World Scout Research Articles

The Royal Touch Under Neoliberalism: The Swedish King’s Consecration of ‘Leadership’ through World Scouting

The Royal Touch Under Neoliberalism: The Swedish King’s Consecration of ‘Leadership’ through World Scouting

Dental Services of the International Summer Camp Event: Experiences from the 25th World Scout Jamboree, South Korea

This study aims to analyze dental care at the 25<sup>th</sup> World Scout Jamboree (WSJ) using a predesigned standardized dental chart to provide a reference for the operation of dental emergency clinics at future large-scale youth events. The dental charts of all patients treated at the 25<sup>th</sup> WSJ emergency dental clinic were examined. Fisher’s exact tests were used to analyze the differences between youth scouts and adult leaders. Eighty visits of 71 patients were included in the study. The largest number of patients was from Asia-Pacific (49.3%), followed by patients from Europe (40.8%). In terms of chief complaints, oral ulcers (19.7%), lesions of the lips (18.3%), and orthodontic discomfort (15.5%) were the most prevalent. The analysis showed a significant difference (<i>p</i> = 0.0023) between youth scouts and adult leaders in the distribution of patients in the first half (July 30<sup>th</sup> - August 3<sup>rd</sup>) and second half (August 4<sup>th</sup> - August 8<sup>th</sup>) of the event. There was a higher incidence of dental conditions associated with hot and humid environments, unlike typical emergency dental settings. Therefore, despite adequate preparation, unexpected dental visits may occur, and it is recommended that operations be conducted in community-based dental hospitals to allow for immediate and efficient responses in international camps.

НЕФОРМАЛЬНА ЕКОЛОГІЧНА ОСВІТА ЯК ПРІОРИТЕТ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ВСЕСВІТНЬОЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ СКАУТСЬКОГО РУХУ

The article characterizes the normative, organizational and content basis of non-formal education of youth as a priority of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM). The target priorities, evolution and organizational principles of the international scout movement and the National Scout Organization of Ukraine as its component have been clarified. It is stated that during more than a hundred years of development history, the international scouting movement has gone from a small camp for teenage boys to a worldwide multi-million educational organization, the purpose of which is to promote the development of young people in achieving their physical, intellectual, emotional, social and spiritual potential as individuals, responsible citizens and members of local, national and international communities. The definition of non-formal education in the documents of the first World Forum on Non-Formal Education, initiated by the 'Big Six' , is summarized as deeply diversified in terms of context, duration, provider, methods of provision and the result process carried out with the aim of acquiring life skills, values and principles, and as well as the development of attitudes based on an integrated system of values within planned, structured programs and processes of personal and social education of young people. The evolution of WOSM’s environmental activities within the implementation of the World Scout Environmental Program, the Scouts for SDG program and the Earth Tribe initiative was followed. The goals, criteria, actions and planned results of environmental activities in the European Scout Region have been identified. It is shown that this activity is an expediently organized system that includes an educational component aimed at the formation of environmental sustainability competences, an organizational component that involves establishing strategic partnerships with educational and resesrch institutions for the formation of environmental sustainability competences, and a practical component aimed at applying acquired competences in the transformation of Europe into an ecologically sustainable region. Key words: non-formal environmental education, World Organization of the Scout Movement, Scout Method, Ukraine, History.

대한민국 행정의 기능부전과 국가의 책임

Even after the COVID-19 crisis of the past few years, a schematic process has been repeated in the follow-up to disasters in Korea, from the Itaewon tragedy in 2022 to various incidents and accidents in 2023. This process has been called the so-called ‘politics of disaster’, which emphasizes the political and social conflicts surrounding disasters rather than the results of analyzing the causes of disasters and preparing responses. An accompanying feature of the politics of disaster is that the issue of responsibility(Verantwortung) emerges almost immediately, without the proper legal investigation of the cause being finalized. Here, liability is not strictly legal, especially in the sense used in public law. On the other hand, in the post-disaster process in Korean society, the term responsibility is used less as an academic concept and more in a political context, as a kind of consequential responsibility that requires the resignation of public officials as a moral obligation to repair the accident. The problem is that this political responsibility ultimately becomes irrelevant to the original purpose of the debate, which is to identify the causes of the disaster and develop countermeasures. If a disaster has caused and escalated damage, it should be analyzed in terms of the structural failure of the public administration to fulfill its duty to protect the safety of the public. In other words, the dysfunction of the public administration is the primary cause of the disaster. In this study, we first analyze the dysfunction of public administration and its causes, examine the legal theory of liability, and explore legislative and policy alternatives using the 25th World Scout Jamboree In Saemangeum as the subject of this paper. First, I reviewed the organizational theory of Niklas Luhmann, who developed various theories on the problems of administrative organizations as a tool for problem analysis. With reference to Luhmann's work, I examined the German theories of Steering Theory(Steuerungstheorie) and Legal Pluralism as legal alternatives. As legal issues, I examined the replacement of agency heads, administrative unity, the problem of corruption in the process of cooperation with the private sector, and the problem of the structure of the administrative committee. The existing legal practice for administrative dysfunction and failure to respond to disasters is to pursue strict liability through criminal trials and state compensation. However, such an approach is difficult to expect practical effects due to differences in in the law of responsibility in each area, and side effects are also concerned. The public law theory of liability, which is based on the law of state compensation claims, can be presented as an alternative. In a recent case on 9th emergency measures (Supreme Court Case 2018Da212610), the Supreme Court no longer considers the individual participation of public officials, but rather evaluates a series of state actions as a whole in a way that recognizes the organizational culpability of the state as a whole. As a result, the theory of State Compensation Act should be reconstructed from the subjective negligence and responsibility of individual public officials as far as possible to a theory of public law liability, which consists of the self-responsibility of the state itself. Finally, this article emphasized the importance of the role distribution between the executive and the legislative branch, and the deliberative legislative process as a legislative strategy to enhance public law liability for the phenomenon of administrative dysfunction. The state's responsibility for administrative dysfunction in preparation for disasters is clear. However, reducing it to individual responsibility requires caution.

The Implementation and Evaluation of an Innovative Clinical Immersion Experience for Undergraduate Nursing Students.

The demand for clinical placement sites for nursing students requires the development of alternative clinical settings. This study aimed to evaluate an innovative learning experience for nursing students at the World Scout Jamboree. Nineteen students and four faculty were assigned to base camp medical facilities, providing care for more than 45,000 campers. Student pre- and posttests reported significant increases in cultural awareness, communication skills, and clinical problem-solving ability; students rated interprofessional teamwork highly. Findings reveal promising direction for use of alternative clinical sites to fill the gap in clinical placements while offering unique learning experiences.

Banal nationalism and global connections: the 23rd World Scout Jamboree as a site for cosmopolitan learning

ABSTRACT The article explores the possibilities for cosmopolitan learning within a site such as the 23rd World Scout Jamboree. The approach is interdisciplinary, combining a theoretical conceptualisation of ‘cosmopolitan learning’ taken from Intercultural Education with a Cultural Studies focus on the representation of national and global cultures. This inspires an ethnographic exploration of the way that scout organisations and individual participants use artefacts, exhibitions and performances to communicate a sense of national/regional situatedness, world consciousness and interconnectivity. To decode cultural practices a three-layered framework has been employed, drawing on the three elements of national, global, and hybrid/fused culture. Artiklen undersøger, hvilke muligheder en international spejderlejr som den 23. Verdensjamboree giver for ‘kosmopolitansk læring' (Rizvi 2009). Der anlægges et tværfagligt perspektiv, hvor det teoretiske begreb 'kosmopolitansk læring', hentet fra forskning i interkulturel uddannelse, kombineres med et analytisk fokus på kulturel repræsentation af 'det nationale' og 'det globale’. Det giver anledning til en etnografisk afdækning af hvordan spejderorganisationer og enkelte deltagere bruger fysiske objekter, udstillinger og performance til at udtrykke et nationalt og/eller regional tilhørsforhold, en bevidsthed om verden og interkulturelle relationer. Til at understøtte fortolkningen af kulturelle praksisser bruges et begrebsapparat bestående af henholdsvis national, global og hybrid/fusionskultur.

The Race for Revision and Recognition: Interwar Hungarian Cultural Diplomacy in Context

In the wake of the First World War there was an explosion of cultural diplomatic activity and Hungary was no exception. However, as this study shows, Hungary was very much unlike its regional and Western European counterparts. Unlike the Germans, Italians, British and French, Hungarians were not trying to spread Hungarian culture per se. Hungarians employed cultural diplomacy to alter the post-war order. Considering the weakness of its economy, the frailty of its nearly non-existent military and the lack of weight that the country carried on the international political stage, the Hungarian government saw cultural diplomacy as a promising and viable alternative for changing the post-war status quo. Demonstrating the country's contribution to European and indeed to universal culture and civilisation was the fundamental message of Hungarian cultural diplomacy. However, other regional powers also aimed to portray their contributions in the very same way. In the resulting competitive climate, the Hungarian political leadership not only believed that the international community needed to be enlightened about the historical and cultural deeds of the Hungarian nation but also aimed to prove Hungary's supposed cultural supremacy over its regional counterparts. This article traces these efforts and their main themes through domestic and international festivals and gatherings, amongst them the 1930 St. Emeric's Year, the Fourth World Scout Jamboree in 1933 and the 1937 Paris World's Fair. In the end, the essay examines the real and perceived utility and limitations of small power cultural diplomacy in the age of great power politics.

ПЕРЕД ВЕЛИКОЮ МАНДРІВКОЮ: ПЛАСТ У НІМЕЧЧИНІ В ДРУГІЙ ПОЛОВИНІ 1940-Х РОКІВ

This article examines the revival of the Ukrainian youth organization Plast in Germany in the first years after World War II. The reasons for this process have been studied. It was found that the establishing of Plast groups in di-pi camps was a spontaneous process, so Union of Ukrainian Plast Emigrants – SUPE was revived for the management of these activities and preventing of moral and physical degradation of Ukrainians. Number of meetings of the organization took place in 1946-1948 under its leadership. The most important were following: the Congress in Karlsfeld in April 1946, the meeting in Mittenwald in July 1947, and the First Ideological Plast Congress held in Ashschaffenburg in March 1948. The organizational and ideological background of Plast’ activities in the first postwar decades were adopted during these meetings. The article analyzes the ideas on the Educational Ideal of the Young Ukrainian and the principles of building further organization’ activities, in particular: apoliticalness, catholicity, acceptance of youth and senior Ukrainians without distinction of an origin and religion, using the ideas of world scouting and readiness to cooperate with other scout organizations, attention to the essence and spirit of the Plast idea and the development of propaganda among “ours”, and “of that which is not”. It was found that the 35th anniversary of the Plast establishment was celebrated in 1947–1948. However meetings of this period were dedicated not only to the summing up of the activities since its establishing. Given the fact that they took place on the eve of the mass resettlement of Ukrainians to other countries – the United States, Canada, Australia, etc., they aimed at developing the main directions of activities of the Plast members in emigration. The article explores the main achievements of the Congress held in 1948 under the slogan “On a further journey to the great purpose”. It is concluded that they were following: the election of the Main Plast Council headed by Plast Head (known as “Nachalniy Plastun”) Severin Levitsky, discussion of external and internal environment in the countries of new living and short-term prospects of this “journey”.

Harcerstwo na emigracji wobec końca odwilży października ’56 w krajowym ZHP

Od chwili nawiązania kurtuazyjnych stosunków na linii Warszawa – Londyn w marcu 1957 roku, poprzez wymianę korespondencji pomiędzy przedstawicielami władz krajowego ZHP, a przedstawicielem Naczelnictwa ZHP poza granicami Kraju (ZHPpgK) relacje te miały charakter dwojaki. Oficjalne, które ze względu na ostrożność władz ZHPpgK nie zostały nigdy doprowadzone do jakiegoś formalnego sposobu współpracy (umowa, uchwała itp.) oraz nieoficjalnie, o których wiemy jeszcze stosunkowo niedużo. O ile dotychczasowe wyniki badań na ten temat starałem się ogłosić w wydanej ostatnio książce pt. Z tymi co zostali… Harcerskie relacja Warszawa – Londyn (1945–1990) [Warszawa 2016], to publikacja ta – przedstawiające ustalenia dotyczące lat 1957–1959 – ma charakter uzupełniający.Istotną rolę w opisywanym tu okresie odegrały także ówczesne władze światowego skautingu, które w 1957 roku, a potem dwa lata później starały się wzmocnić swoimi działaniami „siłę” argumentów stojących po stronie władz ZHPpgK. Zaproszenie na dwa kolejne światowe zloty skautingu (Jamboree) delegacji Polaków z ZHPpgK, było tego realnym potwierdzeniem i przypuszczalnie próbą naprawienia swoich decyzji sprzed lat wobec harcerstwa działającego wśród Polaków na emigracji. Ostatecznie, w kwietniu 1959 roku w nowo uchwalonym statucie krajowego ZHP (podczas II Zjazdu Walnego ZHP) pojawił się zapis, że organizacja ta rozwija swoją działalność na obszarze Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej oraz, że „współdziała z młodzieżą Polonii zagranicznej”. Był to zapis biegunowo odmienny od tego, który został uchwalony w grudniu 1956 roku na tzw. Zjeździe Łódzkim, tj. że „ZHP wyciąga braterską dłoń do Polaków harcerzy żyjących poza granicami naszej Ojczyzny”. Po dwóch latach „koegzystencji” w zupełnie odmiennych warunkach dwóch organizacji o tej samej nazwie nie było już mowy ani o deklarowanym braterstwie, ani o fakcie istnienia w świecie organizacji, która nadal była pełnoprawnym spadkobiercą przedwojennej organizacji na gruncie legalizmu. Zmiany, które dokonały się wtedy w krajowym ZHP zamknęły w sposób formalny kolejny etap społecznej odwilży, która po Październiku ’56 dotknęła także krajowego harcerstwa. Władze ZHP działającego poza granicami kraju (związane z emigracyjnym rządem w Londynie) poprzez swoją nieugiętą postawę w stawianych ocenach wydarzeń zachodzących w Polsce mogły mieć satysfakcję, że był to – jak często podkreślano – etap w kierunku odrodzenia, a w żadnym wypadku odbudowa ZHP.

Incidence and Prevention of Invasive Meningococcal Disease in Global Mass Gathering Events.

IntroductionMass gathering events involve close contact among large numbers of people in a specific location at the same time, an environment conducive to transmission of respiratory tract illnesses including invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). This report describes IMD incidence at mass gatherings over the past 10 years and discusses strategies to prevent IMD at such events.MethodsA PubMed search was conducted in December 2018 using a search string intended to identify articles describing IMD at mass gatherings, including religious pilgrimages, sports events, jamborees, and refugee camps. The search was limited to articles in English published from 2008 to 2018. Articles were included if they described IMD incidence at a mass gathering event.ResultsA total of 127 articles were retrieved, of which 7 reported on IMD incidence at mass gatherings in the past 10 years. Specifically, in Saudi Arabia between 2002 and 2011, IMD occurred in 16 Hajj pilgrims and 1 Umrah pilgrim; serotypes involved were not reported. At a youth sports festival in Spain in 2008, 1 case of serogroup B IMD was reported among 1500 attendees. At the 2015 World Scout Jamboree in Japan, an outbreak of serogroup W IMD was identified in five scouts and one parent. At a refugee camp in Turkey, one case of serogroup B IMD was reported in a Syrian girl; four cases of serogroup X IMD occurred in an Italian refugee camp among refugees from Africa and Bangladesh. In 2017, a funeral in Liberia resulted in 13 identified cases of serogroup C IMD. Requiring meningococcal vaccination for mass gathering attendees and vaccinating refugees might have prevented these IMD cases.ConclusionsMass gathering events increase IMD risk among attendees and their close contacts. Vaccines preventing IMD caused by serogroups ACWY and B are available and should be recommended for mass gathering attendees.FundingPfizer.

Wyjątkowość fenomenu harcerskiego wychowania

The world scout movement, including the Polish scout movement refers to a lesser or even to an orthodox extent to the pedagogical ideas and assumptions of Scouting by Robert Stephenson Baden-Powell and the successors of his pedagogics. In the article I respond to the question, to what extent does contemporary pedagogical thought refer to the phenomenon of scout movement education? Can we speak of the pedagogy of scouting or rather of scouting pedagogics? These issues cannot be solved solely on the level of normative models if one would not reach to former studies without indicating the necessity of conducting a scientific turn in this regard.

Neisseria meningitidis carriage in Swedish teenagers associated with the serogroup W outbreak at the World Scout Jamboree, Japan 2015.

The aims of the study were to estimate the carrier state of Neisseria meningitidis in Swedish teenagers and its association with an outbreak at the World Scout Jamboree in 2015 as well as to compare sensitivity of throat versus nasopharyngeal swab for optimal detection of carriage. In total, 1 705 samples (cultures n = 32, throat swabs n = 715, nasopharyngeal swabs n = 958) from 1 020 Jamboree participants were collected and sent to the National Reference Laboratory for Neisseria meningitidis for culture and molecular analysis. The overall positivity for N. meningitidis was 8% (83/1 020), whereas 2% (n = 22) belonged to a known sero/genogroup while the majority (n = 61) were non-groupable. Throat sample is clearly the sampling method of choice, in 56 individuals where both throat and nasopharynx samples were taken, N. meningitidis was detected in both throat and nasopharynx in eight individuals, in 46 individuals N. meningitidis was only detected in the throat and in two individuals only in the nasopharynx. Carriage studies are important to provide knowledge of the current epidemiology and association between carrier isolates and disease-causing isolates in a given population. Therefore, planning for a carriage study in Sweden is in progress.

Medical Services at an International Summer Camp Event Under Hot and Humid Conditions: Experiences From the 23rd World Scout Jamboree, Japan

The 23rd World Scout Jamboree (WSJ) was a 10-day summer camp held in Japan in 2015 under hot and humid conditions. The attendees comprised 33,628 people from 155 countries and territories. The aim of this study was to examine the provision of medical services under such conditions and to identify preventive factors for major diseases among long-term campers. Data were obtained from WSJ medical center records and examined to clarify the effects of age, sex, and period on visit frequencies and rates. Medical records from 3215 patients were examined. Daytime temperatures were 31.5±3.2°C and relative humidity was 61±13% (mean±SD). The initial visit rates among scouts and adults were 72.2 and 77.2 per 1000 persons, respectively. No significant age difference was observed in the initial visit rate; however, it was significantly higher among female patients than male patients. Significant differences were also seen in the adjusted odds ratios by age, sex, and period for disease distributions of initial visit frequencies. In addition, a higher initial visit frequency for heat strain-related diseases was seen among the scouts. Initial visit frequencies for heatstroke and/or dehydration increased just after opening day and persisted until closing day. Our findings suggest the importance of taking effective countermeasures against heat strain, fatigue, and unsanitary conditions at the WSJ. Medical services staff should take attendees' age, sex, and period into consideration to prevent heat strain-related diseases during such camps under hot and humid conditions.

Bridge21: teamwork, technology and learning. A pragmatic model for effective twenty-first-century team-based learning

There have been calls for decades by many educational writers and commentators for a new model of learning to facilitate what is generally described as twenty-first-century learning. Central to this challenge is the required shift in responsibility for who leads and owns the learning – from teacher to student. Such a shift requires a pragmatic pedagogical model to facilitate the transfer of control and ownership of learning. Vygotsky’s ‘more able other’ identified the peer as a key figure in learning. Teamwork facilitates project-based learning and, when mediated with technology, proves an effective partner in creating an engaging and autonomous learning experience. This paper describes the rationale for the design of a team-based model of twenty-first-century learning, particularly drawing upon the team-based learning model of the World Scout Movement. Results from a year-long study of the implementation of the model in an out-of-school context with 288 second-level students are presented. The authors argue that Bridge21 is a candidate learning model for effective, implementable, twenty-first-century, team-based learning.

Meningococcal disease outbreak related to the World Scout Jamboree in Japan, 2015.

ProblemSix invasive meningococcal disease cases occurred among Scottish and Swedish nationals associated with the World Scout Jamboree (WSJ), an international mass gathering, held in Japan. The index case developed symptoms while returning home. The strains from all six cases were identical and seldom seen in Japan.ContextOver 33 000 participants from 155 countries attended WSJ. At the Jamboree site, participants of the North of Scotland’s and Sweden’s units camped within the same subcamp and kept the same schedule of events. No information was available about the Swedish and Scottish cases’ close personal contact history.ActionHealth Protection Scotland investigated Scottish cases, conducted active case finding, provided chemoprophylaxis, vaccinated close contacts and advised Scottish WSJ participants and contacts to seek medical care if they developed symptoms. The Public Health Agency of Sweden recommended chemoprophylaxis to all participants in Sweden. In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) requested the Scout Association of Japan advise all participants to seek medical attention if they developed symptoms. MHLW shared information about the event with local authorities, medical associations, and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.OutcomeNo additional case related to WSJ has been reported. This outbreak highlighted the risk for international spread of invasive meningococcal disease at international mass gatherings.DiscussionAssessing risk, educating participants, enhancing surveillance and sharing timely information among related countries are significant for prevention and response against invasive meningococcal disease outbreaks at mass gatherings.

Transmission of N. meningitidis Serogroup W, ST-11 During an International Flight

Background Following the 23rd World Scout Jamboree (WSJ) held in Japan from 28 July to 8 August 2015, a meningococcal disease outbreak due to Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis) serogroup W, Sequence Type (ST) 11 occurred among scouts participating WSJ and their close contacts in Scotland and Sweden. On October 2, 2015, a doctor in Osaka city notified Osaka City Public Health Center an invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) case and a related carrier. They were married couple and were on the same international flight as Scottish scouts who had attended the WSJ and developed the disease later. In Japan, IMD is notifiable disease, however, it is rare (incidence rate of 0.028 per 100,000 person-years) and serogroup W is seldom reported.Methods National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID) interviewed the couple to collect detailed information about their travel history, degree of contact with the scouts on the flight, and her clinical course during their travel. In addition, NIID conducted molecular biological testing on the isolates derived from the couple and compared it with the strain from the scouts.ResultsWife suddenly developed high fever and chills on 19 September. On 25 September, she visited a hospital and was diagnosed as septic arthritis and hospitalized the same day. Isolates collected from joint fluid were serogroup W, ST-11, the same strain isolated from Scottish scouts. Both the couple and the Scottish scouts were on approximately 12 hours flight from Japan to Germany departed on 8 August 2015. The Scottish scouts sat front of three rows of the couple as well as the seats directly across the aisle. The couple didn’t report a history of direct contact including conversation with the scouts, but noticed one scout seated right in front of them was coughing throughout the flight. The couple travelled to Spain and returned to Japan with neither contacting closely with local people nor attending large events.Conclusion Our investigation and laboratory results strongly suggests that N. meningitidis was transmitted from the Scottish scouts to the couple during long international flight. Our investigation indicates the need to update the guidelines of in-flight transmission of meningococcal disease, including definition of close contacts.Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

An international invasive meningococcal disease outbreak due to a novel and rapidly expanding serogroup W strain, Scotland and Sweden, July to August 2015.

The 23rd World Scout Jamboree in 2015 took place in Japan and included over 33,000 scouts from 162 countries. Within nine days of the meeting ending, six cases of laboratory-confirmed invasive serogroup W meningococcal disease occurred among scouts and their close contacts in Scotland and Sweden. The isolates responsible were identical to one-another by routine typing and, where known (4 isolates), belonged to the ST-11 clonal complex (cc11) which is associated with large outbreaks and high case fatality rates. Recent studies have demonstrated the need for high-resolution genomic typing schemes to assign serogroup W cc11 isolates to several distinct strains circulating globally over the past two decades. Here we used such schemes to confirm that the Jamboree-associated cases constituted a genuine outbreak and that this was due to a novel and rapidly expanding strain descended from the strain that has recently expanded in South America and the United Kingdom. We also identify the genetic differences that define the novel strain including four point mutations and three putative recombination events involving the horizontal exchange of 17, six and two genes, respectively. Noteworthy outcomes of these changes were antigenic shifts and the disruption of a transcriptional regulator.

Outbreak of Neisseria meningitidis capsular group W among scouts returning from the World Scout Jamboree, Japan, 2015.

The 23rd World Scout Jamboree was held in Japan from 28 July to 8 August 2015 and was attended by over 33,000 scouts from 162 countries. An outbreak of invasive meningococcal disease capsular group W was investigated among participants, with four confirmed cases identified in Scotland, who were all associated with one particular scout unit, and two confirmed cases in Sweden; molecular testing showed the same strain to be responsible for illness in both countries. The report describes the public health action taken to prevent further cases and the different decisions reached with respect to how wide to extend the offer of chemoprophylaxis in the two countries; in Scotland, chemoprophylaxis was offered to the unit of 40 participants to which the four cases belonged and to other close contacts of cases, while in Sweden chemoprophylaxis was offered to all those returning from the Jamboree. The report also describes the international collaboration and communication required to investigate and manage such multinational outbreaks in a timely manner.

World Scouting: Educating for Global Citizenship by Eduard Vallory (review)

World Scouting: Educating for Global Citizenship by Eduard Vallory (review)

Feature Book Review & Citations

Feature Book Review & Citations