World Summit On Sustainable Development Research Articles

Agricultural literacy in artificial insemination and agribusiness management for social innovation in rural populations affected by armed conflict in Colombia

The achievement of education in rural populations was one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), outlined by the United Nations. During the last World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), it was concluded that the majority of the world’s poor, illiterate and undernourished population lives in rural areas; therefore, access to education is considered one of the greatest challenges for governments in countries with developing economies. The purpose of this study was to determine how a theoretical-practical training program in rural management and leadership (D-ML), artificial insemination (D-AI), and bovine genetic improvement (D-GI) affected the perception and level of knowledge in a rural population affected by Colombia’s armed conflict. Phase 1 included the theoretical and practical training of undergraduate animal sciences students in three dimensions (D-ML, D-AI, D-GI). After training, students were evaluated according to their level of theoretical-practical knowledge and their behavioral performance. There were 13 students selected to be a part of what we went on to call “the group of student leaders.” Phase 2 included the socioeconomic characterization and training of rural residents by the group of student leaders and field experts in the same three dimensions (D-ML, D-AI, D-GI). We evaluated the perception and level of knowledge before and after training in 63 rural residents using an evaluative instrument. The perception of knowledge in rural residents was low for general knowledge (GTD) (2.48 ± 0.76, p < 0.05), D-ML (2.89 ± 1.18, p < 0.05) and D-AI/D-GI (2.17 ± 0.83, p < 0.05), in accordance with the 5-point Likert-type ordinal scale. When level of knowledge was measured before the theorical-practical training, the level of GTD was 45.9%, however, after the training it increased to 77.6% (p < 0.01), while the level of knowledge for D-AI increased from 38.5% pre-training to 80.6% (p <0.05) post-training, and level of knowledge for D-GI pre-training was 50.8% and increased to 73.0% (p < 0.01) post-training. Finally, the level of knowledge for D-ML increased (p < 0.01) from 54.8% pre-training to 75% post-training. Altogether, rural extension programs contribute to closing knowledge gaps in relation to the use of reproductive biotechnologies and bovine management in rural areas affected by armed conflict.

Evaluation of the Total Aflatoxin Level in Certain Cereals and Legumes Highly Consumed in Mali

The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) reaffirmed lofty and ambitious goals on seven main issues. Similarly, the Consolidated Action Plan for Africa (CAAP) has set priority science and technology projects. The achievement of an essential objective; common to both, namely: "Agriculture and food security", will strongly depend on the good knowledge and sustainable use of biological diversity, particularly microbial. Mali depends largely on agriculture and needs an annual growth of 6% or more in this sector to achieve sustainable development in general. However, the contamination of cereals and legumes essential to reduce food insecurity in Africa, aggravated by the proliferation of toxigenic fungi, constitutes a main constraint to the supply of healthy foods. However, in order to optimally target and implement these options, it is imperative that mycotoxin contamination is quantified and mapped. Three hundred and eighty-four (384) representative samples (1-2 kg per sample) were collected from different markets in Koutiala, S?gou, Bamako and Koulikoro in 2018 and 2020 to determine their fungal flora, the natural incidence of mycotoxins. All samples analyzed were contaminated with fungi, in the range of 1.2.105 to 33.5.105 CFU/g. SAS software was used for all analyzes and differences were considered significant when p<0.05. All cereals analyzed contain aflatoxins. Because of the high consumption and high levels of aflatoxins in beans and maize in the samples analyzed, we suggest periodic monitoring and the application of Hazard Analysis and Control (HACCP) prevention and control of mycotoxins in the production and industry of human food in Mali.

Contribution of Toxicology in Sustainable Development

Contribution of Toxicology in Sustainable Development

The impact of sustainable governance and practices on business performance: an empirical investigation of global firms

In a globally-competitive market, can sustainable policies and operations sustain business performance? Considering the current substantial focus on sustainable practices in companies around the world, this study investigates the effects of sustainable practices on overall business performance. This research forwards a hypothesised framework that traces interlinkages between sustainability governance, supply chain (SC) operations and business performance followed by a time-lagged empirical investigation using archival data for Fortune-100 global environmentally-sustainable companies in line with World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) green productivity measures. The study surprisingly reveals the disparity in translating governance policies in sustainable SC practices and dismal direct effects of sustainable SC practices on business performance. However, lackluster direct effects are mitigated by institutionalised sustainable reporting transparency that positively impacts overall business performance, highlighting the imperative role of sustainability reporting as a prerequisite to financial performance in a global market.

Transnational Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships for Sustainable Development: Building Blocks for Success

Multi-stakeholder partnerships for sustainable development – institutionalized transboundary interactions between public and private actors aiming at the provision of collective goods – are a central element of contemporary sustainability governance, in particularly since the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD). They have been credited with closing the participation and implementation gap in sustainable development but also accused of privileging powerful interests and thereby consolidating the privatisation of governance and dominant neo-liberal modes of globalisation.This report has surveyed recent scholarship to provide an evidence-based assessment of the performance of multi-stakeholder partnerships for sustainable development with a view towards identifying the building blocks for successful and effective partnerships across a number of concrete implementation contexts and specific functions. While the overall aggregate performance of partnerships as a governance instrument is mixed at best, we identify and discuss nine building blocks that increase the likelihood for success: leadership, partners, goal setting, funding, management, monitoring, metagovernance, problem structure and socio-political context.

ICES advisory framework 1977–2012: from Fmax to precautionary approach and beyond

Abstract Lassen, H., Kelly, C., and Sissenwine, M. 2014. ICES advisory framework 1977–2012: from Fmax to precautionary approach and beyond. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 166–172. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) provides fishery advice in the context of international agreements and addressing the policy and legal needs of ICES Member Countries. This advice is often formulated for an annual total allowable catch based on decisions made by the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) during the first half of the 1970s. Although this early advice was initially focused on the best usage of the growth potential of the fish stocks, the collapse of important pelagic stocks in the late 1960s and the early 1970s suggested that the biological advice should include serious considerations of the spawning–stock biomass (SSB). ICES responded with a new advisory framework in 1976. Over the next 30 years, the advisory framework evolved, with increasing emphasis placed on ensuring SSB to avoid impairing recruitment. The Plan of Implementation of the 2002 UN World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) calls for the restoration and maintenance of fish stocks to levels than can produce the fisheries that provide maximum sustainable yield (MSY). In 2009, ICES revised its advisory framework now formulated as a harvest control rule aimed at achieving MSY.

FINANCING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: SOLUTIONS OF WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg, SouthAfrica 2002 has given significant priority to finance and trade issues since funding hasbeen identified as key constraints for the implementation of Agenda 21. The Summitadopted some ambitious programs specifically for poverty eradication such as halving theproportion of the world's people whose income is less than $1 a day, proportion of peoplewho suffer from hunger, proportion of people who are without access to safe drinkingwater and sanitation by 2015. Obvious.y, the implementation of all its decisions dependson the success of addressing development finance issues that covers a vast range, fromofficial development assistance to tommercialloans by multilateral financial institutionsand private banks, foreign direct investment, domestic credits, investment and governmenttransfers. The objective of this paper is to investigate whether the WSSD presents asolution to the financing for sustainable development taking Sri Lanka as a case study.The study observed that between 1992-2000 Official Development Assistant (ODA) hasfallen steadily from 0.33 % of donor country GNP to 0.22 % although at the Earth Summitdeveloped countries agreed to provide 0,7% of GNP as ODA This decline has affected theleast developed countries (LDCs), who arc highly dependant on ODA, which constitutes onthe average almost 90'% of their total long term capital inflows. However during thisperiod, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has significantly increased. FDI to developingcountries has increased from US$ 36 billion in 1991 to US$ 185 billion in 1999, butdeclined to US$ 175 billion in 2000. This is however is only a small portion of the globalFDI flows, which amounted to US$ 1.1 trillion in 2000. In 2000, 80% of FDI went to onlyten developing countries and LDCs attracted only 2.5 % of all FDI flows to developingcountries. In Sri Lanka, foreign direct investments have dropped from US$ 129 Mn ill1977 to US$ 82 Mn 2001. Total outstanding foreign debt has rose from Rs. 235,358 Mn in1992 to Rs. 634,622 Mn in 2001. This indicates serious debt crises in developing countries,which is not a favorable condition for attracting further FDI to developing countries.At the same time measures taken by the international community to treat the excessive debtburdens of 41 heavily indebted poor countries (HIPe) have not delivered the expectedresults. Thought the IMF and the World Bank have approved debt reduction programs for22 countries in December 2000, only' Uganda was able to clear the prerequisite thecreditors. This evidently suggests that the proposed financing measures at the WSSD willalso face implementation problems. Unless all debtors and creditors work positivelywithout demanding unreasonable prerequisite for debt relief measures, the objectives of theWSSD cannot be achieved.

Coastal and Ocean Governance in the Seas of East Asia: PEMSEA's Experience

A key lesson learned is that the complexity of managing coasts, seas, and oceans in a sustainable manner requires a comprehensive, integrative, and coordinated approach in terms of policy, legislation, institutional arrangement, financial investment, management measures, stakeholders support, and participation. The integrated coastal management system (ICMS) has proven to be effective, especially at the local level in forging integration and coordination of policy and management actions, catalyzing financial investment, training local capacity, creating an informed public, enabling local implementation of international conventions/instruments, incorporating adaptive management and precautionary principles in decision-making as well as providing a strong coastal governance framework and processes for strengthening ICM practices and expansion of ICM benefits. The non-binding “Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia” (SDS-SEA), on the other hand, has forged stronger regional cooperation and partnership in undertaking regional implementation of the Plans of Action of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD). A permanent regional mechanism has been established to continue the regional efforts over a much longer timeframe, as regional ocean governance not only requires time and resources but also the much needed regional leadership and visions. Equally important are the efforts in building up a critical mass of coastal and ocean managers with management-oriented knowledge, experience, interpersonal skills, and diplomacy. In this context, the region has pledged its readiness to implement the outcome document of the Rio+20 “The Future We Want” through the implementation of national SDS-SEA plans and scaling up of ICM practices that are relevant to ensuring a sustainable blue economy.

Biodiversity Conservation and the Poor: Practical Issues beyond Global Conferences

The paper focuses on biodiversity—an issue that easily gets left out of consideration because it is hard to measure. While efforts to reduce over-fishing or conservation of water resources are relatively easy to discuss in quantitative terms, biodiversity in terms of plant species is usually covered by crude and even invalid figures. The paper begins by providing a brief historical overview of attempts to define biodiversity, going back to the early efforts in Africa to deal with conservation and showing how definitions have evolved overtime and how they have shaped conservation efforts. While the main focus of the paper is biodiversity conservation and the poor, the paper makes references to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) and other important global conferences including the World Conference on Environment and Development and Convention on Biological Diversity. The paper finds that international conferences by and large do not adequately address the issue of biodiversity and the poor. The limited commitment shown by political leaders at the conferences should be a reason for global and local authorities to create an environment that enables communities to meet their daily needs, foster development and conserve biodiversity.

Introduction: The Role of the European Union as a Global Player in Environmental Governance

For the last 40 years the environment has been on the agenda at an international level, the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm being the first major conference on environmental issues. Principle 24 in the Declaration of that Conference set out that protection and improvement of the environment should be “handled in a cooperative spirit by all countries, big and small ... through multilateral or bilateral agreements or other appropriate means” (United Nations, undated). Subsequent conferences including the 1992 UN Conference on the Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, and the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, increasingly brought environmental concerns to wider public attention. Those conferences were “highly influential in developing a ‘global view’ of our planet’s future”, resulting in thousands of initiatives taken locally, nationally or globally, and across a range of environmental challenges (Mebratu, 1988, p. 494). One such environmental concern has been climate change, with UN Climate Change Conferences taking place since 1979.

Rebuilding EU fish stocks and fisheries, a process under way?

Abstract As a signatory to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), the European Union (EU) has made a commitment to maintain or restore fish stocks to levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY), and where possible not later than 2015. So how has the EU's Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) fared in trying to achieve this objective? The development of the status of 41 commercially exploited fish stocks from the North East Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic Sea (FAO Area 27) was analysed together with the economic performance of the fleets exploiting those stocks. The analyses indicate that the exploitation status for many of the stocks has greatly improved during the last 10 years while the economic performance of the fleets over the same period has been highly variable. The main economic indicators (gross value added (GVA) and operating cash flow (OCF)) have gradually improved at a time when the general economic situation, which has a great influence on the markets, costs and purchase power, has worsened. While recognizing that much remains to be done to achieve the objective of the WSSD, the analyses indicate that actions implemented in the last decade under the CFP have led to an improvement in the status of many commercially important fish stocks and their fleets towards levels that are closer to those producing MSY.

Nature, green economy and sustainable development: The outcomes of UN Rio+20 Conference on Sustainable Development

The UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD / Rio+20) took place 20 – 22 June 2012, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The conference was the third global high-level event on sustainable development, marking the 20th anniversary of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, and the 10th anniversary of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg. The objective of the Rio+20 conference was to secure renewed global political commitment for sustainable development, assess the progress to date and identify remaining gaps in the implementation of existing commitments (e.g. Millennium Development Goals – MDGs – agreed in 2000) (UNCSD 2012a). In addition, the conference also aimed to address new and emerging global challenges for sustainable development. In this context, the conference focused on two themes: the role of a green economy Nature Conservation 2:1–6 (2012) doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.2.3704 http://www.pensoft.net/natureconservation

Rebuilding global fisheries: the World Summit Goal, costs and benefits

AbstractMany of the world’s fish stocks are depleted as a result of overexploitation, pollution and habitat loss. The 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) sets a target for fisheries to maintain or restore stocks to levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) by 2015. We assessed the global stock status and found that 68% were at or above the MSY level in 2008 and that the 2015 target is unlikely to be met. We compiled data for eight indicators to evaluate the sustainability of fisheries and the gap to meet the WSSD target. These indicators show that the overall condition of global fisheries is declining, long‐term benefits are being compromised, and pressures on fisheries are increasing despite fisheries policy and management actions being taken by coastal States. We develop a bio‐economic model to estimate the costs and benefits of restoring overfished stocks. Our results show that the global fishing capacity needs to be cut by 36–43% from the 2008 level, resulting in the loss of employment of 12–15 million fishers and costing US$96–358 billion for buybacks. On the other hand, meeting the WSSD goal will increase annual fishery production by 16.5 million tonnes, annual rent by US$32 billion and improve biodiversity and functioning of marine ecosystems. However, progress towards rebuilding has been hindered by an unwillingness or inability to accept the short‐term socio‐economic consequences associated with rebuilding fisheries. Thus, there is a pressing need for integration of rebuilding plans into national political and economic decision‐making.

The need for new paradigm of sustainability reporting in higher education

The issue of sustainable development in education have been developed since the agenda of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johanesburg 2002th have a great impact on educational system around the world. Higher education (HE) can be involved in sustainable development in many ways towards sustainable university (SU). Sustainability should not be a concept about economic, environment and social aspects only. But it needed to change our paradigm by including spirituality values in concept of sustainability. Process towards SU will be done in model spiral of Deming with continuous improvement. This paper also review practice of sustainability reporting for HE in Australia, USA, Europe and Asia. This paper offer the new form to report sustainability activities using spiritual dimension as umbrella for the other dimension (eco-spiritual, socio-spiritual and environmental spiritual).

Development and verification of new evaluation indicators for chemical management in corporations to meet WSSD goals

During the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), it was agreed that adequate chemical management based on risk assessment should be achieved by 2020. To achieve the WSSD goals, it is important to evaluate and enhance the voluntary activities of corporations because they are the main agents dealing with chemical management. To this end, we developed new evaluation indicators that were combined with the SCP Axes (Science Axis - evaluation of the scientific basis; Capacity Axis - evaluation of the abilities of personnel and organizations; and the Performance Axis - evaluation of results of activities and information disclosure to the community, etc.) and 4 elements (hazard assessment, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and risk management). We administered surveys to Japanese corporations from 2006 to 2008 to verify the developed indicators. The survey results showed that the activities concerning chemical management were very different across corporations for each industry category and that the hazard assessment improved, reflecting a vigorous social movement that included legal obligations. Therefore, the new evaluation indicators possessed high resolution and precisely grasped the changes in corporate activities. We found that these indicators provided an effective way to understand corporate activities designed to meet the goals of the WSSD.

Building capacity with demand-driven partnerships: a case study of Partners for Water and Sanitation

Multi-stakeholder partnerships emerged from the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) as a new vehicle for progressing toward the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by aligning the interests of businesses, governments and civil society to leverage the impact of their interventions. The water and sanitation sector boasts the largest number of such partnerships, including the demand-driven capacity-building partnership Partners for Water and Sanitation (PAWS), a product of the WSSD and a premier UK partnership for sustainable development. Through its partnership network, PAWS has access to the entire UK water industry, which they assign to capacity-building projects in Africa on a demand-driven basis. Though the supply of partners is generally strong, the demand for their assistance is variable. This paper examines the efficacy of demand-driven capacity building partnerships at achieving the water and sanitation MDGs, presenting a case study of the PAWS partnership and using it as a framework for discussion of the supply–demand dynamics that influence the scope, scale and ultimate impact of such partnerships.

Lighting Rural and Peri-Urban Homes of the Gambia Using Solar Photovoltaics (PV)

The role of energy in development is crucial. Energy fuels economic growth and is therefore of paramount con- cern for all countries. This was one of the main themes at the world summit on sustainable development (WSSD) held in South Africa in 2002. The Johannesburg plan of implementation highlighted the role of energy service to promote sus- tainable development and to facilitate the achievement of the MDG's. One of the growing concerns is the persistent en- ergy poverty that is seriously impeding socio-economic development, particularly in sub-Saharan African and in countries of South Asia, but also in many other developing countries. Renewable energy is the solution to the growing energy chal- lenges of developing countries like the Gambia. The heavy reliance on imported fossil fuel coupled with the growing de- mand for electricity and declining wood fuel supplies call for alternative sources of energy. Finding ways to expand en- ergy services, while addressing the environmental impacts associated with energy use, represents a critical challenge for humanity. Recent developments in countries like China and India, where energy production has increased significantly, demonstrate how difficult it is. The decentralized approach based on power produced with locally available renewable en- ergy resources is, for various reasons, gradually being recognized as a viable alternative in remote places. This research attempts to initiate, from a broad-based socio-economic and environmental point of view, the feasibility of a decentralized solar photovoltaic (SPV) system as a source of power for rural and peri-urban communities of the Gambia.

「持続可能な開発のための教育」（ＥＳＤ）の現状と課題

This paper examines “Education for Sustainable Development (ESD),” clarifying the current situation of research, activities, and future perspectives on ESD. It must first be noted that ESD is closely related to the concept of “Sustainable Development”, and that the idea of ESD first clearly appeared in the Thessaloniki Declaration of 1997. In 2002 at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, the Japanese government and NGO committee members advocated introduction of ESD into every effort for achieving a sustainable society and sustainable education systems by developing a United Nations international project. Therefore in 2005, the United Nations launched the “UN-Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005-2014). Since then, the number of research results and practical reports on ESD has increased. In Japan, the national government has been promoting ESD, for example, by arranging several laws and systems concerned with ESD. Furthermore, many educators and practitioners have also endeavored to implement ESD in many fields, such as school education, social education, and in local communities where networks and communities hold consultations for improved environments and amenities. Research outcomes such as ESD theory, ESD in school education, and ESD in community-building education are also taken up in this paper in order to explain current research contents, methodologies and findings. Regarding the volume and quality of research outcomes in the field of ESD, there is still a need for further consideration. In respect to the works mentioned above, there are ten points on problems, prospects, and themes that need to be henceforth addressed and are briefly mentioned.

Engineering Research to Improve Cassava Processing Technology

Cassava is an important food crop, and equipment development for processing it in the developing world requires more research as industrial processing of cassava is still limited. Research efforts made by local engineers need scientific improvement to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), aimed at poverty reduction over a stipulated period of time with globally defined measurable indicators of progress. The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), the Report of the Commission for Africa (popularly referred to as the Tony Blair Report), and the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) are targeted at re-positioning Africa in the world economy. The need for rapid cassava processing equipment and new equipment development to significantly improve stages involved in its production process is highlighted in this paper.

Global civil society? The Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development

In the face of mounting environmental degradation and persistent poverty over the previous decade, Johannesburg’s World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) of August and September 2002 inherited a number of unmet accords from the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit. Consequently, the United Nations Stakeholder Forum Implementation Conference (IC) was convened to integrate civil society stakeholders into global deliberations on sustainable development and to marshal their forces in the implementation of WSSD accords. Given the importance of the IC as the first civil society forum at a major global summit on environment and poverty, intriguing questions emerge as to its effectiveness in achieving civil society objectives. As a first attempt in exploring this topic, we examine three fundamental aspects of the IC. Specifically, we examine the relative “civility” of the IC forum in terms of (a) fidelity of representation of the community of global environment and development stakeholders; (b) autonomy of the IC agenda from state and institutional interests; and (c) interpretations of space and place as reflected in deliberative processes and outcomes. The paper begins with a review of the civil society literature with a particular emphasis on civil society representation in UN meetings since Rio. The paper concludes with a discussion of IC participation at the Johannesburg summit, and considers implications for future civil society participation in global decision-making forums.