World News Agencies Research Articles

NATO and EU’s Involvement in the Libyan Crisis (2011–2020)

The research objective was to describe the role of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) in the Libyan crisis. The study was based on the resolutions of the United Nations Security Council, reports of the NATO Secretary General, documents of the EU and FRONTEX, speeches of European politicians, statistics, and publications in the Western press and world news agencies. The article focuses on the reaction of the international community to the suppression of peaceful demonstrations in Libya and the reasons why the USA and the EU authorized the North Atlantic Alliance to lead a military operation. The authors summed up the outcomes of NATO's activities in Libya, analyzed the EU foreign policy instruments in Libya, and evaluated their efficiency. The disagreements between the EU states not only prevented the EU from pursuing an independent and coherent policy in Libya, but also complicated the implementation of the previously agreed measures. The leadership in resolving the Libyan crisis passed to the national states as a result of the weak position of the USA and the EU, as well as NATO’s withdrawal from Libya. The authors concluded that the Libyan crisis confirms the differentiation of roles between the NATO and the EU in the Middle East and North Africa region, in which the NATO resolves military conflicts, whereas the EU is responsible for peacekeeping activities.

WORLD TOURISM DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Background. Tourism is one of the most affected sectors in global economy by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The introduction of hard sanitary constraints on visiting destinations has led to a sharp demand reduction for typical and related tourist services. In addition, these sanitary constraints identified negative trends in the development of domestic and international tourism in general. Significant restrictions on the functioning of the infrastructure of the tourist services market such as entertainment and recreation, public transport (including international traffic), hospitality and restaurants have affected the dyna­mics of performance of tourism entities and led to significant losses. Research on ways to restore the functioning of the tourism sector in the COVID-19 pandemic and after the remo­val of strict quarantine restrictions, as well as finding ways out of the systemic crisis, substantiation of mechanisms for regulating tourism in the new realities of the world com­munity are especially relevant. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The works of many domestic and foreign scientists are devoted to investigations of modern tourism development problems. Thus, it is worth to note the fundamental works of M. Boiko [1], M. Bosovska [2], N. Vedmid’ [3], O. Liubitseva [4], S. Melnychenko [5], G. Mykhailychenko [6] and others. However, the peculiarities of tourism development in the conditions of complex epide­miological situation in the world and in the context of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in scientific papers have not yet been described in detail. The analytical conclusions of the official representations of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the World Tourism& Travel Council (WTTC), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), as well as a number of journalistic mate­rials of the world news agencies CNN Travel, The Guardian, The New York Times, National Geographic magazine, and professional domestic periodicals deserve attention. The aim of the article is to analyze the consequences of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on tourism development as well as to determine the main mechanisms for restoring of tourism sector functioning using different forecast scenarios. The specific objectives of the article are to analyze the dynamics of tourist flows before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, to systematize the consequences of the pandemic for tourism business, to determine the prospects for tourism development in the post-quarantine period as well as to highlight the different regulatory mechanisms to ensure the functioning of tourism enterprises in pandemic frames. Materials and methods. This investigation is based on analytical, statistical and fore­cast materials of UNWTO, WHO, OECD, WTTC. Literary, analytical, statistical, forecast­ting, comparative and geographical, modeling, and graphic methods have been used in the research. Results. The dynamics of tourism development indicators before and during the COVID-19 pandemic has been analyzed. The positive and negative effects of quarantine in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism are presented. The forecasts for the development of tourism after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic have been made. Regulatory mechanisms for ensuring the functioning of tourism enterprises in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic have been proposed. Conclusion. The difficult epidemiological situation in the world during the pandemic of acute respiratory disease COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has formed a tendency to reduce sharply the number of international tourist arrivals and revenues from international tourism, and identified the need to introduce unprecedented restrictions on the operation of travel and leisure, tourism and recreation, entertainment and recreation, public transport, hospitality and restaurants. As a result, the development of the world tourism indu­stry has slowed down significantly. Structural crises have begun to worsen due to the sharp decline in economic development and limited sources of income and employment indicators. Structural spatial changes of the tourist flow mainly in favor of domestic tourism are characterized by discreteness. In order to counteract the COVID-19 pandemic, international and domestic professional organizations have developed a number of recommendations for the organization of anti-epidemic measures in carrying out permitted activities, which include rules for receiving visitors and organizing the work of staff in offices, tourism, trade, catering establishments, etc. Adherence to medical and sanitary-epidemiological recommendations, self-discipline and self-organization, administration and education will accelerate recovery from systemic crisis the tourism industry, restore the functioning of tourism enterprises in the COVID-19 pandemic, prevent the spread of epidemiological diseases and infectious diseases among tourists and population, resumption of tourism on a qualitatively new service and information basis.

Reuters and the idea of a British Commonwealth news agency in the aftermath of World War II

After World War II, Reuters was struggling to maintain its status as a leading world news agency. The prospect of Indian independence threatened a crucial source of income. Reuters faced vigorous competition from US agency, Associated Press, which was in a phase of rapid global expansion. In response, Reuters sought to consolidate its position by re-constituting itself as a ‘British Commonwealth’ agency which would be jointly owned by the national press associations of the UK, Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and South Africa. This article analyses Reuters’ Commonwealth plan and the reasons for its very limited success.

DAKWAH DALAM ARUS GLOBALISASI MEDIA: PELUANG DAN TANTANGAN

The dynamics of Islamic media have a fundamental problem in the position of global communications controlled by Western hegemony so strong and become the main players. Islam does not have a significant position. Countries that have a majority Muslim people much depend on the information provided by the West, especially the United States. In terms of communication media, generally third world countries, including Islam only as consumers whose utilization has not been maximally felt by all citizens. Moreover, being a producer in creating communication media, it seems too far to be expected. The implications arising from such an Islamic position, in global communication, of course, Islam does not yet have the power to play a significant role. The presence of Islam in global communications is only limited to the discourse that has great potential to rise. In order to further enhance its role in global communications, Muslims should make systematic efforts to catch up. Efforts should be made are: First, make the teachings of Islam as a source of vitality of civilization; Second, establishing harmonious cooperation between Islam and the West, especially the media; Third, improve the ability of Muslims in the mastery of science and technology, especially communications and build world news agencies; Fourth, Islamic institutions can play their part in the global arena; Fifth, cooperation between Islamic countries needs to be improved.

Reuters and the South African press at the end of Empire

At the end of the Second World War, Reuters’ status as a leading independent world news agency was under threat. While seeking to be a ‘world agency’, Reuters’ ownership was vested entirely in the British press. Decolonisation threatened traditional sources of revenue. American agencies were rapidly extending their global reach. In response, Reuters sought to re-constitute itself as a ‘British Commonwealth’ agency by offering a stake in the company to the national press organisations of Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada and India. In the event, the plan largely failed. South Africa and Canada declined to join; India maintained its shareholding for just four years. Only the press associations of Australia and New Zealand remained enthusiastic supporters. This article examines the failed 1947 negotiations between Reuters and the South African Press Association (SAPA), which were aimed at securing a partnership between the two organisations. It critiques Reuters’ idea of a ‘commonwealth of interest’ in matters of international news, conceived at a time of decolonisation and emerging nationalisms. It examines SAPA's stance towards Reuters in the light of South Africa's political situation, including the growing influence of the Afrikaans press.

From the World's Largest Propaganda Machine to a Multipurposed Global News Agency: Factors in and Implications of Xinhua's Transformation Since 1978

The Xinhua News Agency is China's largest state news agency. It is also the largest news agency among developing countries. This research examines the changes Xinhua has undergone over the past three decades under the backdrop of (a) the end of the Cold War, (b) the trend of globalization and various challenges it has brought to world news agencies, (c) drastic changes in both international and national news agencies across the world, and (d) China's eager desire to become a world superpower. Three questions are studied: What are the major changes that Xinhua has experienced since China adopted the reform policy in 1978? What factors have contributed to the transformation Xinhua has undergone? and What are the implications of Xinhua's transformation? The primary material/data were obtained from field research at the headquarters of the Xinhua News Agency in Beijing, China.

Translating Acronyms of Media & U.N. Organizations

: translating acronyms of media and international (& world) organizations helps the researcher to draw the following conclusions:1- Acronyms of world news agencies can be translated into Arabic in three ways: by indicating the lexical meaning; by indicating English abbreviated form as letter by letter & by indicating Arabic abbreviated form as a word. 2- Acronyms of world satellite TV's can be translated into Arabic in two ways: by indicating the lexical meaning & by indicating English abbreviated form as letter by letter. 3- Acronyms of world newspapers can be translated into Arabic in two ways: by indicating both the lexical meaning & Arabic transliteration of the English form. 4- Acronyms of U.N. & world organizations can be translated into Arabic in three ways: by indicating the lexical meaning; by indicating English abbreviated form as letter by letter & by indicating Arabic abbreviated form as a word. Thus, acronyms in the fields, under study, are either letter or syllabic. This verifies hypothesis no. (4). From the above tables of acronyms, the researcher notices that translation & transliteration can be both applied on in dealing with acronyms. This verifies hypothesis no. (5). Other hypotheses can be verified easily by noticing the wide progress, the world of communication & media witnesses.With the emergence of modern information and communication, scientific progress in all fields of life and knowledge, in our world of today, have led to the appearance of large number of terms that are used to designate various concepts and discoveries, as speed plays a big role in stirring all aspects of life that surround us to the extent to be the main trait of our life. By such progress, the need to reduce full names and terms of concepts, shortening them into smaller ones, emerges to the surface as using such names and terms in full causes trouble, disturbance and waste of time & efforts in speech, writing & printing. To solve this complex situation, using the initial letters of words appears to be one smooth solution. This process is called "Acronymy" and the letters being abbreviated "Acronyms". The usage of acronyms is a relatively new linguistic phenomenon as the art of reducing a sequence of words to their initial letters became well created, developed & used increasingly in the 50s & 60s of the 20th century (1). It is a real reflection of the main characteristics of modern era which witnesses a revolution in technical & scientific discoveries. The first acronym was included in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1943 despite the fact that the word "initialisms" first appeared in the same dictionary in 1899 (2). It did not come into general use until 1965, well after "acronym" had become common. The current study will take the exploration of the phenomenon of acronyms, abbreviations & initialisms as its main goal, trying to present full discussion about its definitions, formulations, types, orthography and pronunciation. It sheds light on how to translate English acronyms into Arabic, suggesting different methods. It, also, highlights the challenges & difficulties they may pose in front of the translators and how such challenges & difficulties can be solved and surmounted.Hypotheses: It is hypothesized that:1) Acronyms, in all various forms & styles, reflect the scientific and technological advancement & progress our world witnesses.2) Acronyms are used increasingly in the world of media and international policy circles as they cut off time & efforts being wasted in speech, writing and printing.3) Communication field represents the best environment to create acronyms.4) media & U.N.(international) organizations are mainly letter & syllabic acronyms.5) Translation and transliteration are both applied on the acronyms both fields.Aims: The current study aims at :a) Discussing acronyms historically and theoretically in detail. b) Handling the issue of translating English acronyms into Arabic & suggesting ways of translation that can be useful, sufficient and effective. c) Making lists of acronyms that are of significance in the world of media & U.N. with their translations.

International Cooperation in Occupational Health: The Role of International Organizations

during Societal Transition in Central and Eastern Europe, Frydek-Mistek, Czechoslovakia, June 14-19, 1991. Boston, MA: Management Sciences for Health, 1991. 12. Levy BS, Levenstein C (eds). Policies, Programs, and Public Participation: Environmental and Occupational Health in the Emerging Market Economies and Democracies of Central and Eastern Europe. Edited Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium on Environmental and Occupational Health during Societal Transition in Central and Eastern Europe, Pultusk, Poland, June 26-July 1, 1992. Boston, MA: Management Sciences for Health, 1993. 13. The Environment and the workers of Mercosur member countries. Paper presented by the Argentinean delegation at the Second Meeting of Chemical and Paper Industry Workers of the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR), La Falda, Argentina, ~3-25 March, 1992. [Translated from the Spanish by NGONET, Casilla Correo 1539, Montevideo 1100, Uruguay. e-mail ngonet@igc.org; ngonet@chasque.org.uy; ge02:ngonet.] 14. Ferrer Y. Colombia-environment: oil workers push for green bill. InterPress Third World News Agency, May 16, 1994, distributed via LABORNET. 15. New violence targets Brazil's rubbertappers. Action Alert, No. 99, August 1994 [published by Rainforest Action Network, San Francisco, CA, and posted in ECONET]. 16. Another labor activist arrested in Indonesia. Press Release, Human Rights Watch, September 21, 1994 [posted in LABORNET] . 17. LO (The Norwegian Trade Union Federation). New times, new objectives: the programme of action 1990-1993 [posted in LABORNET, September 21,1994, in labr.global]. 18. United Nations. Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 3-14June 1992), Chapter 29, Strengthening the role of workers and their trade unions.

Yonhap News Agency: Gatekeeper of International News in Korea

Nowadays most international news comes from the Big Four agencies: Associated Press (AP), United Press International (UPI), Reuters, and Agence France Presse (AFP). These world news agencies not only collect news from most countries and territories of the world, they also distribute the news to most of the world's countries and territories.1 They are the paramount sources of world news. However, once the news departs from the world news agencies, it is at the disposal of other gatekeepers. Even though most of these gatekeepers do not have an ability to cover the news, and so cannot add to the amount of raw news, they can exert a gatekeeping power by their selective percep tion of world news. By controlling the size of their news hole, by controlling the news selection and by many other means, these gatekeepers can control the flow of foreign news. If their gatekeeping is effective and strong, the whole picture of the world news flow can be transformed, causing at least a partial diminution in the influence of the world news agencies. Among these many foreign news gatekeepers, the national news agencies, which are the coupled systems between the world news agencies and the domestic news media, have an extremely important role in the world news flow.2

Use of Media Technology by a Third World News Agency

AbstractBernama is among the first organisations in the Third World to have fully computerized its editorial operations.The new system enables journalists to have full control over operations that were previously denied them under the old system.

Media, news and people: a Third World view

The domination of all international news flows by the four western wire services has led to a qualitative as well as quantitative “imbalance” in the news coming out of the Third World. Only a quarter of the news that goes on the wires of the international wire services emanates from, or deals with, developing countries, although they make up nearly two-thirds of humanity. The imbalance, whatever is the theoretical argument, is clear. Narinder K. Aggarwala proceeds from this premise to suggest ways and means of striking an acceptable balance in the flow of information. One of his major suggestions is that developing countries set up a Third World News Agency, manned by Third World Staff and run with a great degree of professionalism without being a propaganda organ for the Third World governments.

How far could the Third World push for a new information order?

abstractFor some time now, Third world countries have been busily engaged in formulating a system to strike a balance in the flow of information between themselves and the countries of the West. Now, they have come up with a proposal to set up a pool of Third World news agencies that would eventually counter the influence of the major information multinationals like Reuters, AP, UPI, and AFP and bring about ‘balanced’ coverage of the Third World. From the beginning, the proposal has become a subject of heated debate. Here, Mervyn de Silva offers his comments.