Growth Of World Production Research Articles

World Productivity: 1996–2014

We use a new growth accounting method to quantify the drivers of world total factor productivity (TFP) growth during 1996–2014 and uncover four main results. World productivity growth is volatile from year to year. This mainly reflects reallocation of labor across country-industries. The contribution of country-industry level productivity growth to world productivity is relatively constant over time. This constancy masks that the increased importance of emerging economies offsets a productivity slowdown in advanced economies. After 2008, this offsetting effect dissipated and world TFP growth declined. These conclusions are robust to the inclusion of markups in the analysis. (JEL E23, E32, O30, O47)

Public policies and the art of catching up: matching the historical evidence with a multicountry agent-based model

Abstract In this article, we study the effects of industrial policies on international convergence using a multicountry agent-based model which builds upon Dosi et al. (2019b, J. Econ. Dyn. Control, 101, 101–129). The model features a group of microfounded economies, with evolving industries, populated by heterogeneous firms that compete in international markets. In each country, technological change is driven by firms’ activities of search and innovation, while aggregate demand formation and distribution follow Keynesian dynamics. Interactions among countries take place via trade flows and international technological imitation. We employ the model to assess the different strategies that laggard countries can adopt to catch up with leaders: market-friendly policies; industrial policies targeting the development of firms’ capabilities and R&D investments, as well as trade restrictions for infant industry protection; protectionist policies focusing on tariffs only. We find that markets cannot do the magic: in absence of government interventions, laggards will continue to fall behind. On the contrary, industrial policies can successfully drive international convergence among leaders and laggards, while protectionism alone is not sufficient to support catching up and countries get stuck in a sort of middle-income trap. Finally, in a global trade war, where developed economies impose retaliatory tariffs, both laggards and leaders are worse off and world productivity growth slows down.

World Productivity: 1996-2014

We account for the sources of world productivity growth, using data for more than 36 industries and 40 major economies from 1996 to 2014, explicitly taking into account changes in the misallocation of resources in labor, capital, and product markets. Productivity growth in advanced economies slowed but emerging markets grew more quickly which kept global productivity growth relatively constant until around 2010. After that, productivity growth in all major regions slowed. Much of the volatility in world productivity growth reflects shifts in the misallocation of labor across countries and industries. Using new data on PPP-based value-added measures by country and industry, we show that about a third of these shifts is due to employment growing in countries, most notably China and India, that benefit from an international cost advantage. Markups are large and rising and impact the imputed misalloction of capital. However, they have little effect on the country-industry technology contribution to global productivity.

Why Is Current Unemployment So Low?

We account for the sources of world productivity growth, using data for more than 36 industries and 40 major economies from 1996 to 2014, explicitly taking into account changes in the misallocation of resources in labor, capital, and product markets. Productivity growth in advanced economies slowed but emerging markets grew more quickly which kept global productivity growth relatively constant until around 2010. After that, productivity growth in all major regions slowed. Much of the volatility in world productivity growth reflects shifts in the misallocation of labor across countries and industries. Using new data on PPP-based value-added measures by country and industry, we show that about a third of these shifts is due to employment growing in countries, most notably China and India, that benefit from an international cost advantage. Markups are large and rising and impact the imputed misallocation of capital. However, they have little effect on the country-industry technology contribution to global productivity.

МЕГАТРЕНДИ РОЗВИТКУ ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ ІННОВАЦІЙНИХ МЕРЕЖ

Under the megatrend, we mean large-scale technological, economic, social, political changes that occur slowly, but in the long run, when they are rooted, they substantially and permanently affect most of the processes in society. Such relative stability in the trajectory of the main forces of change can predict some elements of medium and long-term future changes. The article investigates such megatrends of the development of global innovation networks as the structural nature of the global innovation system, the development of systemic interconnections in the field of innovation, the interaction of national innovation systems and global, the internationalization of innovation activity, and the paradigm of "open innovation". The methodological principles and structural elements of the concept of the national innovation system are determined in the paper, the connection of national innovation systems with the phenomenon of internationalization of the innovation sphere is explored. The theoretical principles of the phenomenon of internationalization of innovation activity are investigated, as well as the preconditions for the emergence of the concept of "open innovation" and its current trends have been established. The concept of open innovation is an important precondition for the emergence and functioning of global innovation networks. The paper analyzes the genesis and specificity of the phenomenon of global innovation networks, outlines their structure and dynamics. It has been determined that global innovation networks play an important role in the development of the modern world economy, as they stimulate international cooperation in the innovation sphere, transfer of knowledge to the world economy and general scientific and technological development and growth of world production.

World Productivity Growth: A Model Averaging Approach

AbstractPolicy makers and the economic researchers who provide them estimates of economic activity need to have an informative and scientifically‐based method to develop a consensus estimate for the most basic of the productivity measures, total factor productivity (TFP) growth. We discuss methods to combine the various estimates based on different empirical specifications that model and estimate productivity growth. We also discuss the various econometric approaches used in the profession to estimate productivity growth. Our focus is on world TFP growth.

Reasonable application analysis of Casnter graphitization furnaces according to the demands of modern market

Analysis of the global market has shown that the production of graphite electrodes (GE) depends on the production of steel in electric arc steel furnaces. The growth of world production is the main driver of the market development of graphite electrodes.Acheson-type graphitization of GE was extremely energy intensive and therefore costly, but was necessary to manage previously poor coke qualities with high sulfur and nitrogen content. Although invented earlier, the more economic Castner, or so called lengthwise graphitization, was not applicable until the development of electrical rectifiers for these high currents. As these became available and needle coke with low sulfur and nitrogen was invented, lengthwise graphitization became the standard in the Western World for GE production.Manufacturing requires high-quality large-diameter electrodes. They must be technically and economically advisable for the usage only in directly-fired furnaces by Castner method. But the given technology is not fully realized in Ukraine. First of all, it`s so due to the absence of significant investment in electrode industry. Although, as the analysis of modern market of electrode industry has shown, the situation is changing and new requirements are emerging now.

Panel data and productivity measurement: an analysis of Asian productivity trends

The paper studies consensus estimates of Asian productivity growth from 1980 to 2000. We outline methods that have been proposed to measure productivity growth and its two main factors, innovation and catch-up. We show how such methods have particular canonical representations that seamlessly transfer to the panel data literature and discuss a number of competing specifications introduced into the productivity literature. We then point out how such models can be combined to provide consensus model average estimates of innovation and catch-up, utilizing results from recent work by Hao on world productivity growth. We utilize data from the United Nations Industrial Development Organization to examine productivity trends and its decomposition for a number of different groupings of Asian countries.

ПРОБЛЕМИ РОЗВИТКУ МЕТАЛУРГІЙНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ В УКРАЇНІ

Коваленко Н.В., Лисаченко О.І., Чабаненко І.Л. Проблеми розвитку металургійної галузі в Україні. Обсяги виробництва сталі в світі за останні 3 роки характеризувалися збільшенням. Однак основою для зростання світового виробництва сталі в 2010-2012 рр.. служили азіатські виробники, в основному Китай. За останні 3 роки частка СНД в загальному обсязі світового випуску сталі коливалася на рівні 7,2-8,6% і мала явно виражену тенденцію до поступального зниження приблизно з річним циклом. За останні 10 років ми стали свідками того, як українські металурги піддалися систематичному ризику, який виник через появу в КНР протягом 10 років власної сталеплавильної галузі, здатної виробляти до 700 млн. тонн сталі на рік. Металургійні підприємства України в 2011 році, згідно з даними Державної служби статистики, отримали по сукупності результатів збиток у розмірі 3,61 млрд. грн. А сумарний збиток металургійних підприємств досяг 12,88 млрд. грн. через підвищення цін на сировину і зниження ціни на продукцію внаслідок падіння попиту в кінці 2011 року. Протягом останніх декількох років металургійний комплекс України переживає кризу, що став наслідком довготривалого використання застарілих ще радянських технологій, недостатнього технічного рівня, брак фінансів для забезпечення впровадження інновацій. Високий попит на метал в докризові роки привів до нарощування надлишкових потужностей за рахунок підвищеної експлуатації наявного обладнання, що спричинило за собою високий ступінь зносу устаткування і створення потужностей, які економічно невигідно утримувати в умовах падіння попиту на продукцію. Коваленко Н.В., Лисаченко А.И., Чабаненко И.Л. Проблемы развития металлургической отрасли в Украине. Объемы производства стали в мире за последние 3 года характеризовались увеличением. Однако основой для роста мирового производства стали в 2010-2012 гг. служили азиатские производители, в основном Китай. За последние3 гдоля СНГ в общем объеме мирового выпуска стали колебалась на уровне 7,2-8,6% и имела явно выраженную тенденцию к поступательному снижению примерно с годовым циклом. За последние 10 лет мы стали свидетелями того, как украинские металлурги подверглись систематическому риску, который возник из-за появления в КНР в течение 10 лет своей сталеплавильной отрасли, способной производить до 700 млн. тонн стали в год. Металлургические предприятия Украины в 2011 году, согласно данным Государственной службы статистики, получили по совокупности результатов убыток в размере 3,61 млрд. грн. А суммарный ущерб металлургических предприятий достиг 12,88 млрд. грн. из-за повышения цен на сырье и снижение цены на продукцию вследствие падения спроса в конце 2011 года. В течение последних нескольких лет металлургический комплекс Украины переживает кризис, ставший следствием длительного использования устаревших еще советских технологий, недостаточного технического уровня, нехватка финансов для обеспечения внедрения инноваций. Высокий спрос на металл в докризисные годы привел к наращиванию избыточных мощностей за счет повышенной эксплуатации имеющегося оборудования, что повлекло за собой высокую степень износа оборудования и создание мощностей, которые экономически невыгодно содержать в условиях падения спроса на продукцию. Kovalenko N.V., Lisachenko O.I., Chabanenko I.L. Problems of development of steel industry in Ukraine. The output of steel in the world during the last 3 years were characterized by an increase. However, the basis for the growth of world production in 2010-2012. were Asian manufacturers, mainlyChina. Over the past 3 years, the share of the CIS in total world steel production hovering around 7,2-8,6% and had a pronounced tendency to progressive reduction of approximately annual cycle. Over the past 10 years, we have witnessed how Ukrainian steelmakers have undergone systematic risk, which arose due to the emergence inChinafor recent 10 years its own smelting industry, capable to produce up to 700 million tons of steel per year. Metallurgical enterprises inUkrainein 2011, according to the State Statistics Service, were on the aggregate results of a loss of $ 3.61 billion. A total loss of metallurgical enterprises reached 12.88 billion. because of higher commodity prices and lower product prices due to falling demand in late 2011. Over the past several years metallurgical complex ofUkraineis experiencing a crisis that was the result of long-term usage of outdated Soviet-technology, low technical level, the lack of funds for innovation. High demand for the metal in the pre-crisis years has led to increasing overcapacity due to increased use of existing equipment, resulting in a high degree of wear of equipment and creation of capacities that are economically disadvantageous hold amid slumping demand for products.

Nonlinearities in productivity growth: A semi-parametric panel analysis

We use country panel data spanning over 1998–2008 for both developed and developing countries to study the productivity growth when countries are close to the technology frontier. Relying on a semi-parametric generalized additive model, we estimate both reduced and structural forms for total factor productivity growth. We consider three measurements of frontier: the economy with the highest level of productivity growth, the world productivity growth and the productivity growth of the USA. We obtain a U-shape relation between productivity growth and the proximity to the world productivity growth. The relation between productivity growth and human capital displays an inverted U-shape form (res. U-shape) when the proximity to the highest productivity growth is used (res. the proximity to productivity growth of the USA). Total staff in R&D has an inverted W-shape effect on productivity growth. The share of R&D expenditure funded by government and from abroad impact positively the growth of productivity. However, the increase in government spending on R&D has a greater impact on productivity growth when the former is weak, and a smaller impact when R&D spending is already high. International trade has a positive effect on productivity growth. Specification tests show that our semi-parametric models provide a better approximation of the data compared to the parametric analogue, revealing a high degree of nonlinearity governing productivity growth.

Productivity Growth Across the World, 1991-2003

We apply a stochastic frontier production model to data from 53 countries during 1991-2003 to estimate total factor productivity growth, and decompose it into technical efficiency change and technical progress. Our empirical results indicate that world productivity growth was led by fast-growing newly emerging economies, whereas most developed countries experienced a decrease in productivity growth. Technical efficiency change significantly contributed to economic growth for many fast-growing countries, even though emerging economies still lag far behind developed countries in terms of technical efficiency.

Productivity Growth Across the World, 1991-2003

We apply a stochastic frontier production model to data from 53 countries during 1991–2003 to estimate total factor productivity growth, and decompose it into technical efficiency change and technical progress. Our empirical results indicate that world productivity growth was led by fast-growing newly emerging economies, whereas most developed countries experienced a decrease in productivity growth. Technical efficiency change significantly contributed to economic growth for many fast-growing countries, even though emerging economies still lag far behind developed countries in terms of technical efficiency

Food and Agriculture Organization

In the foreword to the annual report on the state of food and agriculture, the Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization (Cardon) noted that 1953 had marked a turning point in the postwar food and agriculture situation. The growth of world production had caught up with the world growth of population, and during 1953/54 production had oontinued to expand. No essential change in this line of development was predicted for the crop year 1954/55. Two major problems, Dr. Cardon stated, confronted FAO: 1) how to reduce existing agricultural surpluses without imbalancing world trade in agricultural commodities, and 2) how to ensure continued agricultural expansion in selected products and countries so as to raise the level of world nutrition as a whole.

GROWTH OF WORLD PRODUCTION OF STEEL

Journal of the American Society for Naval EngineersVolume 38, Issue 3 p. 765-766 GROWTH OF WORLD PRODUCTION OF STEEL First published: August 1926 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1926.tb05595.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume38, Issue3August 1926Pages 765-766 RelatedInformation