Worldwide Scale Research Articles

Comprehensive Genomic and Proteomic Analysis Identifies Effectors of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae

Fusarium wilt in eggplant caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. melongenae is a major devastating soil-borne disease on a worldwide scale. Effectors play important roles in the interactions in pathogen–plant interactions. Identifying effectors is essential for elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms of phytopathogenic fungi. In this study, bioinformatic prediction approaches, including SignalP v5.0, TMHMM v2.0, WoLF PSORT, PredGPI, and EffectorP, were employed to screen for candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) in F. oxysporum f. sp. melongenae. A total of 1019 proteins exhibiting characteristics typical of classical secretory proteins were identified, 301 of which demonstrated carbohydrate activity, and 194 CSEPs were identified. Furthermore, a total of 563 proteins from F. oxysporum f. sp. melongenae under induced conditions were identified using mass spectrometry-based label-free quantitative proteomics. These findings suggest a potential role of these CSEPs in the interaction between F. oxysporum f. sp. melongenae and eggplant, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of F. oxysporum f. sp. melongenae and strategies for disease management.

Музеят в хипермодерните времена: основни тенденции в пиар комуникацията

The main tendencies and priorities in the strategical and communication management of the museums in the hypermodern times are being examined in the text. In the dynamic context of the epoch, significant changes in the public life related to the triumph of the digital technologies and the transformations in the communications and the marketing are being observed. In the large-scale processes, which comprise the separate industries and draw new perspectives in the development of the organizations from different social fields, the museum as a type of a cultural institution with a rich history, is transformed into an open territory for the new tendencies and successfully implements the tools of the digital PR whose identity is being formed and manifested in the times of the hypermodernity, which came into existence in the last quarter of the ХХ century. In the conditions of increasing competition and the growing interest towards technological innovations, the museums in a worldwide scale, apply new approaches in the communication with their diverse audience and constantly widen their integrative potential. The study is based on the theoretical formulation of the French philosopher and sociologist Gilles Lipovetsky about the hypermodern and hyperconsumerist society.

A Comparative Analysis between Islamic Economics and Environmental Economics: Historical Development and its Significance for Contemporary Challenges

This article investigates the possible relationship between Islamic and Environmental Economics to address environmental concerns. Comparative analysis shows that Environmental Economics has been more successful in addressing environmental challenges, even though both frameworks approach the economic activity with different concepts. Environmental Economics has been successful because of its all-encompassing focus on environmental factors, acceptance on a worldwide scale, relevance of policies, and individual-centered methodology. On the other hand, Islamic economics, which functions mainly at the community level, needs more clarity with broader implementation. The strengths of each strategy are examined in this research, which concludes that environmental economics provides a more flexible and universally applicable framework for promoting economic activity by environmental preservation. The results add to the current discussion on sustainable development by highlighting the significance of combining realistic, internationally recognized strategies with moral principles to create a sustainable future.

Navigating Pesticide Residue Accumulation in Arable Soils: Insights for Sustainable Agriculture

Adoption and application of wide range chemicals as pesticides for shielding crop against undesirable weeds, insects and pests has increased the overall agricultural productivity in recent decades. According to reports, pesticides which are exposed to a variety of environmental circumstances over an extended period of time cause many of their derivatives to survive in the environment. Accumulation of these chemicals in ecosystems lead their absorption in non-target creatures, planted crops and arable soils, and therefore, causing serious detrimental environmental hazards and many concerns have been brought to light on a worldwide scale. In fact, there may still be health hazards for people associated with the food chain transportation of these pesticide residual compounds. Pesticide residues absorption, on the other hand, is more difficult to understand. Characteristics of the planted crops, the physicochemical qualities of the pesticides and the ambient factors can all have a significant impact on the pesticide residue uptake process and bioavailable concentrations. In the meanwhile, this article will emphasize on overview of these pesticide residue forms and their fate in agricultural soils, mechanisms and factors hindering plant uptake for essential nutrients. To make reasonable risk forecasts for human health, future research must conduct field-based investigations in natural settings.

Sin Tax Strategies and Sustainable Health Financing: A Global Scenario

This study examines how sin taxes are levied on products considered to be detrimental to public health, such alcohol, tobacco, and sugary foods can support sustainable health finance on a worldwide scale. The study emphasizes the multiple advantages of sin taxes by analysing how well they work to lower consumption, raise money for health programs, and enhance public health outcomes. Successful implementations and the related health effects are demonstrated by case studies from a number of nations, including Australia, Mexico, United Kingdom, South Africa, Singapore, France and Norway. The study also discusses equity issues, pointing out that sin taxes are regressive and offering solutions to lessen their negative effects on low-income groups. In the end, the results highlight how crucial customized tax arrangements, public education initiatives, and stakeholder involvement are to optimizing the advantages of sin taxes. This study adds to the continuing discussion on creative approaches to health funding and how they could promote healthier populations throughout the globe.

Influence of re-melting rate on the dry sliding wear characteristics of LPBFed Cu–Cr–Zr alloy

For the past few decades, Copper alloys have made significant contributions to a variety of industrial applications due to their efficient electrical and thermal conductivity. However, moving mechanical assemblies continues to raise concerns about wear-related mechanical breakdowns on a worldwide scale. Hence, this research focuses on examining the wear parameters such as load, sliding velocity and distance based on the re-melting strategy of the (Laser Powder Bed Fusion) LPBF process. The sliding tests were carried out over a wide range load (15, 25, 35 and 45 N), sliding velocity (1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 m/s) and sliding distance (1500, 2500, 3500 and 4500 m) with a pin-on-disc configuration. The LPBFed Cu–Cr–Zr alloy coupon was printed with four different re-melting ranges (5, 15, 30 and 45%) and it was explored to minimise the occurrence of un-melted particles and inter-particle gaps. The wear results show that the wear parameters have a positive correlation with the Wear Rate (WR) and co-efficient of friction (COF) and also witnessed that the WR and COF decrease with increasing the re-melting rate. The nano-hardness analysis was compared on the un-melted and spattered particles and the re-melted surface. The results show that the spattered particles possess 35.8% more nano-hardness than the other surface on the Cu alloy coupon printed with a 45% re-melting range. The FE-SEM images of the worn-out surface reveal that un-melted and spattered particles have a major contribution in reducing the wear resistance of the printed Cu alloy coupons.

10.G. Practice session: Innovation technology to promote healthy lifestyles: teachings from multi-national EU funded projects

Abstract The global burden of disease attributable to lifestyle risk factors is constantly escalating on a worldwide scale. Inadequate diet and sedentary behaviors stand out as particularly impactful contributors to chronic non-communicable diseases, resulting in millions of deaths annually and projecting stable, alarming trends for the foreseeable future. These statistics raise significant concerns among public health experts, particularly regarding the pervasive influence of unhealthy lifestyles on younger generations. This demographic cohort’s susceptibility poses a substantial threat to the future trajectory of non-communicable diseases and places immense strain on healthcare systems and global health outcomes. In light of these challenges, the imperative for public health initiatives and interventions aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles becomes glaringly apparent. Addressing the root causes of unhealthy behaviors through targeted interventions is essential to reverse the projected trends and mitigate future health risks. Public health authorities shoulder the responsibility of prioritizing such endeavors, as they play a pivotal role in shaping environments conducive to healthy living for present and future generations alike. Embracing innovative methodologies, leveraging technological advancements, and adopting modern approaches are imperative to engage and mobilize younger populations effectively. Initiatives funded by entities such as the European Union serve as promising examples, highlighting the potential for collaborative efforts to drive meaningful change. Sharing the methodologies and findings of such projects within the public health community can catalyze knowledge dissemination and foster collaboration, ultimately amplifying the impact of intervention strategies worldwide. By prioritizing intervention studies for behavioral change, stakeholders can collectively address the pressing challenge of lifestyle-related diseases and pave the way for healthier, more resilient communities. The aim of this workshop is to provide an overview of multi-national EU funded projects aiming to promote healthy lifestyles in the Mediterranean region. Key messages • Innovative and more modern approaches are needed to improve the diet in the Mediterranean region. • Children and adolescents are the main targets to counteract the rise of non-communicable diseases.

Pay Attention: a Call to Regulate the Attention Market and Prevent Algorithmic Emotional Governance

Over the last 70 years, we, humans, have created an economic market where attention is being captured and turned into money thanks to advertising. During the last two decades, leveraging research in psychology, sociology, neuroscience and other domains, Web platforms have brought the process of capturing attention to an unprecedented scale. With the initial commonplace goal of making targeted advertising more effective, the generalization of attention-capturing techniques and their use of cognitive biases and emotions have multiple detrimental side effects such as polarizing opinions, spreading false information and threatening public health, economies and democracies. This is clearly a case where the Web is not used for the common good and where, in fact, all its users become a vulnerable population. This paper brings together contributions from a wide range of disciplines to analyze current practices and consequences thereof. Through a set of propositions and principles that could be used do drive further works, it calls for actions against these practices competing to capture our attention on the Web, as it would be unsustainable for a civilization to allow attention to be wasted with impunity on a world-wide scale.

Artificial intelligence (AI) adoption: do Generation Z students feel technostress in deploying AI for completing courses of study at universities?

PurposeThey proposed the necessity of restructuring higher education to provide students and instructors with the skills required for future employment in a world driven by artificial intelligence (AI). The implementation of AI in higher education and its impact on Generation Z students' academic ambitions.Design/methodology/approachHigher education plays a vital role in cultivating ethical individuals and professionals on a worldwide scale. The implementation of AI in higher education and its impact on Generation Z students' academic ambitions. This study used qualitative methods to examine the viewpoints of students regarding the influence of AI on higher education. For this study, a cohort of 25 students from Pune city was chosen.FindingsThe results indicate that there is a need to reform higher education in order to prepare students for future jobs in a society driven by AI. They indicated a lack of extensive understanding on the subject and so sought a clear explanation from an AI during their consultation. Based on the results of this study, it is evident that Generation Z students do not experience fear or worry in relation to emerging technology. On the contrary, they embrace multitasking and actively want to acquire new skills to prepare themselves for the future.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has limitations; the data were collected from 25 students, and the insights gathered may not represent the whole population. The geographical restriction was that it was restricted only to Pune. Second, educators are equally important and may have different views; therefore, future studies should collect educators’ views.Originality/valueThey proposed restructuring higher education to provide students and instructors with the skills required for future employment in a world driven by AI. Their proposal introduces novel learning goals that prioritize the development of abilities in both information, learning and education through the use of AI. Participants' narratives are evaluated using advanced techniques such as VOSviewer to give in-depth analysis.

Techno economic study of floating solar photovoltaic project in Indonesia using RETscreen

The utilization of solar energy is crucial for the advancement of sustainable power generation on a worldwide scale, driven by environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuels. Indonesia's goal is to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 and it is aggressively advocating for solar energy, which includes the implementation of new methods such as floating photovoltaic (PV) systems. This study evaluates the Techno-Economic Feasibility of Indonesia's Cirata 145 MW floating solar PV project by employing RETScreen technology. The objective is to improve the long-term financial stability, decrease greenhouse gas emissions, and suggest viable choices for improvement. Examining three scenarios that involve alterations in carbon emissions, energy pricing, and loan interest rates demonstrates different levels of project feasibility. The introduction of carbon tax emission pricing has a substantial impact on the feasibility of projects. This study provides useful insights into doing techno-economic feasibility assessments using RETScreen for floating photovoltaic (PV) systems. It demonstrates how modifying parameters can effectively mitigate project risks.

Heavy Metals Distribution in Mangrove Leaves in Various Sudanese Coastal Zones at The Red Sea

<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;">Mangrove ecosystem contamination, especially in the Red Sea region, has caused major concerns on a worldwide scale. The heavy metal accumulation typical of a mangrove species, </span><em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;">Avicenna marina </span></em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;">L. (</span><em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;">A. marina</span></em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;">) leaves and soluble salts in sediments have not been studied on the Red Sea coast of Sudan.  The present study investigates the two nutrients calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) and heavy metals such as barium (Ba), titanium (Ti), and strontium (Sr) in the mangrove species </span><em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;">A. marina</span></em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;"> in the leaves of six different locations in the Red Sea coastal area, as follows: (Hamasyat (HM) Keligo (KG), and Enkfel (EK) of the Gulf of Dunnabeb, and three sites were selected in the south of the Sudanese coast as follows: (Amarat Island (AM), Ibn Abbas Island (BN), and Ras Kassar (RK). The results demonstrate that the maximum calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) concentrations in mangrove leaves were 35.9 mg/kg and 4.10 mg/kg recorded at RK and AM, respectively, in the south region of the Red Sea. The heavy metal concentrations (mg/kg) vary between different locations. The higher concentration of heavy metals in mangrove leaves increased as Ba was 1.1 mg/kg in the EG north region. While Ti (0.5 mg/kg) and Sr (2.80 mg/kg) higher concentrations were recorded in AM and EK, respectively, in the south area than in the other experimental sites.   Heavy metals and soluble salts in sediments are continuously monitored in mangrove habitats to ensure they keep within allowed limits. These results could be useful as a database for prospective ecological research, preservation efforts, and long-term sustainable management of the Sudanese mangrove ecosystems throughout the Red Sea coastal.</span></p>

Organotin(IV) complexes of tridentate (ONO) hydrazone ligands: synthesis, spectral characterization, antituberculosis, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, molecular docking and cytotoxicity studies.

Infectious diseases have a significant impact in the historical trajectory of humanity, exerting profound influence on societies, driving advancements in medical science, and significantly impacting individuals on a worldwide scale. Consequently, this research endeavours to identify potent agents combatting tuberculosis, inflammation, and microbial deformities. The investigation focuses on hydrazones (1,2) endowed eight organotin(IV) complexes, where hydrazones were derived from 2-acetyl-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione and 2-phenoxypropanehydrazide/2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanehydrazide. All compounds underwent thorough characterization utilizing a variety of spectral and analytical techniques including, multinuclear NMR, FT-IR, HRMS, UV-Vis, SEM-EDAX, TGA, XRD, molar conductance measurements, establishing the pentacoordinated environment around tin(IV) ion with tridentate (ONO) mode of chelation of hydrazones. Powder XRD revealed the ligand's crystalline and complexes' semi-crystalline nature, while thermal analysis indicated two-step decomposition leaving tin oxide residue. In vitro evaluations utilize microplate alamar blue assay for assessing anti-tuberculosis activity, serial dilution technique for antimicrobial efficacy, and bovine serum albumin method for evaluating anti-inflammatory properties. The complexes exhibited higher biological activities than their respective ligands and the activity of the complexes follow the order: Ph2SnL1-2 > Bu2SnL1-2 > Et2SnL1-2 > Me2SnL1-2. Among them, phenyl complex (10) [Ph2SnL2] displays superior efficacy against TB dysfunction (MIC: 0.0180 ± 0.009μmol/mL) and also demonstrates exceptional potency in combating inflammation (IC50: 7.27 ± 0.04μM), and microbial (MIC: 0.0045μmol/mL) infections, comparable to standard drugs. Additionally, cytotoxicity testing against vero cell line revealed decreased toxicity at lower concentrations, and attenuated by chelation. Phenyl complex (10) [Ph2SnL2] shows promising cytotoxicity at 3.12µg/mL (19.29 ± 0.09%). Further, The diphenyltin(IV) complex (10), identified as the most effective against TB, shows stronger binding to key 3PTY protein residues (-42.2kJ/mol) compared to ligand (2) (-33.4kJ/mol), correlating with its superior anti-tuberculosis potency in biological assays. This comprehensive approach aims to actively contribute to ongoing initiatives addressing infectious diseases, thereby advancing global health and overall well-being.

Can cluster analysis enrich the innovation resistance theory? The case of mobile payment usage in Italy

Mobile payments provide several benefits, for consumers and merchants alike. Yet, on a worldwide scale their usage is still low. Also, the barriers to mobile payment usage are still a rather unexplored topic in the literature, which is instead focused on adoption behavior. Accordingly, our objective is to investigate the factors that hinder, respectively, mobile payment usage and intention to use by consumers. The theoretical framework for our analysis integrates the Technology Readiness Index (TRI) into the Innovation Resistance Theory (IRT). To empirically assess the model, we gathered data on mobile payment usage in Italy through a web-based survey among 1,795 consumers. For the full sample, we find that the impact of the IRT barriers is different for actual use and behavioral intention to use. Also, and most importantly, once we segment consumers based on their TRI, we find yet other results. Specifically, the impact of the IRT barriers is different across the proposed clusters. This confirms that cluster analysis does indeed add value to the IRT.

Clinical outcomes of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty in the same patient.

Osteoarthritis has become the predominant manifestation of arthritic conditions on a worldwide scale and serves as a significant instigator of pain, impairment, and increasing socio-economic strain on a global level. The ongoing discourse on the choice between total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) for patients suffering from anterior medial osteoarthritis continues to ignite scholarly controversy. Our objective was to assess and compare the clinical outcomes of UKA and TKA within the same patient, hereby offering a novel perspective on this topic. Fifty-seven individuals who underwent TKA on one knee and UKA on the other knee at the Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University between March 2019 and March 2024 were analysed for this retrospective study. We conducted a comprehensive examination and evaluation of perioperative laboratory assessments, radiological examinations, knee functionality, contentment levels, and postoperative complications within the two groups. Following surgical procedures, levels of hemoglobin, red blood cells, and albumin were found to be elevated in the UKA group when compared to the TKA group (hemoglobin: 121.2 ± 12.54 vs. 110.1 ± 13.21g/L; red blood cells: 4.0 ± 0.47 vs. 3.6 ± 0.42 *1012/L; albumin: 37.7 ± 5.66 vs. 35.3 ± 5.23g/L). There is a significant difference in the hip-knee-ankle angles between the postoperative UKA group and the TKA group (5.3 ± 3.46° vs. 4.1 ± 2.86°, p < 0.05). There existed no notable disparity in postoperative visual analog scale, knee society score, and forgotten joint score between the two groups. However, a remarkable variance was observed in postoperative range of motion between the two groups (116.4 ± 5.96° vs. 108.4 ± 5.32°). We found that UKA resulted in less physical strain, less postoperative inflammatory response, improved joint mobility, although with less effective lower limb force line correction compared to TKA. Many patients have shown a preference for UKA and express higher levels of satisfaction with the procedure.

Assessing the impact of climate change on Vector-Borne Diseases: Strategies for Prevention and Control

Climate change is occurring on a worldwide scale. Human wellbeing, beach front networks, food creation, water supplies, and air quality are as of now being influenced by this change. Over 17% of all infectious sicknesses are vector-borne. There is growing information regarding how vector-borne diseases are impacted by climate change. In request to address the ramifications of climate change on VBDs in India through this paper, we assembled optional information in September 2022 from books, studies, diaries, and distributed articles on this significant subject. This exposition will give a speedy outline of how the main vector-borne diseases in India are evolving epidemiologically.

Polygenic risk score portability for common diseases across genetically diverse populations

BackgroundPolygenic risk scores (PRS) derived from European individuals have reduced portability across global populations, limiting their clinical implementation at worldwide scale. Here, we investigate the performance of a wide range of PRS models across four ancestry groups (Africans, Europeans, East Asians, and South Asians) for 14 conditions of high-medical interest.MethodsTo select the best-performing model per trait, we first compared PRS performances for publicly available scores, and constructed new models using different methods (LDpred2, PRS-CSx and SNPnet). We used 285 K European individuals from the UK Biobank (UKBB) for training and 18 K, including diverse ancestries, for testing. We then evaluated PRS portability for the best models in Europeans and compared their accuracies with respect to the best PRS per ancestry. Finally, we validated the selected PRS models using an independent set of 8,417 individuals from Biobank of the Americas-Genomelink (BbofA-GL); and performed a PRS-Phewas.ResultsWe confirmed a decay in PRS performances relative to Europeans when the evaluation was conducted using the best-PRS model for Europeans (51.3% for South Asians, 46.6% for East Asians and 39.4% for Africans). We observed an improvement in the PRS performances when specifically selecting ancestry specific PRS models (phenotype variance increase: 1.62 for Africans, 1.40 for South Asians and 0.96 for East Asians). Additionally, when we selected the optimal model conditional on ancestry for CAD, HDL-C and LDL-C, hypertension, hypothyroidism and T2D, PRS performance for studied populations was more comparable to what was observed in Europeans. Finally, we were able to independently validate tested models for Europeans, and conducted a PRS-Phewas, identifying cross-trait interplay between cardiometabolic conditions, and between immune-mediated components.ConclusionOur work comprehensively evaluated PRS accuracy across a wide range of phenotypes, reducing the uncertainty with respect to which PRS model to choose and in which ancestry group. This evaluation has let us identify specific conditions where implementing risk-prioritization strategies could have practical utility across diverse ancestral groups, contributing to democratizing the implementation of PRS.

Navigating New Waters: IMO’s Efforts to Regulate Autonomous Shipping

Abstract New technological development in autonomous and unmanned vessels challenges the international legal framework prevailing at sea. Currently, the regulations applicable to international shipping constitute regulatory barriers preventing their operation on a worldwide scale. Hence, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), responsible for international shipping, has been working to accommodate these new types of vessels within the existing legal instruments. This paper traces the IMO’s steps to establish a new regulatory framework for them.

A phenomenological study of women’s everyday lived experiences and perceptions in science research organizations in India

There has been a significant paucity of representation of women in the fields of science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) on a worldwide scale. Women are more likely to be at a disadvantage than men due to the existence of gender prejudices as well as other social and cultural variables. This tendency is also present in India. Feminist scholars within the Science, Technology, and Society field have conducted thorough examinations of the gender component, despite their relatively small representation. This study aims to examine the challenges faced by female scientists in higher education institutions in India to comprehend these issues. It employs a phenomenological approach, using primary data to investigate how female scientists perceive their day-to-day lives and the world around them, and it focuses on the perceptions and experiences of these women. The study finds that women who work in STEMM fields face a wide variety of challenges and roadblocks both on the personal and professional front. In addition, it highlights certain attitudes that have a negative impact on women working in the field of science, such as the rationalization of institutional prejudices and unwillingness to recognize discrimination. It concludes with a few policy implications.

Road Safety in The European Road Transport System and the Correlation with Sustainable Development

Abstract In May 2018, the European Commission unveiled a medium-term strategic action plan as part of the Europe on the Move package, as well as a novel approach to road safety policy. In the long run, the European Union’s Vision Zero initiative has maintained an ambitious target of nearly zero fatalities by 2050. This mindset must grow stronger than it has been in the past, both among decision-makers and in society. The European Union Council, facilitating the Valletta Declaration on Road Safety of March 2017, set, for the first time, an important road safety target of halving the number of serious injuries across all EU countries by 2030, using 2020 as their benchmark. Road accidents are those quiet criminals since they often go unreported in our culture. Most Western countries, including EU members, boast some of the world’s safest roadways. In this connection, they aid other less developed European nations by emphasizing the knowledge acquired in this sector for their growth and advocating the highest possible standards on a worldwide scale. When compared to other continents, Europe is performing well in this regard, owing to decisive action at all levels, including national, regional, and municipal. At the European level, cumulative road accidents kill around 500 people every week. Deaths in other modes of transportation are no longer tolerated, and deaths on the road are no longer acceptable, and this concept must be integrated into the road safety decision-making process. It is absolutely crucial, and also required, to adopt the Safe System at the EU level as soon as possible. The scientific study includes specific research undertaken by the authors to apply various technological and managerial principles, in which correct and up-to-date facts and numbers concerning road safety and its management at the European level are provided. Those interested can thus become acquainted with the current state of play in the field approached about the new safety systems on vehicles, which have become mandatory for all car manufacturers in Europe as of January 1, 2022, but also about how these systems intervene to ensure the safety of the occupants of a vehicle. Finally, the results and future research and development directions are discussed.

Clinical management of eye diseases: carotenoids and their nanoformulations as choice of therapeutics.

Eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), impose a substantial health cost on a worldwide scale. Carotenoids have emerged as intriguing candidates for pharmacological treatment of various disorders. Their therapeutic effectiveness, however, is hindered by poor solubility and vulnerability to degradation. Nanocarriers, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and micelles, provide a transformational way to overcome these limits. This review explores the pharmacological potential of carotenoids, namely lutein, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin, to treat several ocular disorders. The main emphasis is on their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions, which help to counteract inflammation and oxidative stress, crucial factors in the development of AMD and DR. The review evaluates the significant benefits of nano-formulated carotenoids, such as improved bioavailability, higher cellular absorption, precise administration to particular ocular tissues, and greater biostability, which make them superior to conventional carotenoids. Some clinical studies on the beneficial properties of carotenoids in eye diseases are discussed. Furthermore, safety and regulatory concerns are also taken into account. Ultimately, carotenoids, especially when created in their nano form, have significant potential for safeguarding eyesight and enhancing the overall well-being of several individuals afflicted with vision-endangering eye diseases.