volcanic vents, or “black smokers,” the National Oceanography Center (NOC) in Southampton, UK, announced on 11 April. The vents were found at a depth of 5000 meters, about 800 meters deeper than any previously discovered.Jon Copley, a marine biologist at the University of Southampton's School of Ocean and Earth Science, said, “Seeing the world's deepest black‐smoker vents looming out of the darkness was awe‐inspiring.” Geochemist Doug Connelly of NOC, principal scientist of the expedition, noted, “We hope our discovery will yield new insights into biogeochemically important elements in one of the most extreme naturally occurring environments on our planet.” Researchers used an NOC‐developed Autosub6000 robot submarine, which was remotely controlled from the Royal Research Ship James Cook.

Novel Microbial Diversity Retrieved by Autonomous Robotic Exploration of the World's Deepest Vertical Phreatic Sinkhole

The deep phreatic thermal explorer (DEPTHX) is an autonomous underwater vehicle designed to navigate an unexplored environment, generate high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) maps, collect biological samples based on an autonomous sampling decision, and return to its origin. In the spring of 2007, DEPTHX was deployed in Zacatón, a deep (approximately 318 m), limestone, phreatic sinkhole (cenote) in northeastern Mexico. As DEPTHX descended, it generated a 3-D map based on the processing of range data from 54 onboard sonars. The vehicle collected water column samples and wall biomat samples throughout the depth profile of the cenote. Post-expedition sample analysis via comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed a wealth of microbial diversity. Traditional Sanger gene sequencing combined with a barcoded-amplicon pyrosequencing approach revealed novel, phylum-level lineages from the domains Bacteria and Archaea; in addition, several novel subphylum lineages were also identified. Overall, DEPTHX successfully navigated and mapped Zacatón, and collected biological samples based on an autonomous decision, which revealed novel microbial diversity in a previously unexplored environment.

Scientists to dive to the bottom of the world's deepest lake

Scientists to dive to the bottom of the world's deepest lake

Voyage to the bottom of the world's deepest lake

Voyage to the bottom of the world's deepest lake

PALAEOZOIC PRE‐SALT SEDIMETNS IN THE PRECASPIAN PETROLIFEROUS PRPVINCE

The PreCaspian (North Caspian) Basin is located on the SE margin of the Russian Platform, and extends as far south as the north coast of the intra‐continental Caspian Sea. Regional surface elevations here are as much as 24 m below sea‐level. The basin is one of the World's deepest, with basin‐fill sediments exceeding 20 km in thickness. The Proterozoic section, the pre‐slat Palaeozoic section, and the Upper Permian (slat‐bearing) interval are all about 5‐km thick, although as a result of salt movements, the salt‐bearing sequence may be thicker. The basin has a roughly oval outline, and is 900‐km wide, 600‐km is length, and covers around 500,000 sq. km. It is divided into the Central and SE Sub‐basins by the approximately east‐west trending Astrakhan‐Aktyubinsk system of basement highs. A series of massive carbonate build‐ups rim the basin margins.This paper considers the sturcture and hydorcarbons potential of the pre‐salt (Palaeozoic) sedimentary section, whose regional prospectivity has been confirmed by the discovery of a series of “giant” oil, gas and condensate fields, including Tengiz, Karachaganak and Astrakhan. Hydrocarbons in these fields are sourced and reservoired in massive organicrich carbonates of Palaeozoic age.

PALAEOZOIC PRE-SALT SEDIMENTS IN THE PRECASPIAN PETROLIFEROUS PROVINCE

The PreCaspian (North Caspian) Basin is located on the SE margin of the Russian Platform and extends as far south as the north coast of the intra-continental Caspian Sea. Regional surface elevations here are as much as 24 m below sea-level. The basin is one of the World's deepest, with basin-fill sediments exceeding 20 km in thickness. The Proterozoic section the pre-salt Palaeozoic section and the Upper Permian (salt-bearing) interval are all about 5-km thick although as a result of salt movements the salt-bearing sequence may be thicker. The basin has a roughly oval outline and is 900-km wide 600-km in length and covers around 500,000 sq. km. It is divided into the Central and SE Sub-basins by the approximately east-west trending Astrakhan-Aktyubinsk system of basement highs. A series of massive carbonate build-ups rim the basin margins.

Case History of an Ultradeep Disposal Well in Western Colorado

SUMMARY Between Dec. 1986 and Dec. 1988, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation drilled, tested, and completed the world's deepest disposal well. The well will be used to dispose of brine that currently seeps into the Dolores River. This natural brine spring is the largest point source of salt contamination in the Colorado River system.