World Wind Research Articles

Importance of World AIDS Day

HIVAIDS is not just a pandemic disease but a prosodemic disease. HIVAIDS had rapidly spread reaching every village of the world neither wind nor water has a role in spreading the disease. The first World Health Assembly WHA met in 1948 at Geneva. Members of the assembly agreed that people all over the world suffered due to World War. Members discussed global health issues and felt the need for medical facility to serve everyone when in need. Hence WHA stressed the importance of awareness of good health and wellbeing. To achieve this awareness about global health all the members of World Health Organization WHO should devote one day to talk about good health and wellbeing and also should provide necessary medical help. Government organizations and non-governmental organizations of all the nations joined hands with WHO. WHO decided to observe ldquoWorld Health Day WHDrdquo every year all over the world. The first WHD was observed on April 7 1950. Mahatma Gandhi Father of our Nation deeply sympathized towards leprosy patients in India. On 30th January 1948 Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated. Government of India decided to observe ldquoMartyrs day 30th January 1948rdquo as ldquoAnti-Leprosy Day in Indiardquo. Every year in India January 30th is observed as anti-leprosy day and during the entire January month survey of all villages is conducted to detect leprosy cases school health programs and leprosy awareness programs for common man are also conducted. In 1954 French journalist Raoul Follereau noticed the success of anti-leprosy awareness activities in India and wanted WHA to observe last Sunday of January as World Leprosy Day WLD. Since 1954 every year Last Sunday of January is observed as lsquoWorld Leprosy Dayrsquo. In 1982 24th March was observed as ldquoWorld Tuberculosis Day WTDrdquo. Dr. Jonathan Mann in 1988 made WHA to devote one day in a year to remember the increasing menace of HIVAIDS. WHA decided to observe 1st of December as ldquoWorld AIDS Day WADrdquo. In 1991 ldquoWorld Diabetes Day WDDrdquo was observed on November 14th. In 1992 December 3rd was observed as ldquoWorld Disability Day WDDrdquo. In 2007 April 25th was observed as ldquoWorld Malaria Day WMDrdquo.

Efficient floating offshore wind realization: A comparative legal analysis of France, Norway and the United Kingdom

Floating offshore wind (FOW) has the potential to play a key role in many states' decarbonization policies going forward. The reason is that the majority of the world's wind energy potential is located offshore at depths where deployment of conventional bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines is not economically profitable. To realize FOW's potential as a key decarbonization technology policy makers and legislators must design legal frameworks that properly address the three main barriers to efficient deployment: (a) spatial competition, (b) need for state financing and (c) allocation of grid connection responsibilities. This article analyses and compares Norway, France and the United Kingdom's regulation of the three main barriers to efficient FOW deployment with respect of their ability to ensure efficient realisation. The article concludes with best practices and recommendation to policy makers and legislators on how to regulate the three main barriers to accomplish efficient FOW deployment.

End-to-end wind turbine wake modelling with deep graph representation learning

Wind turbine wake modelling is of crucial importance to accurate resource assessment, to layout optimisation, and to the operational control of wind farms. This work proposes a surrogate model for the representation of wind turbine wakes based on a state-of-the-art graph representation learning method termed a graph neural network. The proposed end-to-end deep learning model operates directly on unstructured meshes and has been validated against high-fidelity data, demonstrating its ability to rapidly make accurate 3D flow field predictions for various inlet conditions and turbine yaw angles. The specific graph neural network model employed here is shown to generalise well to unseen data and is less sensitive to over-smoothing compared to common graph neural networks. A case study based upon a real world wind farm further demonstrates the capability of the proposed approach to predict farm scale power generation. Moreover, the proposed graph neural network framework is flexible and highly generic and as formulated here can be applied to any steady state computational fluid dynamics simulations on unstructured meshes.

Weydt, J. World Heritage and wind energy. Planning Protecting visual integrity in the context of the energy transition. Inspiring practices from four European countries

Reseña del libro de Weydt, J. World Heritage and wind energy. Planning Protecting visual integrity in the context of the energy transition. Inspiring practices from four European countries. Paris: UNESCO, 2021

20th World Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition (WEEC 2022)

This paper represents a preface to the Proceedings of the 20th World Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition (WEEC 2022) held in Rimini, Italy, from the 28th to the 30th of June 2022. Background information, conference resolution and the organizational structure of the meeting, program committee, and acknowledgments of the contributions of the many people who made the conference a success are presented.

Blades Interaction and Non-Stationarity of Flow in Vertical-Axial Wind Turbines

Abstract Until recently, horizontal-axial wind turbines with blades having a wing profile occupied a predominant position in the world wind energy market. But currently, vertical-axial wind units are of increasing interest and this is understandable from the point of view of their important features as: no requirements for the orientation of the wind turbine to the wind, the possibility of placing electrical and other equipment on the ground, no requirements for changes of blade chord installation angle along its length. The article discusses the aerodynamics of the vertical-axis wind turbines: the range of changes of angles of incoming flow attack on the blade, the dynamics of changes in the magnitude of the absolute speed of flow of the blade on a circular trajectory of its movement depending on the turbine rapidity, and also obtained in experiments interaction effect of the blades in the rotor. The experiments were carried out on wind turbines with original blades (basic version), which were designed to eliminate the shortcomings of low-speed rotors Savonius (low coefficient of use of wind energy) and high-speed rotors Darrieus (lack of self-start).

Higher Wind: Highlighted Expansion Opportunities to Repower Wind Energy

Decarbonizing the world economy, before the most damaging effects of climate change become irreversible, requires substantially increasing renewable energy generation in the near future. However, this may be challenging in mature wind energy markets, where many advantageous wind locations are already engaged by older wind farms, potentially generating suboptimal wind harvesting. This research developed a novel method to systematically analyze diverse factors to determine the level of maturity of wind markets and evaluate the adequacy of wind farm repowering at regional and individual levels. The approach was applied to wind markets in the United States (U.S.), in which several states were identified as having diverse levels of maturity. Results obtained from case studies in Texas indicated a consequential number of wind farms that have reached their twenty-year end-of-life term and earlier obsolescence levels. The proposed approach aided in determining wind farms that may benefit from total or partial repowering. The method indicated that total repowering of selected installations would significantly increase overall wind energy generation, considering that these older installations have access to some of the best wind speeds, infrastructure and areas to grow. The proposed method can be applied to different world wind markets.

Optimal Control of Hydrostatic Drive Wind Turbines for Improved Power Output in Low Wind-Speed Regions

World wind energy output is steadily increasing in both production scale and capacity of harvesting wind. Hydrostatic transmission systems (HTSs) have been used mostly in offshore wind turbine applications. However, their potential has not been fully utilized in onshore wind turbines, partially due to concerns related to hydraulic losses. In our prior work, it was shown that the annual energy production from a hydrostatic wind turbine can match or exceed that of a mechanical drive wind turbine with appropriate optimal control techniques. In this paper, we present an optimal control technique that can further improve energy production of a hydrostatic wind turbine, particularly in low speed regions. Here, the overall loss equation of the HTS is developed and used as a cost function to be minimized with respect to system model dynamics. The overall loss function includes the losses due to both the aerodynamic efficiencies and the hydrostatic efficiencies of the motor and pump. A nonlinear model of HST is considered for the drive train. Optimal control law was derived by minimizing the overall loss. Both unconstrained and constrained optimization using Pontryagin’s minimum principle were utilized to derive two distinct control laws for the motor displacement. Simulation results showed that both the controllers were able to increase power output with the unconstrained optimization offering better results for the HTS wind turbine in the low speed regions (3–8 m/s).

Valuation of Wind Energy Turbines Using Volatility of Wind and Price

The limitedness of the nonrenewable local energy resources in Israel, even in the background of the later gas fields’ findings, continues to force the state to devote various efforts towards ‘green’ energy development. These efforts include installations, both for the solar and for wind energy, thus improving the diversity of energy sources. While the standard discounted cash flow (DCF) method using the net present value (NPV) criterion is extensively adopted to evaluate investments, the standard DCF method is inappropriate for the rapidly changing investment climate and for the managerial flexibility in investment decisions. In recent years, the real options analysis (ROA) technique has been widely applied in many studies for the valuation of renewable energy investment projects. Taking into account the above background, we apply, in this study, the real options analysis approach for the valuation of wind energy turbines and apply it to the analysis of wind energy economic potential in Israel, which is the context of our work. We hypothesize that due to nature of wind energy production uncertainties, the ROA method is better than the alternative. The novelty of this paper includes the following: real world wind statistics of the Merom Golan site in Israel (velocity 3.73 m/s, with a standard deviation of 2.03 m/s), a realistic power generation estimation (power generation of 1205.84 kW with a standard deviation of about 0.5% in annual value which is worth about 1.3 M$ per annum), and an economic model to evaluate the profitability of such a project. We thus discuss the existing challenges of diversifying renewable energy sources in Israel by adding wind installations. Our motivation is to introduce a method which will allow investors and officials to take into account uncertainties when deciding in investing in such wind installations. The outcomes of the paper, which are obtained using the method of Weibull statistics and the Black–Scholes ROA technique, include the result that market price volatility adds to the uncertainties much more than any wind fluctuations, provided that the analysis is integrated over a long enough time.

The Integration of Planetary Science Simulation and Virtual Reality Geographic Information System

A method for constructing a measurable virtual reality environment based on the ground image of the planetary exploration patrol device and the high-resolution satellite image is proposed. According to the three-dimensional images acquired by the patrol at different azimuth angles and height angles, a 360° panoramic image is generated through cylindrical projection, automatic matching and seamless stitching. At the same time, the inverse calculation function from the panoramic image to the original image has been developed, allowing users to directly measure on the panoramic image, and obtain 3D terrain information from the original stereo pair. The three-dimensional measurable panoramic image is seamlessly integrated with the planet browser based on NASA's World Wind, which provides a measurable virtual reality environment for planetary exploration applications, and realizes the integration from the vertical view satellite image to the ground horizontal view patroller imagemeasurement. At the same time, combined with the current popular computer research fields of virtual reality and three-dimensional technology, it focuses on the application of virtual reality and three-dimensional visualization simulation technology in geographic information systems, and analyzes virtual dynamic simulation, three-dimensional space analysis, virtual geographic environment, and three-dimensional data acquisition. Basic issues such as processing, three-dimensional data structure and models, and discuss the development trend of VR-GIS and 3D-GIS.

Interactive urban building energy modelling with functional mockup interface of a local residential building stock

The transformation towards a low carbon energy system requires municipalities to improve their local building stock. Urban building energy modelling (UBEM) is an emerging tool to support municipalities in shaping the necessary strategies by estimating energy demand with high spatial and temporal resolution. This study proposes a Functional Mockup Interface (FMI)-based UBEM that enables interactive capacities to simulate diverse environmental conditions without reinitialisation. The FMI-based approach allows to couple the building energy simulation EnergyPlus with external models. These capacities were tested on a real-world example in the German city of Wuppertal with urban microclimate data. The results are estimates of sub-hourly energy demand based on the adjacent environmental conditions of each building. In order to ameliorate the applicability, the FMI-based UBEM is further enriched by incorporating an automatic procedure to derive 3D building models, displaying high geometrical fidelity, from city-wide point clouds through the screened Poisson surface reconstruction algorithm. The study area contains 5736 residential buildings. A diverse residential building stock was modelled on the basis of the EU project TABULA. To demonstrate the functionality of the proposed UBEM, a demand response scenario was constructed with microclimate data and heat pumps instead of other heating and hot water systems. The capacity of UBE-FMI to dynamically change parameters (e.g. thermostat setpoint) in the building models can benefit the evaluation of demand response strategies and its potential to shed peak loads. In comparison with reference studies, UBE-FMI produced reasonable estimates of energy demand. The 3D building models and simulation results using “live” weather are visualized by a web-interface, which is implemented with the geospatial 3D framework NASA WorldWind.

Multi-objective prediction intervals for wind power forecast based on deep neural networks

Wind power forecast is playing a significant role in the operation and dispatch of modern power systems. Compared with traditional point forecast methods, interval forecast is able to quantify uncertainties effectively. Unfortunately, the stochastic and intermittent nature of wind power has brought significant challenges to get high quality prediction intervals (PIs). In this paper, a novel interval forecast model based on long short-term memory neural networks (LSTM) is proposed to construct PIs with the lower and upper bound estimation method. Besides, an improved PI evaluation criterion is proposed by considering the estimation error of PIs. Moreover, a multi-objective optimization framework is proposed to investigate the relationship between PI estimation error and average width. To tune the parameters of LSTM, the widely used non-dominated fast sort genetic algorithm is further improved by introducing the competitive learning mechanism. The effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm is demonstrated by a series of experiments based on a real world wind power dataset.

WIND POWER: CURRENT STATE AND PERSPECTIVES

Due to the depletion of resources for traditional energy, as well as due to the gradual abandonment of nuclear power in a number of countries, the world pays great attention to energy conservation and energy efficiency, one of the main sources of which is renewable energy, which includes wind energy. Wind power is the most developed renewable energy industry (excluding hydro), which affects its economic characteristics. Thus, onshore wind power plants are characterized by one of the lowest indicators of the cost of electricity production among alternative types of generation. However, offshore wind power plants are still inferior to some types of renewable energy sources and are twice the level of traditional thermal power plants. In this article, the authors consider the state and prospects of development of the world wind energy. The distribution of installed capacity of wind power plants by regions of the world is analyzed and the shares of countries in the total installed capacity are determined. The leading countries were identified as well as the reasons for the rapid growth of wind generation in these countries along with the measures of state support. The state and prospects of wind power development in Russia are considered, and it is also noted that the Russian Federation has significant potential in the field of wind power development, which makes it possible to make optimistic forecasts regarding the provision of electricity to remote areas of Russia. The technical electric power potential of wind energy is about 17.1 TW/year, which is an order of magnitude higher than the amount of electricity generated by all power plants in the country in 2018. The scientific increment is to identify the key problems facing the domestic wind power industry.

Does China's outward direct investment improve green total factor productivity in the “Belt and Road” countries? Evidence from dynamic threshold panel model analysis

Following the “Belt and Road” (B&R) initiative, China has significantly increased its outward direct investment (ODI). Although these investments help to boost these countries' productivity, their impacts on the environment are still controversial and deserve careful investigation. This study for the first time examines whether China's ODI has improved the green total factor productivity (GTFP), a comprehensive index for environmental quality and productivity. Moreover, a new data set composed of ICRG, World Bank WDI, Heritage Foundation, and Wind databases is used to match the panel data of 46 B&R countries for the period of 2003–2016. A newly developed dynamic threshold panel model with GMM characteristics is utilized to explore the possible nonlinear relationship with full consideration of heterogeneity. The empirical results indicate that there is no pollution shelter effect on China's ODI. With the increase in China's ODI, the GTFP of the B&R countries has been significantly improved. Additionally, China's ODI has a greater role in promoting GTFP in B&R countries with higher institutional quality. The positive effects of China's ODI on the GTFP of B&R countries depend on the institutional qualities of the countries, and the enhancement effect becomes greater when the countries have better institutions. There is also evidence that China's ODI significantly promoted the GTFP of countries in the East Asia and Pacific region, South Asia, Central Asia and Europe, while China's ODI did not significantly promote the GTFP of countries in the Middle East and North Africa.

Efficient Urban Inundation Model for Live Flood Forecasting with Cellular Automata and Motion Cost Fields

The mitigation of societal damage from urban floods requires fast hydraulic models for emergency and planning purposes. The simplified mathematical model Cellular Automata is combined with Motion Cost fields, which score the difficulty to traverse an area, to the urban inundation model CAMC. It is implemented with simple matrix and logic operations to achieve high computational efficiency. The development concentrated on an application in dense urban built-up areas with numerous buildings. CAMC is efficient and flexible enough to be used in a “live” urban flood warning system with current weather conditions. A case study is conducted in the German city of Wuppertal with about 12,000 buildings. The water depth estimation of every time step are visualized in a web-interface on the basis of the virtual globe NASA WorldWind. CAMC is compared with the shallow water equations-based model ANUGA. CAMC is approximatively 5 times faster than ANUGA at high spatial resolution and able to maintain numerical stability. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (0.61), Root Mean Square Error (0.39 m) and Index of Agreement (0.65) indicate acceptable agreement for water depth estimation but identify different areas where important deviations occur. The estimation of velocity performs considerably less well (0.34 for Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, 0.13 ms − 1 for Root Mean Square Error, and 0.39 for Index of Agreement) because CA ignores momentum conservation.

Roe deer stress response to a wind farms: Methodological and practical implications

There is an insufficient number of field studies on the impact of wind farms on ungulates despite the rapid expansion of world wind energy. The results of previous studies suggests a possible impact of power plants, but they are divergent and do not take into account the size of wind farms. We examined the impact of wind farms on the stress levels in roe deer based on seven wind farms of various sizes (of 12–27 turbines) in eastern Poland. Fecal cortisol concentration was assessed with the ELISA method in droppings collected during the winter period. We found that the roe deer exhibited an elevated stress level in the area of larger farms, but such response was not found in the case of smaller wind farms. The roe deer were also characterized by a higher stress level in areas of wolf predation, but this factor was less important. Both the area of the farm and the number of turbines explained the phenomenon of the increased stress in the roe deer. We estimated 824 ha or 18 turbines as a threshold level of the impact of wind farms on the cortisol concentration in the roe deer. We conclude, that turbines should be concentrated in the smallest possible area. In such conditions, roe deer will probably be able to find appropriate refuges. We recommend further studies on wind farms older than 4 years and the distribution of turbines.

Sizing Storage for Reliable Renewable Integration: A Large Deviations Approach

• This paper addresses the problem of sizing of energy storage for reliable grid integration of renewables. • Demand and supply uncertainty are jointly modelled as functions of a (background) Markov process. • Crisp sizing estimates are obtained using large deviations theory. • We present a case study using real world wind power data to demonstrate the applicability of our results in practice. The inherent intermittency of wind and solar generation presents a significant challenge as we seek to increase the penetration of renewable generation in the power grid. Increasingly, energy storage is being deployed alongside renewable generation to counter this intermittency. However, a formal characterization of the reliability of renewable generators bundled with storage is lacking in the literature. The present paper seeks to fill this gap. We use a Markov modulated fluid queue to model the loss of load probability ( LOLP ) associated with a renewable generator bundled with a battery, serving an uncertain demand process. Further, we characterize the asymptotic behavior of the LOLP as the battery size scales to infinity. Our results shed light on the fundamental limits of reliability achievable, and also guide the sizing of the storage required in order to meet a given reliability target. Finally, we present a case study using real-world wind power data to demonstrate the applicability of our results in practice.

Flow Modeling and Rendering to Support 3D River Shipping Based on Cross-Sectional Observation Data

The flow in meandering rivers is characterized by rapid changes in flow velocity and water level, especially in flooded environments. Accurate cross-sectional observation data enable continuous monitoring of flow conditions, which is important for river navigation. In this paper, cross-sectional data based flow modeling and rendering methods are studied to build an interactive hybrid flow environment for three-dimensional river shipping. First, the sparse cross-sectional data are extrapolated and interpolated to provide dense sampling points. Then, the data are visualized separately by dynamic texture mapping, particle tracking, streamline rendering, and contour surface rendering. Finally, the rendering models are integrated with ship animation to build a comprehensive hybrid river navigation scenario. The proposed methods are tested by visualizing measured cross-sectional data in the Yangtze River using an open-source software, called World Wind. The experimental results demonstrate that the hybrid flow rendering achieves comprehensive visual effect and the rendering frame rate is greater than 30. The interactive hybrid flow visualization is beneficial to support river shipping analysis.

Ветроэнергетика: история, состояние, перспективы

Many countries around the world began to actively develop renewable energy after the energy crisis of the mid 1970s, when commercial technologies for its use emerged, and nowadays, progress in this field develops much more rapidly than it was expected a decade ago. Modern technologies of using renewable energy sources (RES) are attractive owing to their advantages: they are widely available and inexhaustible; they feature smaller pollution of the environment; their use helps save traditional nonrenewable fossil energy resources; they involve the use of modern high technologies; in addition, they help create new skilled jobs. Russia, despite its large reserves of oil, gas, and coal, is also interested in using RES as an important means of diversifying the country's fuel and energy balance, energy saving, and improving energy security and efficiency with centralized and decentralized supply of power to all regions of the country. This is especially important for regions that face big problems with ensuring reliable and high-quality supply of power. One of the most important areas of renewable energy is wind energy; according to different estimates, it can provide up to 50% or more of the future energy consumption. An attempt is made to estimate the history, state, and prospects for development of the world and domestic wind power industry. The development stages and the role of domestic and industry science, and also the possibilities of the domestic production facilities and ways of improving it are shown. In the course of restructuring and reorganizing the domestic economy, research and development structures, the domestic industry constructing power machinery and equipment, radio electronics, instrument making, and other industries that form the basis for RES and, in particular, wind power, were destroyed to a significant extent. The potential of wind energy, as well as that of other RES that are "not traditional" for the Russian energy sector, has not been fully employed as yet, although in principle, they can solve many energy problems. This is also due to the fact that the current price level in the wholesale electricity market is lower than the net cost of electricity generated by means of RES. This is especially important in solving matters concerned with arrangement of decentralized power supply in Russia, with its vast territory, poorly developed infrastructure, and the world's harshest climate, in which, according to various estimates, from 50 to 70% of the territory is not covered by reliable guaranteed power supply. The problems of successful and efficient development of RES, including wind energy, should become the most important issues already in the near future, and it should be noted that positive steps in this direction have been taken in recent years. At the same time, it should be understood that RES are not an alternative to the "traditional large-scale" power industry, but rather complement it, occupying its own very specific niche.

INTEGRATION OF WIND POWER PLANTS TO THE GRID AND REACTIVE POWER SUPPORT

The conversion of wind energy into electrical energy is one of the most environmentally sustainable methods of energy today. According to statistics published by the World Wind Energy Association, the total capacity of wind turbines installed worldwide at the beginning of 2019 exceeded 598 GW. Looking at the situation in Turkey, the number of wind power plants under operation is 180 according to published statistics at January 2019 by the Turkish Wind Energy Association. The total installed capacity of these power plants is 7369.35 MW. By the increasing of wind power capacity, the connection criteria of the power plants which are taken over to the grid become more critical. Although there are systems that are clean, renewable, and reduce external dependence on energy, power quality problems can occur in the grid connections of all wind power plants. In this respect, the grid connection criteria of wind turbines of the countries are essential. The connection requirements of wind turbines in Turkey, on April 22, 2017, revised Turkish Grid Code are determined under Appendix-18. Wind power plants connect to the grid from a medium voltage or high voltage level. At the grid connection point, there are some conditions that the plant must be met like changing wind conditions, switching, fault, etc. These requirements can be summarized as reactive power support, frequency response, contribution to the post-fault system. In this study, the reactive power capacity of a 9x3.6 MW Wind Power Plant to the grid is simulated and investigated.