World Order Research Articles

Settler-Humanitarianism: Dispossession, ‘Humanitarian Transfer’ and the 1948 Nakba

This article revisits the history of the 1948 Nakba and suggests that hitherto literature has not explored in depth how the racialised liberal world order has come to bear on settler colonial strategies of dispossession. It was the international relations practice of ‘population exchanges’ that afforded a humanitarian operational logic to structure the mass expulsion of Palestinians in the name of creating a racially homogenous nation-state. The article shows how the idea of humanitarian population transfers was debated in the 1930s – particularly after the proposals of the 1937 British Peel Commission – and later a settler colonial form of humanitarianism was mobilised amid warfare in 1948, first to concentrate Palestinians internally inside enclaves, and then to entrench the expulsion of refugees. The conclusion reflects on the ways in which a similar notion of ‘humanitarian transfer’ has re-emerged during the contemporary Israeli genocide against Palestinians in Gaza.

Great Powers Struggle: To A Bipolar World Order Again in The 21st Century by The United States of America-People’s Republic Of China Rivalry?

After the pandemic in 2020, “a bipolar international system formed around the United States of America (USA)- People’s Republic of China (PRC) has started to re-emerge” evolutions have increased recently in the Academy. With this article, the hypothesis that “the struggle of these states, the superpowers of our time, will again bring ‘a bipolar world order’ as in the Cold War, as put forward in the global order reshaped by the 2020 pandemic” will be tested. In this context, the conceptual framework of the bipolar world order will be drawn, in the continuation the national power elements of the two countries will be researched within the framework of realist theory, and the international results of their rivalry will be analyzed in the conclusion. In the study, the necessary data were collected using the quantitative research method, and this data were analyzed by content analysis technique. Finally, an evaluation was made by discussing the accuracy of the tested hypothesis.

Reconceptualising Security-development Paradigm: A Critical Analysis of Chinese ‘Development Peace Model’ in the Middle East

In recent years, China has emerged as a significant player in the intersection of international security and development in the Middle East. This development coincides with a decline in the enduring dominance of the US in the region’s security and development affairs. In contrast, China has pursued a cautious, impartial and novel concept of zero enemy policy with regional states. While existing research has explored Chinese economic engagement in the Middle East, literature focusing on the ‘Development Peace Model’ in relation to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) remains limited. This article aims to provide a critical analysis of how China’s pursuit of a multi-polar world order, based on principles of neutrality and partnership for promoting stability through the ‘Development Peace Model’, offers an alternative approach to ‘Liberal Democratic Peace’ in the Middle East. Furthermore, the article examines why Middle Eastern states are receptive to China’s ‘Development Peace Model’ as they seek to address their economic crises.

Borders, Citizenship, and Global Inequality: What Barriers, Pushbacks, and Passport Controls Reveal About Our Understanding of the Equality of Humankind

Abstract Borders are ubiquitous. As invisible lines, they contribute to a functioning world order and guarantee security for the people. In the form of walls and fences, they divide society and establish strongholds of prosperity that are not accessible to everyone. A similar effect can be observed in connection with the concept of citizenship, which binds people fatefully to a particular territory and thus significantly determines an individual’s life chances. This article shows how borders and their protection as well as the concept of citizenship challenge fundamental ideas of justice and traces discourses that seek to evolve the current border and citizenship regimes into a more universal and just form of human coexistence.

Türkiye-China relations revisited: a neo-Gramscian perspective

ABSTRACT A considerable number of studies have attempted to analyse changes in Turkish foreign policy under the Justice and Development Party administration. These changes triggered the debate about whether Turkish foreign policy shifted its Western orientation. Departing from rising anti-West rhetoric in Turkish foreign policy, this study sets out to explain the recent rapprochement between Türkiye and the People’s Republic of China. From a critical perspective, it proposed a new way of viewing Türkiye’s relations with China as a counter-hegemonic rapprochement reshaped by internal/external dynamics in the post-western world order. Consequently, it shows which ideas, material capabilities, and institutions have played roles in the Erdogan administration’s challenge to Western hegemony by utilizing relations with China.

Legal Problems of Compliance with Bank Secret when Performing Transactions Using Payment Cards

Payment (bank) cards are among the most actively spreading phenomena in the modern world order. However, the problems of preserving information that constitutes banking secrecy in the context of digitalization and the active spread of online payments are of particular importance. Banks are also interested in preventing the disclosure of information constituting a banking secret. However, due to the uncertainty of the current legislation, which establishes the range of information related to bank secrecy, a number of problems arise that need to be analyzed. In the presented article, the author attempts to determine whether the payment card details relate to information constituting a bank secret. Examples from judicial practice in cases arising from disputes between banks and their individual clients regarding the legality of transactions performed by the bank using payment cards are given. It is concluded that the details of the payment cards themselves do not relate to the information constituting a bank secret. They can be considered as a structural element of a banking transaction performed using a payment card.

Searching for “The New Oil”: Preemptive Hope and Post‐Petroleum Futures in Norway's Oil Capital

AbstractThis article explores the role of imaginaries of preemptive hope in second‐tier cities and regions within the global petroleumscape that face an uncertain future in a post‐petroleum world order. It highlights the importance of such imaginaries in discussions of stability, destabilisation, and ruptures in the petroleum landscape. The article examines the assumptions and presuppositions that undergird the post‐petroleum imaginaries in Stavanger, Norway's oil capital and self‐proclaimed energy capital of Europe, and how these can be conceptualised as imaginaries of preemptive hope. These imaginaries are framed as a promise of a new oil waiting to be realised—thus promising a status quo post‐petroleum future that only requires technical adjustments. These new oil imaginaries become forms of repair and maintenance of the petroleumscape because they primarily promise to maintain the wealth, status, and privileges attained from their position in the petroleumscape—a promise that they are unable to realise. The broader implication of the study is that we need to pay more attention to the imaginable post‐petroleum futures governing second‐tier cities’ and regions’ economic strategies in maintaining the status quo, not just the actions of global oil majors and leading petro‐states.

“To the crematorium”: postwar U.S. tourism to West German concentration camps and beyond

AbstractFor a long time since the end of the Second World War, the memory of concentration camps influenced U.S. public views on Germany. When in the late 1940s Americans could travel to West Germany again, a new tourist industry brought West Germany, and with-it Germany’s recent past, closer to the U.S. American public. This article investigates the renewed travel interest of Americans in West Germany with a special focus on former concentration camp sites. It demonstrates the importance of tourism in creating new cultural ties, the ways in which U.S. tourism to the camps established a memory of the Second World War, and how these narratives influenced German-American relations. In newspaper articles, visitors to West Germany shared their experiences, attitudes, and challenges upon visiting the former concentration camp sites and through those interactions made sense of the war and their own position in the postwar world order.

The new arms race: analyzing Sino-US geo-strategic dynamics and implications for global security

ABSTRACT The term ‘Arms Race’ describes the Cold War’s intricate geostrategic landscape, wherein the United States and Soviet Union were the principal contenders. The New Arms Race, in which China and the USA are major players, demonstrates the shifting dynamics of the global geostrategic landscape and symbolizes the current global geostrategic environment. This study, therefore, investigates the intricacies of the emerging Sino-U.S. arms race and how Xi Jinping's foreign policy and the Chinese dream of national rejuvenation influence China's military modernization. Considering China's recent military modernization, how has the US adapted its military modernization and strategic outlook to contain China? Furthermore, this study assesses President Trump's and Biden's diverse strategic outlooks in their approaches to China's military advancement and the geopolitical implications of the Sino-US Arms Race for global security and strategic stability. Moreover, this study highlights that a new bipolar world order analogous to the Cold War is emerging. The escalating New Arms Race will not only alter the regional balance of power but also encourage higher defense spending and strategic partnerships among like-minded nations, with consequences for the global arms control architecture.

Scrutinizing the load capacity curve for a global perspective: The role of Fintech, government effectiveness and renewable energy

With the evolving world order, countries are using financial technologies (Fintech) to access financial resources more effectively, and Fintech can have an impact on the environment. This study aims to investigate the influence of Fintech on ecological sustainability, focusing on the contribution of renewable energy (RE) and government effectiveness (GE) under the Load Capacity Curve (LCC). This research analyzes data from 69 middle-income economies between 2006 and 2022 using the dynamic panel threshold model (DPTR). The outcomes document that GDP reduces the LCF below a certain threshold, but a positive impact above this threshold. Specifically, the model yielded a threshold value of $US 5222.234, which is higher than the average GDP of $US 4276.802. This finding suggests a U-shaped relationship between GDP and LCF, which supports the LCC hypothesis. The outcome also reports that Fintech plays a crucial role in improving ecological sustainability, while government effectiveness has a negative effect. The study emphasizes that middle-income countries should support Fintech and renewable energy along development with economic progress to improve ecological quality.

Novels by A.A. Zinoviev as works of a new genre

The article analyzes the novels of A.A. Zinoviev from the perspective of genre specificity and artistic techniques that the author inherits from previous literature. Proximity to the artistic traditions of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin and J. Swift’s texts allow us to consider Zinoviev’s texts in the context of world artistic culture, but the peculiarities of the organization of the novel space and the angle of the writer's point of view on social reality indicate that his novels do not fit into the usual genre canons and should be considered as sociological novels. The results obtained expand the traditional understanding of the genre of the novel, describe interesting author’s intentions of the world order, reveal the relationship between the artistic word and sociological statistical data, and give impetus to further research of the creative work of an extraordinary writer.

The Place of World Economy Research in the Heterodox Analytics of Eurasian Integration

Aim. The article shows the increased productivity of heterodox approaches in the part of economics that studies the problems of the world economy, including regional integration.Methods. Illustrations of the apparent paradoxicity (for representatives of the economic mainstream) of geopolitical and world economic dynamics after 2022 are used to explain the importance of analyzing economic processes in the world economy, taking into account approaches of related social disciplines. The connection of some important scientific results of Russian scholars in the field of economics with the achievements of historians, orientalists and cultural scientists, representatives of economic and political geography and studies of international relations is shown.Results. The article describes the boundaries of the mathematization of the considered segment of heterodox analysis related to the unreliability of world economic statistics, with examples of the successful application of approximate (in a broad sense relative to mathematical terminology) calculations to assess shifts in foreign trade and foreign direct investment in contemporary Russia. The author demonstrates that the heterodox approach reveals the absence of contradiction between Russia’s intensification of Eurasian economic integration (including within the narrow limits of the EAEU) and our country’s efforts to build a more equitable polycentric world order, including strengthening the BRICS format. Greater interdisciplinary transparency for heterodox economists against the background of representatives of the mainstream, among other things, makes it possible to intensify fruitful cooperation between scientists and practical analysts representing analytical centers — think tanks of the post-Soviet space and neighboring countries in the interests of developing integration projects.Conclusions. The proposed methodological framework can enhance the effectiveness of the work of the analytical community of Russia and its friendly countries in obtaining new applied conclusions in the economic sphere, especially in terms of enhancing the effectiveness of integration efforts in Greater Eurasia. At the same time, heterodox economists are more receptive to cooperation with historians, political scientists and other analysts who have focused on Eurasian economic integration.

Why is Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind Become the Essential Requirement of Chinese-style Modernization?

Building a community with a shared future for mankind is the inherent requirement of Chinese modernization, which reflects the interconnection between the two in terms of connotation, practical path and value orientation. Promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind guided by Chinese-style modernization is conducive to the historical process of the CPC in accelerating its modernization drive, which is also a concrete and profound expression of the CPC in the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics. This initiative will help accelerate the realization of national rejuvenation and building China into a great modern country, reflect the inherent requirements of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era, and promote the building of a new world order and world governance system. Chinese-style modernization is one that stands on the right side of history. Promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind is conducive to the elimination of anti-globalization thoughts. Chinese-style modernization is the socialist modernization under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. It also vividly embodies the spiritual realm of the Communist Party of China with the world in mind, and promotes the realization of comprehensive and free individual development and the great cause of common liberation of all mankind.

A New Moral World Order: Carl Alexander Simon and the German Colonization of Southern Chile

Abstract This article focuses on overlooked aspects of German colonization in southern Chile by examining the treatise Auswanderung und deutsch-nationale Kolonisation von Süd-Amerika mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Freistaates Chile (Emigration and German National Colonization of South America with Special Attention to the Free State of Chile) by Carl Alexander Simon. Simon was a Romantic artist who advocated for overseas colonization and settled in Chile to promote his ideas. His treatise, which blended poetry and Romantic rhetoric with political ideas, aimed to encourage German occupation of Chile and South America based on the supposed physical and intellectual superiority of the Germans. This article argues that Simon’s work is integral to understanding the intersection of Romanticism and German colonialism in the nineteenth century and how racial and nationalistic sentiments fuelled German colonialism in remote corners of the world. Furthermore, it contributes to discussions on German nation-building overseas and the connections between German colonialism and race, the legacies of German colonialism, German colonial fantasies, and indigeneity and Germanness. Finally, this study of Simon’s work complements existing research on German settlements in Africa, Asia and the Pacific from 1850 onwards, highlighting the importance of considering the role of Germany in the global colonial project.

Legal Protection of Genetic and Genomic Information in Genomic Legal Relationship: A Civil Law Aspect

Genetic and genomic information has enormous potential. In the near future; such information may be determined as an integral part of the world order in general; and the legal order in particular. The author examines the modern theory of legal relations; applying it to genomic legal relations regarding genetic and genomic information and methods of protecting such information. The author examines the mechanism of civil law protection to identify those legal means by which it is possible to ensure legal protection of genetic and genomic information. The research is aimed at studying the mechanism and illustrating the legal means of ensuring the protection of genetic and genomic information.

The Benefits of China Funds During Globalization and in a New World Order

Examining data from their inception in the 1990s to 2022, we find that both China mutual funds and China exchange-traded funds (ETFs) outperformed their benchmarks, the S&P 500 index fund and SPY, before the global financial crisis starting in the summer of 2007 but underperformed afterward. We show that the real benefits of China funds in the post-crisis period since May 2009 lie in their hedge effect against U.S. stock market downturns. Current policies in both countries indicate the emergence of a new world order of selective segregation in some sensitive sectors but a continuous trading partnership because each country needs the other. For example, China needs computer chips from the United States, whereas the United States needs key chip-making minerals from China. Paradoxically, this new world order creates growth opportunities in both countries, which is conducive to investing in China funds and makes it necessary for China funds to invest directly in Chinese shares to better serve the U.S. investors.

The Art of Diplomacy in Modern Military Conflicts

The article reflects the process of forming a new world order in the context of the Global Hybrid War unleashed by the United States and NATO and the active use of its tools against the victims of aggression. The role of diplomacy in managing the processes of escalation and containment of modern military confl icts is shown. The author draws attention to the increasing threat of a global thermonuclear confl ict, the probability of which increases in the context of the use by Western countries of a proxy war strategy, which opens the way to large-scale aggression, including against nuclear states. The article highlights the urgent need to review the Russian strategy of nuclear deterrence in order to adapt it to the realities of our time.

A paradigm shift in international security as a consequence of the Russia-Ukraine war

This article presents the main features of the historical genesis of the international security paradigm shift from its institutionalisation to the present day. It is shown that such genesis is sinusoidal in nature and related to the well-known 'Kondratiev waves', except that, unlike the latter, it is not economic in nature, but security in nature. In a historical and geopolitical context, five successive shifts in the international security paradigm (Pre-Systemic, Westphalian, Vienna, Versailles, Yalta-Potsdam, Unipolar) are distinguished as a normatively recognised system of international relations of war and peace, based on all countries' adherence to universally recognised principles and norms of international law, as enshrined in relevant international treaties. The main factors of the end of the era of the unipolar world and the growing role of 'fragile' states in the international security environment as potential objects of international military interventions and spaces for the deployment of local conflicts and wars were characterised. It was concluded that the war in Ukraine is a key trigger for a new paradigm shift in international security and the emergence of a new system of international relations, and that the outcome of the Russian-Ukrainian war will determine the 'starting positions' and strong arguments in the hands of the United States of America and its allies against China and its allies during the inevitable new global security conference on the creation of a new world order.

The Economic and Geopolitical Significance of the Brics Nations: A Comparative Analysis of Their Global Influence in the 21st Century

The research investigates how BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) influence global economics and political leadership while noting the opportunities and obstacles the alliance encounters. As a powerful influence in finance and trade globally, BRICS confronts the Western institutions that used to dominate. The collective has challenges from its members' vast economic and political variation, even with important milestones like the setup of the New Development Bank. In addition, outside influences from political tensions, mainly with the G7 and global competition, obstruct detailed cooperation. This research examines how the future of BRICS might develop, especially with the BRICS+ initiative, which is designed to include members from the Global South. The growth shows BRICS's purpose to shape global governance more strongly. The study recognizes a requirement for better political and economic integration among BRICS and points out that greater collaboration within the group may promote sustainable growth and financial strength. Limitations in methodology and data quality are recognized along with time constraints relating to the trustworthiness of macroeconomic information from the BRICS countries. This study ends by suggesting ways to enhance BRICS collaboration and identifies new research inquiries regarding the alliance's future direction and its impact on a more diverse world order

Legal Security of Parties in the Aspect of Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organization

One of the basic elements of world order is properly functioning legal systems of individual states. The Sars-Covid pandemic and armed conflicts around the world, including those involving Europe, have strained the certainty of legal transactions in the countries of the UN system and the need to seek new supranational solutions, especially in the field of international trade. The pillar of security is therefore becoming instruments of international law, with the World Trade Organization in mind. A special tool of this organization are the dispute settlement mechanisms to which member states must adhere. In the conducted research, the thesis was put forward that one of the guarantors of the security of legal transactions is the resolution of disputes using the basic legal tools of this organization. It was proved that disputes between states themselves become solvable if they are transferred to the WTO.