World Health Organization Study Research Articles

Navigating trust and health in India: the influence of social status and neighbourhood environment

BackgroundThe research on the relationship between interpersonal trust and health has primarily focused on Western contexts, with scarce attention in developing contexts. Addressing this gap, the study examines the association between interpersonal trust (both generalised and particularised) and health outcomes (self-rated health /SRH, and depression) among Indian adults, considering the moderating roles of social statuses (gender and caste) and macro-level factors like district-level income inequality.MethodsThe study draws on data from the World Health Organization's (WHO) Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave-1, collected between 2007 and 2010. This dataset provides a comprehensive overview of health outcomes, including self-rated health (SRH) and depression, socio-cultural status of adults aged 18 and above in India. Additionally, district-level data on income inequality, quantified through the Gini index, were incorporated to examine the influence of contextual socioeconomic influence on the trust-health relationship. Multilevel regression analysis with interaction effects with social statuses and income inequality at district was employed in the analysis to investigate the intricate relationship between interpersonal trust (both generalised and particularised) and health outcomes.ResultsThe study reveals that while generalised trust does not directly influence depression or SRH, particularised trust acts as a protective factor for both health outcomes. Gender-specific interaction effect shows that generalised trust reduces depression among males and improves SRH among females. Notably, caste does not significantly moderate the trust-health relationship. High district-level income inequality, however, modifies these associations: generalised trust is associated with improved SRH in areas of high inequality, whereas particularised trust correlates with increased depression in these districts.ConclusionThe findings highlight the complex dynamics between interpersonal trust, social status, and income inequality in shaping health outcomes in India. Generalised trust emerges as a potential buffer against the health-detrimental effects of income inequality, providing crucial insights for developing targeted health interventions. These results offer valuable guidance for global health policymakers and practitioners in effectively allocating development aid to enhance health outcomes, especially among the most marginalised groups.

Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Formaldehyde on Hypertension and Angina Pectoris Symptoms: Evidence From the WHO SAGE Cohort Study.

We aimed to investigate the associations of long-term exposure to ambient formaldehyde with hypertension and angina pectoris symptoms in Chinese adults. Participants' information was obtained from the WHO SAGE (World Health Organization Study on Global Aging and Adult Health) study. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was applied to estimate the associations of formaldehyde with hypertension and angina pectoris symptoms. Mediating effect analysis was used to investigate the mediating effect of hypertension between formaldehyde exposure and angina pectoris symptoms. Long-term exposure to formaldehyde was positively associated with the risk of angina pectoris symptoms (hazard ratio [HR], 1.66 [95% CI, 1.29-2.13], per interquartile range [IQR], 3.33, 1015 molecules/cm2) and hypertension (HR, 1.17 [95% CI, 1.02-1.34], per IQR, 3.34, 1015 molecules/cm2). The associations between formaldehyde and angina pectoris symptoms were greater in participants aged ≥65 years (HR, 1.90 [95% CI, 1.29-2.80]) and in rural areas (HR, 2.71 [95% CI, 1.54-4.77]), whereas the associations of formaldehyde with hypertension were stronger in men (HR, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.02-1.58]), rural areas (HR, 1.22 [95% CI, 0.94-1.59]), and in ever smokers (HR, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.02-1.72]). The mediation effect analysis indicated that 18.44% (95% CI, 2.17-37.65) of the association between formaldehyde exposure and angina pectoris symptoms was mediated by hypertension. Long-term exposure to ambient formaldehyde was positively associated with hypertension and angina pectoris symptoms. The effects of formaldehyde may be modified by age, sex, urbanicity, and smoking status. Hypertension might play a mediating effect in formaldehyde-induced angina pectoris symptoms.

Difficulty with mobility among the aged in Ghana: Evidence from Wave 2 of the World Health Organization's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health.

Globally, the population is rapidly ageing, stemming from a recent decline in mortality, and an increase in life expectancy. About 727 million people globally were aged ≥65 in 2020, and 1 in 6 people will be ≥65 years by 2050. About 7% of Ghana's population was over 60 years in 2010, and projected to be 12% by 2050. However, the aged are confronted with degenerative conditions that translate into difficulty with mobility. The study was conducted to investigate the difficulty with mobility among the aged in Ghana. The study utilised a cross-sectional dataset of the 2014/2015 (wave 2) Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health and included 1,856 participants aged ≥50 years. The survey command was applied to adjust for sampling biases and the design of the study. At 5% alpha level, a chi-square test of independence was conducted to determine the association between dependent and independent variables. At 95% confidence interval and 5% alpha level, three-level multilevel logistic regression models were performed. The fixed-effects were presented in odds ratio and the random effects were presented using the Intra-Class Correlation. All analysis were performed using STATA statistical software version 16.0. Out of the 1,856 participants, 40.3% had difficulty with mobility. Additionally, age (80 and above) [AOR = 3.05, 95%CI = 1.78-5.22], self-reported poor/bad health status [AOR = 2.39, 95%CI = 1.35-4.23], having severe/extreme difficulty performing household activities [AOR = 25.12, 95%CI = 11.49-44.91], experienced severe/extreme bodily pains [AOR = 4.56, 95%CI = 2.16-9.64], severe/extreme sleep problems [AOR = 4.15, 95%CI = 1.68-10.29], and participants with difficulty with sight/vision [AOR = 1.56, 95%CI = 1.16-2.10] had higher odds of difficulty with mobility. The aged in Ghana had relatively higher prevalence (40.3%) of difficulty with mobility which is influenced by demographics, health status, and degeneration associated with ageing. This highlights the need to provide social support and strengthen social capital for the aged in Ghana, especially those with difficulty with vision, experiencing bodily pains and had poor health status. Additionally, the Government and stakeholders should provide assistive devices for the aged and geriatric care including recreational fields and care homes to address the health and physical needs of the aged in Ghana.

Mild Cognitive Impairment and Suicidal Ideation Among Adults Aged 65 Years or Older From Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a unique indicator of underlying distress that may be strongly associated with suicide risk. Despite this, to date, no study has examined the association between MCI and suicidal ideation. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the association between MCI and suicidal ideation among adults aged ≥65 years from 6 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs; China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa). Cross-sectional, nationally representative data from the World Health Organization's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health were analyzed. MCI was defined using the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association criteria. Self-reported information on past 12-month suicidal ideation was collected. Multivariable logistic regression and meta-analysis were conducted to assess associations. Data on 13,623 individuals aged ≥65 years were analyzed. The prevalence of suicidal ideation ranged from 0.5% in China to 6.0% in India, whereas the range of the prevalence of MCI was 9.7% (Ghana) to 26.4% (China). After adjustment for potential confounders, MCI was significantly associated with 1.66 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.12-2.46) times higher odds for suicidal ideation. Mild cognitive impairment was significantly associated with higher odds for suicidal ideation among older adults in LMICs. Future longitudinal studies from LMICs are necessary to assess whether MCI is a risk factor for suicidal ideation.

Association of Residential Greenness Exposure with Depression Incidence in Adults 50 Years of Age and Older: Findings from the Cohort Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE) in China.

Depression is a social and public health problem of great concern globally. Identifying and managing the factors influencing depression are crucial for preventing and decreasing the burden of depression. Our objectives are to explore the association between residential greenness and the incidence of depression in an older Chinese population and to calculate the disease burden of depression prevented by greenness exposure. This study was the Chinese part of the World Health Organization Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (WHO SAGE). We collected the data of 8,481 residents years of age in China for the period 2007-2018. Average follow-up duration was 7.00 () years. Each participant was matched to the yearly maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at their residential address. Incidence of depression was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), self-reports of depression, and/or taking depression medication. Association between greenness and depression was examined using the time-dependent Cox regression model with stratified analysis by sex, age, urbanicity, annual family income, region, smoking, drinking, and household cooking fuels. Furthermore, the prevented fraction (PF) and attributable number (AN) of depression prevented by exposure to greenness were estimated. Residential greenness was negatively associated with depression. Each interquartile range (IQR) increase in NDVI buffer was associated with a 40% decrease [; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.37, 0.97] in the risk of depression incidence among the total participants. Subgroup analyses showed negative associations in urban residents (; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.86) vs. rural residents, in high-income residents (; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.71) vs. low-income residents, and in southern China (; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.95) vs. northern China. Over 8.0% (; 95% CI: 1.38%, 15.40%) and 1,955,199 (95% CI: 310,492; 3,464,909) new cases of depression may be avoided by increasing greenness exposures annually across China. The findings suggest protective effects of residential greenness exposure on depression incidence in the older population, particularly among urban residents, high-income residents, and participants living in southern China. The construction of residential greenness should be included in community planning. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13947.

Gait speed and its associated factors among older black adults in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from the WHO study on Global AGEing in older adults (SAGE).

Gait speed is an essential predictor of functional and cognitive decline in older adults. The study aimed to investigate the gait speed of older adults in Ghana and South Africa and to determine its associated factors, as the Sub-Saharan representatives in the World Health Organization's Study on Global AGEing in Older Adults (SAGE). A secondary analysis of data from the SAGE study which consists of nationally representative data involving participants aged ≥50+ years with smaller samples of younger adults aged 18-49 years in Ghana and South Africa was conducted. SAGE study employed a multistage, stratified clustered sample design and involved the use of a standardised questionnaire to obtain participants' (n = 5808) demographic, anthropometric and gait speed information. The standard 4 metre-gait speed was used. Median gait speed for the study group, which comprised African/Black participants aged ≥50+ years was 0.769(Q1 = 0.571, Q3 = 0.952)m/s for males and 0.667 (Q1 = 0.500,Q3 = 0.833)m/s for females. For every unit increase in age, the odds of being in a higher-ranked gait speed category was 0.96(95%CI 0·96, 0·97, p<0.001) times that of the previous age. Females had odds of 0.55 (95%CI 0.50, 0.61, p<0.001) of recording higher gait speed, as compared to males. Rural dwellers had odds of 1.43 (95%CI 1.29, 1.58, p < 0.001) of being in a higher-ranked category of gait speed compared to urban dwellers. Underweight (OR = 0.85, 95%C1 = 0.73-1.00, p<0.05) and obesity (OR = 0.53, 95%CI = 0.46-0.61, p<0.001) were associated with slower gait speed. Amongst functional indices, the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) score was the biggest determinant of gait speed. Having a "Severe/Extreme" WHODAS score had the strongest association with gait speed (OR = 0.18, 95%CI = 0.14-0.23, p<0.001). These gait speed results provide an essential reference for older adults' care in Ghana and South Africa.

A Comprehensive Review of Advancement in Speech-Based Approach for Alzheimer Disease Detection in India

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), accounting for 60%-70% of dementia cases, is poised to afflict India as the second-largest country by mid-century, as indicated by a recent World Health Organization (WHO) study. The socio-economic landscape in India presents unique challenges, with a population that may not be adequately educated on allocating resources for healthcare beyond the age of 60, especially for conditions like Alzheimer's, which currently lacks a definitive cure. Addressing this impending health crisis necessitates innovative, early diagnosis and cost-effective solutions. This comprehensive review paper explores the potential of utilizing speech data analysis for the early detection of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), offering a pragmatic approach to mitigate the severity of cases. By harnessing speech data, the aim is to diagnose the condition in its early stages, minimizing costs and enabling timely interventions to impede its progression. Early diagnosis is paramount, as it opens doors to effective treatments and preventative measures. The paper systematically reviews various processes involved in developing a mathematical model for the early detection of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). It delves into key aspects such as data collection methodologies, pre-processing techniques, feature extraction methods, and diverse classifiers. The intention is to provide a thorough understanding of the intricacies involved in creating an accurate and reliable model for early Alzheimer's detection. In light of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) representing a substantial majority of dementia cases, this review paper serves as a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers. It fosters a deeper comprehension of potential avenues for leveraging speech data specifically in the context of Alzheimer's. As we confront the impending surge in Alzheimer's cases in India, this comprehensive review work contributes to the foundation of knowledge needed to develop scalable and accessible solutions, making a substantial impact on public health.

Association of handgrip strength with suicidal ideation among adults aged ≥50 years from low- and middle-income countries.

This study aimed to investigate the association between handgrip strength and suicidal ideation in representative samples of adults aged ≥50 years from six LMICs (China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa). Cross-sectional, community-based data from the World Health Organization's Study on Global Aging and Adult Health were analyzed. Handgrip strength quintiles by sex were created based on the average value of two handgrip measurements of the dominant hand. Self-reported information on past 12-month suicidal ideation was collected. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess associations. Data on 34,129 individuals were analyzed [mean (SD) age 62.4 (16.0) years; age range 50-114 years; 52.1% females]. After adjustment for potential confounders, in the overall sample, compared to the handgrip strength quintile with the highest values [Quintile 1 (Q1)], Q2, Q3, Q4, and Q5 were associated with significant 2.15 (95% CI = 1.05-4.39), 2.78 (95% CI = 1.06-7.32), 3.53 (95% CI = 1.68-7.42), and 6.79 (95% CI = 2.80-16.48) times higher odds for suicidal ideation. Lower handgrip strength was significantly and dose-dependently associated with higher odds for suicidal ideation in adults aged ≥50 years from LMICs. Future longitudinal studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms, and whether increasing general muscular strength and physical function may lead to reduction in suicidal ideation.

Arterial hypertension associated with PARPi: A meta-analysis of 41 placebo randomized controlled trials combined with a World Health Organization's pharmacovigilance study.

Arterial hypertension has been recently reported from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi). In a context of increasing use of PARPi, it is crucial to properly assess risk and incidence of this adverse event for clinical practice. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis in MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL and ClinicalTrials.gov up to January 4, 2023 with an ongoing surveillance up to June 7, 2023. RCTs comparing PARPi to placebo in adult patients with solid tumors were included if hypertension was reported. The primary outcome was the summary risk ratio (RR, with 95% CIs) of any hypertension of PARPi class in placebo RCTs. Secondary outcomes were the summary risk and incidence of hypertension of each individual PARPi. To provide clinical features of PARPi-associated hypertension, we independently queried the WHO's pharmacovigilance database, up to September 1, 2022. In total, 41 placebo RCTs (n = 15 264 adult patients) were included. PARPi class was not associated with an increased risk of hypertension compared with placebo. In individual analyses, the risk of hypertension was lower with olaparib than placebo (RR 0.77 [95% CI: 0.68-0.86], P < 0.01; I2= 19%, χ2 P = 0.26). Niraparib monotherapy increased the risk of any (RR 2.84 [95% CI: 1.76-4.57], P < 0.01; I2= 66%, χ2 P = 0.01) hypertension with a summary incidence of 19.87% (95% CI: 15.23-25.50). In real-life setting, niraparib-associated hypertension occurs within 20 days and was serious in 66%. Co-prescription of at least one antihypertensive or therapy-induced hypertension was reported in 20.5% or 14.4% of cases, respectively. In a context of extensive assessment of niraparib in combination, these data reinforce the need of a close monitoring of this adverse event to preserve its clinical benefit on patients' survival.

Longitudinal Studies of Aging in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review, Limitations, and Recommendations in Preparation of Projected Aging Population.

The United Nations has projected a 218% increase in older people in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) between 2019 and 2050, underscoring the need to explore changes that would occur over this time. Longitudinal studies are ideal for studying and proffering solutions to these changes. This review aims to understand the breadth and use of longitudinal studies on aging in the SSA regions, proffering recommendations in preparation for the projected aging population. This paper is the third of a four-part series paper of a previous systematic mapping review of aging studies in SSA. We updated the search (between 2021 and 2023) and screened the titles/abstracts and full-text articles by a pair of independent reviewers. Data were extracted using a standardized data-charting form, identifying longitudinal studies in SSA. We identified 193 studies leveraging 24 longitudinal study data sets conducted at 28 unique sites. The World Health Organization's Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (WHO-SAGE) (n = 59, 30.5%) and Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa (HAALSI) (n = 51, 26.4%) were the most used longitudinal data sets. Four studies used more than one longitudinal study data set. Eighteen of the longitudinal study data sets were used only in 1-4 studies. Most (n = 150, 77.7%) of the studies used a cross-sectional analytical approach. Longitudinal studies on aging are sparingly being utilized in SSA. Most analyses conducted across the longitudinal data set were cross-sectional, which hindered the understanding of aging changes that occurred over time that could better inform aging policy and interventions. We call for funding bodies, such as WHO-SAGE, to develop funding competitions that focus on conducting longitudinal analyses, such as structural equation modeling, highlighting changes occurring among the aging population in SSA.

Harnessing sensor fusion and AI for accurate accident detection and classification in the safety of smart cities

With the growing number of automobiles, traffic accidents are increasing daily. The World Health Organization (WHO) study reports that annually, 1.4 million individuals have died, and 50 million have been wounded globally. An advanced accident detection technique using cognitive agents will reduce rescue operational delays, perhaps saving several lives. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are gaining significant attention in academia and industry because of the increasing popularity of smart cities. They are seen to enhance road safety in these urban areas. Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems have been widely used to decrease the time needed for rescue operations after an accident. This study introduces an IoT-enabled Automotive Accident Detecting and Categorization (IoT-AADC) method that combines a smartphone's internal and external sensors to identify and categorize the kind of accident. This innovative method enhances the effectiveness of emergency support like fire departments, towing agencies, etc., by providing crucial information regarding the accident category for better planning and execution of rescuing and relief activities. Emergency support providers enhance their preparedness by assessing the injuries experienced by those injured and the damage to the automobiles.

Prospective changes in anemia are associated with the incidence and persistence of sarcopenia among older Mexican adults.

Low hemoglobin levels are a significant biomarker in the prognosis of sarcopenia. Anemia and sarcopenia are frequent and disabling conditions in the older adult population, but little is known about the role of anemia in the onset and progression of sarcopenia. This study aimed to determine whether prospective changes in anemia are associated with the incidence and persistence of sarcopenia. Data come from the second and third waves (2014, 2017) of the World Health Organization (WHO) Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) in Mexico. SAGE-Mexico is a dynamic cohort with national representativeness, including a follow-up sample and new enrollments. For this study, 1,500 older adults (aged 50 or above) with measurements in both waves were included. Sarcopenia was defined as having low muscle quantity and either/both slow gait speed and weak handgrip strength. Anemia was defined according to hemoglobin concentrations, adjusted for altitude, as recommended by the WHO, <120 g/L for women and <130 g/L for men. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the association between anemia and prospective changes in sarcopenia. The baseline prevalence of anemia was 17.4%, and that of sarcopenia was 12.1%. The incidence and persistence of anemia were 10.6% (95% CI: 7.3-15.0%) and 6.9% (95% CI: 4.7-9.8%), respectively, and for sarcopenia, they were 5.3% (95% CI: 3.7-7.7%) and 9.2% (95% CI: 6.4-13.0%), respectively. Incident anemia was associated with incident (RRR = 3.64, 95% CI: 1.18-11.19) but not with persistent (RRR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.18-3.20) sarcopenia. Persistent anemia was significantly associated with persistent (RRR = 3.59, 95% CI: 1.14-11.27) but not incident (RRR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.30-4.54) sarcopenia. Changes in anemia are significantly associated with incident and persistent sarcopenia. Primary actions to promote a healthy diet rich in antioxidants, high-quality proteins, and micronutrients, as well as moderate physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight, are crucial for the aging population to delay the deleterious effects of anemia and sarcopenia.

COGNITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPACTS OF CHILD LABOR IN INDIA: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF EDUCATION

Abstract This study aims to examine how entry into the labor market in childhood is associated with deficits in late-life cognitive and functional health. Using the Cumulative Advantage/Disadvantage Theory, it further explores how educational attainment, an indicator of socio-economic status, mediates the associations between child labor and cognitive and functional health among older adults in India. Lastly, it investigates if the results vary by gender. We use the nationally representative World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and Health (SAGE), and select respondents aged 50 years or older (n = 6,215 for Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE); n=6,408 for the Functional Limitation (FL)). Mediation models were performed for each dependent variable using the sgmediation2 program, bootstrapped 5,000 resamples, and percentile bootstrap confidence interval. The indirect and total effects of child labor on MMSE were significant, while the direct effect of child labor was not. For FL, the indirect effect was significant, but the direct and total effects were not. Gender difference was found in terms of the direct effect, child work was directly associated with a lower MMSE score in older women (p &amp;lt; .01), whereas it was not significant for older men. Findings suggest that early entry into the labor market (as a child) has a negative impact on older adults’ MMSE and FL through deprivation of educational opportunities. Providing opportunities for completing certain level of education can mitigate the negative impact of child labor on health in old age.

Exploring the Intersectionality of Place and Gender Among Older Adults in Ghana: An Examination of Women's Disability Disadvantage.

Ghana's older adult population is growing rapidly and is projected to double by 2050. It is well-documented that social, health, and housing factors influence segmented aging trajectories that lead to disparate rates of disability. However, little is known about how the intersection of place (i.e., urban and rural) and gender (i.e., woman and man) inform rates of disability among older Ghanaians. We seek to examine this gap in the literature through an intersectional approach. Using logistic regression with Wave 1 (2007/2008) data from the World Health Organization's Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Ghana, we investigate the prevalence of reporting activities of daily living (ADL) disability among respondents ages 50+ (n = 4,106). To document gender differences by place, we compute separate adjusted odds ratio models among urban and rural respondents. We also control for health, social, and housing factors that might explain gender differences. Compared to urban men, urban women's ADL disability disadvantage was explained by marital status, particularly widowhood. In contrast, rural women consistently reported an ADL disability disadvantage when compared to rural men. Additionally, we found that the morbidity profiles of those who reported ADL disability differed by place and that certain ADL difficulties (i.e., bed transferring and toileting) were especially common among women respondents. Women, regardless of urban or rural residence, were especially vulnerable to ADL disability. Marital status, particularly widows, explained the difference in disability risk between urban men and urban women. This finding suggests that urban women's risk of ADL disability is attenuated during the partnership. Also, we speculate that varied morbidity associations with ADL disability are due to different stressors in urban versus rural environments. These findings also generate further interest in about rural women's disability disadvantage.

Heart Disease Prediction Classification using Machine Learning

Heart disease is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, and early detection and accurate prediction of heart disease can significantly improve patient outcomes. Machine learning techniques have shown great promise in assisting healthcare professionals in diagnosing and predicting heart disease. The diagnosis and prognosis of heart disease must be improved, refined, and accurate, because a small mistake can cause weakness or death. According to a recent World Health Organization study, 17.5 million people die each year. By 2030, this number will increase to 75 million.[2] This document explains how to enable online KSRM capabilities. The KSRM smart system allows users to report heart-related problems. This research paper aims to explore the use of machine learning algorithms for effective heart disease prediction classification with Ada boost for improve the accuracy of algorithm.

A longitudinal study of incident hypertension and its determinants in Indian adults aged 45 years and older: evidence from nationally representative WHO-SAGE study (2007-2015).

Hypertension (HT) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of HT among adults aged 45 years and older in India and its associated risk factors. This study used longitudinal data from the Indian sample of the first and second waves of the World Health Organization Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (WHO-SAGE). A bivariate analysis using Pearson's chi-square test was done to examine the associations of individual, lifestyle, and household characteristics with HT status reported in Wave 2. Incident HT changes were analyzed by adjusting for various covariates in the generalized estimating equation (logit link function) with an exchangeable correlation matrix and robust standard errors. The study found that during the 8-year period from 2007 to 2015, the incidence of HT in individuals aged 45 years and over was 20.8%. Pre-hypertensive individuals had an overall incidence rate of 31.1 per 1,000 [95% confidence interval (CI): 26.20-35.9] and a 2.24 times higher odds ratio: 2.24 (95% CI: 1.65-3.03) of developing incident HT compared to those who were normotensive. Adults aged 45 years and older, overweight/obese individuals, and women were more at risk of incident HT. One in five individuals had developed HT over 8 years, with a greater risk of incident HT among women than men. Pre-hypertensive individuals were at a greater risk of developing incident HT compared to normotensive individuals. The study recommends comprehensive and effective management of pre-HT to tackle the burden of HT.

Automatic Vehicle Accident Detection and Messaging System Using GSM and GPS Module

Abstract: Our daily tasks are now simpler due to technological advances and infrastructure technological advances and infrastructures that are developing quickly. Road collisions, which incur significant destruction of life and assets, are on the rise daily as the number of vehicles grows. The World Health Organization's (WHO) study estimates that fifty million individuals are harmed and a total of 1.35 million individuals die each year in the world. The absence of medical help at the scene of an incident or the long response time during the rescue effort is the main causes of mortality. The majority of fatal accidents result from the lack of an appropriate medical facility at the scene. Most businesses now use various preinstalled smart sensing systems to monitor their cars' mechanical health and of already installed intelligent sensing systems to monitor their cars' mechanical health and to provide more individualized services to their valued clients. These systems also give clients access to vital smart recommendations enabling them to safely operate their cars them to operate their cars safely. We increase the security of the person by assessing their position while they are moving and keeping track of the cars by sending SMS by utilizing all of this preloaded smart monitoring equipment. With the help of the GSM module, our system would transmit the accident's precise location to the registered mobile numbers as well as the ambulance, the passengers' families, and the closest police station. The system that we propose in the automobile would first detect the accident using vibration detectors, and then detect the axial and latitudinal location of the site of the collision using GPS. Finally, it would determine the precise position of the car. In this study, an acceleration sensor can be employed as a vehicle rollover or crash detector both during and after a collision. A serious accident can be identified by keeping an eye on data collected by the accelerometer and vibration sensor. The major goal of this initiative is to reduce the amount of time it takes to get to the accident scene and deliver emergency medical care that can save lives. When an accident occurs in a remote place and no one is available to report it, this technique may prove to have been a lifeline. By responding quickly, emergency services can prevent an accident from happening and save a life. In this study, we looked at a number of articles about accidents detection devices and the effects of their use.

Health, wealth, and medical expenditures among the elderly in rural Tanzania: experiences from Nzega and Igunga districts

BackgroundThe per capita health expenditure (HE) and share of gross domestic product (GDP) spending on elderly healthcare are expected to increase. The gap between health needs and available resources for elderly healthcare is widening in many developing countries, like Tanzania, leaving the elderly in poor health. These conditions lead to catastrophic HEs for the elderly. This study aimed to analyse the association between measures of health, wealth, and medical expenditure in rural residents aged 60 years and above in Tanzania.MethodsThe data of this study were collected through a cross-sectional household survey to residents aged 60 years and above living in Nzega and Igunga districts using a standardised World Health Organization (WHO) Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) and European Quality of Life Five Dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaires. The quality of life (QoL) was estimated using EQ-5D weights. The wealth index was generated from principal component analysis (PCA). The linear regression analyses (outpatient/inpatient) were performed to analyse the association between measures of health, wealth, medical expenditure, and socio-demographic variables.ResultsThis study found a negative and statistically significant association between QoL and HE, whereby HE increases with the decrease of QoL. We could not find any significant relationship between HE and social gradients. In addition, age influences HE such that as age increases, the HE for both outpatient and inpatient care also increases.ConclusionThe health system in these districts allocate resources mainly according to needs, and social position is not important. We thus conclude that the elderly of lower socio-economic status (SES) was subjected to similar health expenditure as those of higher socio-economic status. Health, not wealth, determines the use of medical expenditures.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Mothers in Reproductive Age Group About Childhood Immunization in Basra, Iraq

Background: Childhood immunization preserves children from a variety of dangerous or potentially fatal diseases. World health organization (WHO) study has shown that 2.5 million deaths occurred yearly due to vaccine-preventable diseases, mainly in Asia and Africa among children under 5 years old. Vaccines nowadays protect against many diseases such as whooping cough, measles, and polio, which were the main causes of death for many children before them despite the same germs. In order to protect children from dangerous diseases as well as keep the community from outside diseases by decreasing the spread of diseases, immunization is a simple and effective way to do so. Aims: To assess the mother's knowledge, attitude, and practice concerning childhood vaccination. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study done in three PHCCs (primary health care centers) from the first sector in the center of Basrah city, for the period from 24th of April to 1st of September 2019 on 414 mothers who visit the PHCCs for vaccination of their children and having at least one child aged less than five years. The data were collected by the researcher by using face to face interview method. Result: The results showed that (52.2%) of participants aged between 20 to less than 30, most of them were housewives and more than half of participants have 2-4 children. The majority of the mothers had good knowledge about childhood immunization apart from knowing of immunization schedule, more than half of the participants (60.4%) received their knowledge about vaccines from doctors and nursing staff in PHCCs and (77.3%) believed that the BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin), hepatitis B or polio vaccines were the vaccines which should be given during the first week after delivery, nearly all of them (99.2%) agreed that the vaccines prevent diseases. Regarding the attitude and practice of the mothers (99.8%) recommend vaccines to every child, all of the mothers thought that compliance with the immunization schedule is important, and (94.2%) encourage mothers to vaccinate their children from campaigns. Nearly all participants fully immunized their children. Conclusion: Mothers had poor knowledge about immunization schedules. Nearly all of the mothers (99.8%) recommend the vaccine to every child. All of the participants thought that adherence to and completion of the immunization schedule are important. The majority of participants encourage vaccination campaigns. Nearly all of the mothers vaccinate their children completely. Recommendations: Explain to the mothers the importance of vaccines for children under five years and their role in the protection of children from serious diseases. Learn the mothers about the vaccines which is used in the immunization schedule.

Longitudinal data resource from the Wellbeing of Older People cohort of people aged >50 years in Uganda and South Africa from 2009 to 2019.

The population of people aged ≥60 years continues to increase globally, and has been projected by the United Nations Population Division to increase to 21% of the total population by 2050. In addition, the number of older people living with HIV has continued to increase owing to the introduction of antiretroviral therapy as a treatment for HIV-infected people. Most of the older people living with HIV are in sub-Saharan Africa, an area that faces the biggest burden of HIV globally. Despite the high burden, there are limited reliable data on how HIV directly and indirectly affects the health and wellbeing of older people within this region. To showcase the availability of data on how HIV directly and indirectly affects the health and wellbeing of older people in Uganda and South Africa (SA). The World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), in collaboration with Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit and the Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI) in SA, started the SAGE Wellbeing of Older People Study (WOPS) in Uganda and SA in 2009. Since initiation, respondents have been surveyed every 2 years, with four waves of surveys conducted in Uganda and three waves in South Africa. The available datasets consist of two cohorts of people, aged >50 years, who were surveyed every 2 years between 2009 and 2018. The prevalence of HIV positivity over this period increased from 39% to 54% in Uganda and 48% to 62% in SA. The datasets provide comparisons of variables at a household level and at an individual level. At the individual level, the following measures can be compared longitudinally for a 10-year period for the following variables: sociodemographic characteristics; work history and benefits; health states and descriptions; anthropometrics performance tests and biomarkers; risk factors and preventive health behaviours; chronic conditions and health services coverage; healthcare utilisation; social cohesion; subjective wellbeing and quality of life; and impact of caregiving. This article describes the WOPS in Uganda and SA, the population coverage of this study, and the survey frequency of WOPS, survey measures, data resources available, the data resource access and the strengths and weaknesses of the study. The article invites interested researchers to further analyse the data and answer research questions of interest to enhance the impact of these data.