World Health Organization Risk Research Articles

Reductions in World Health Organization Risk Drinking Level Are Associated With Reductions in Alcohol Use Disorder Diagnosis and Criteria: Evidence From an Alcohol Pharmacotherapy Trial.

This study aimed to evaluate the validity of World Health Organization (WHO) risk drinking level reductions as meaningful endpoints for clinical practice and research. This study examined whether such reductions were associated with a lower likelihood of a current alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnosis and fewer AUD criteria. We conducted a secondary data analysis to address these objectives using data from a multisite randomized controlled trial of gabapentin enacarbil extended release in treating moderate to severe AUD among adults (N = 346). Participants received gabapentin enacarbil extended release or placebo for 6 months. The timeline follow-back was used to assess WHO risk drinking level reductions, and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to assess Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) AUD diagnosis and criteria at baseline (past year) and end of treatment (past month). Most participants (80.1%) achieved at least a 1-level reduction in the WHO risk drinking levels from baseline to end of treatment, and nearly half of participants (49.8%) achieved at least a 2-level reduction. At least a 1-level reduction or at least a 2-level reduction in WHO risk drinking level predicted lower odds of an active AUD diagnosis (1-level: odds ratio, 0.74 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.66-0.84]; 2-level: odds ratio, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.64-0.79]) and fewer AUD criteria (1-level: B, -1.66 [95% CI, -2.35 to -0.98]; 2-level: B, -1.76 [95% CI, -2.31 to -1.21]) at end of treatment. World Health Organization risk drinking level reductions correlate with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) AUD diagnosis and criteria, providing further evidence for their use as endpoints in alcohol intervention trials, which has potential implications for broadening the base of AUD treatment.

World Health Organization Risk Drinking Levels Among Mandated College Students: Associations with Alcohol Use, Mental Health, and Academic Performance.

World Health Organization (WHO) risk drinking levels (i.e., low, moderate, high, or very high risk) have been used as a drinking reduction endpoint in clinical trials. Yet, prior work has not attempted to quantify reductions in WHO risk levels among mandated students, who may also benefit from reduced drinking. We sought to validate WHO risk drinking levels in differentiating students' alcohol-related outcomes, depressive symptoms, and academic performance. Defining risk via typical drinks per drinking day versus drinks per day was compared, and gender differences were examined. Baseline data were drawn from three intervention trials for students mandated to intervention and who were not abstinent (N=1436). Sex-specific WHO risk levels were generated and dummy coded, with low risk as the reference. Regression models examined associations of risk levels with positive AUDIT scores, peak drinking, consequences, depressive symptoms, and grade point average. Defining WHO risk via drinks per drinking day evenly dispersed students across categories, whereas drinks per day categorized most as low risk. More women than men were classified as very high risk across definitions. Students classified as low risk differed from those classified as moderate, high, and very high risk in screening positive on the AUDIT, peak drinking, and consequences. WHO risk levels did not differentiate depressive symptoms. Differences in grade point average were inconsistent across risk definitions. WHO risk drinking levels differentiated alcohol use and consequences and, therefore, hold promise for clinical use and for quantifying drinking reductions among mandated college students.

Reductions in WHO risk drinking levels correlate with alcohol craving among individuals with alcohol use disorder.

Abstinence has historically been considered the preferred goal of alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment. However, most individuals with AUD do not want to abstain and many are able to reduce their drinking successfully. Craving is often a target of pharmacological and behavioral interventions for AUD, and reductions in craving may signal recovery. Whether reductions in drinking during AUD treatment are associated with reductions in craving has not been well examined. We conducted secondary analyses of data from three AUD clinical trials (N's= 1327, 346, and 200). Drinking reductions from baseline to the end of treatment were measured as changes in World Health Organization (WHO) risk drinking levels; alcohol craving was measured using validated self-report measures. Regression analyses tested whether drinking reductions were associated with end-of-treatment craving reductions; moderation analyses tested whether associations between drinking reduction and end-of-treatment craving differed across AUD severity. Reductions of at least 1 or at least 2 WHO risk drinking levels were associated with lower craving (all p's < 0.05). Results were substantively similar after removing abstainers at the end-of-treatment. Associations between drinking reductions and craving were generally not moderated by AUD severity. Individuals with WHO risk drinking level reductions reported significantly lower craving, as compared to those who did not achieve meaningful reductions in drinking. The results demonstrate the utility of WHO risk drinking levels as AUD clinical trial endpoints and provide evidence that drinking reductions mitigate craving.

Comparison of the performance of cardiovascular risk prediction tools in rural India: the Rishi Valley Prospective Cohort Study.

We compared the performance of cardiovascular risk prediction tools in rural India. We applied the World Health Organization Risk Score (WHO-RS) tools, Australian Risk Score (ARS), and Global risk (Globorisk) prediction tools to participants aged 40-74 years, without prior cardiovascular disease, in the Rishi Valley Prospective Cohort Study, Andhra Pradesh, India. Cardiovascular events during the 5-year follow-up period were identified by verbal autopsy (fatal events) or self-report (non-fatal events). The predictive performance of each tool was assessed by discrimination and calibration. Sensitivity and specificity of each tool for identifying high-risk individuals were assessed using a risk score cut-off of 10% alone or this 10% cut-off plus clinical risk criteria of diabetes in those aged >60 years, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol. Among 2333 participants (10 731 person-years of follow-up), 102 participants developed a cardiovascular event. The 5-year observed risk was 4.4% (95% confidence interval: 3.6-5.3). The WHO-RS tools underestimated cardiovascular risk but the ARS overestimated risk, particularly in men. Both the laboratory-based (C-statistic: 0.68 and χ2: 26.5, P = 0.003) and non-laboratory-based (C-statistic: 0.69 and χ2: 20.29, P = 0.003) Globorisk tools showed relatively good discrimination and agreement. Addition of clinical criteria to a 10% risk score cut-off improved the diagnostic accuracy of all tools. Cardiovascular risk prediction tools performed disparately in a setting of disadvantage in rural India, with the Globorisk performing best. Addition of clinical criteria to a 10% risk score cut-off aids assessment of risk of a cardiovascular event in rural India. In a cohort of people without prior cardiovascular disease, tools used to predict the risk of cardiovascular events varied widely in their ability to accurately predict who would develop a cardiovascular event.The Globorisk, and to a lesser extent the ARS, tools could be appropriate for this setting in rural India.Adding clinical criteria, such as sustained high blood pressure, to a cut-off of 10% risk of a cardiovascular event within 5 years could improve identification of individuals who should be monitored closely and provided with appropriate preventive medications.

Increased cesarean section rate and premature birth according to modified WHO maternal cardiovascular risk in pregnant women with congenital heart disease

Background During pregnancy and delivery, hemodynamics are altered and complex congenital heart disease has been associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. We sought to investigate pregnancy outcome and complications in relation to complexity of heart condition. Materials and methods We studied women with ACHD discussed at multidisciplinary conferences at Lund University Hospital March 2009-May 2021. We studied 149 pregnancies in 101 women. We scored each woman retrospectively according to the modified World Health Organization (mWHO) risk classification and included patients in risk class I (n = 36, 24.1%), II (n = 43, 28.9%), II-III (n = 43, 28.9%), III (n = 24, 16.1%) and IV (n = 3, 2.0%). Results Women with mWHO class ≥III underwent cesarean section more often than women in less complex mWHO classes, (OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 2.0–12.5; p&lt;0.001). The odds of premature delivery were significantly higher among pregnant women with mWHO class ≥III (OR, 6.7; 95% CI, 2.6–17.4; p&lt;0.001). We found no difference in incidence of preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, hemorrhage &gt;1000 ml or cardiac defect in the neonate depending on WHO-class. Women in mWHO classes III-IV had a higher rate of fetal growth restriction (FGR) compared to women in mWHO classes I, II, II-III (p&lt;0.007). Conclusions Our findings indicate that women with more complex heart disease (mWHO classes III or IV) tend to have a higher rate of cesarean section, premature birth and FGR.

Low‐risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia – 20 years experience of a state registry

BackgroundGestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is an uncommon but highly treatable condition. There is limited local evidence to guide therapy.AimsTo report the experience of a statewide registry in the treatment of low‐risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) over a 20‐year period.Materials and MethodsA retrospective review of the prospectively maintained GTD registry database was conducted. There were 144 patients identified with low‐risk GTN, of which 115 were analysed. Patient demographics, treatment details and outcomes, including development of resistance, toxicity or relapse were reviewed.ResultsThe incidence of GTD was 2.6/1000 live births. There was 100% survival. The mean time from diagnosis to commencing treatment was 1.9 days (range 0–29 days). Seventy‐seven percent of patients treated with methotrexate achieved complete response. Thirteen patients (11.3%) required multi‐agent chemotherapy, for the treatment of resistant or relapsed disease. There was a higher rate of treatment resistance in those with World Health Organization (WHO) risk scores 5–6 (odds ratio (OR) 6.56, 95% CI 1.73–24.27, P = 0.005) and those with pre‐treatment human chorionic gonadotropin &gt;10 000 (OR 4.00 95% CI 1.73–24.27 P = 0.007). Four patients (3.5%) were diagnosed with choriocarcinoma after commencing treatment. Nine patients (7.8%) had successful surgical treatment for GTN, both alone and in combination with chemotherapy. The relapse rate was 4.3%; all were treated successfully with a combination of chemotherapy and surgery, and 93.9% of patients completed follow up through the registry.ConclusionsMethotrexate is a highly effective treatment for low‐risk GTN, especially with WHO risk score ≤4. The optimal treatment for those with risk scores of 5–6 requires further investigation.

Increased cesarean section rate and premature birth according to modified WHO maternal cardiovascular risk in pregnant women with congenital heart disease

Abstract Background During pregnancy and delivery, hemodynamics are altered, and women with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) might have a higher risk of obstetric and neonatal complications. We sought to investigate pregnancy outcome and complications in relation to complexity of heart condition. Materials and methods We studied women with ACHD discussed at multidisciplinary conferences March 2009-May 2021. We studied 149 pregnancies in 101 women. We scored each woman retrospectively according to the modified World Health Organization (mWHO) risk classification and included patients in risk class I (n=36, 24.1%), II (n=43, 28.9%), II-III (n=43, 28.9%), III (n=24, 16.1% and IV (n=3, 2.0%). Relative risks were assessed with logistic regression adjusting for parity and age. Results Women with mWHO class ≥III underwent cesarean section more often than women in less complex mWHO classes, p&amp;lt;0.001. Women in mWHO classes I, II and II-III were 83.8% (CI 54.4%-94.2% p&amp;lt;0.001) less likely to give birth prematurely compared to women in mWHO classes III and IV. We found no difference in incidence of preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes or hemorrhage &amp;gt;1000 ml depending on WHO-class (table 1). Women in mWHO classes III-IV had a higher rate of fetal growth restriction compared to women in mWHO classes I, II, II-III (p&amp;lt;0.007). Conclusions Women with complex congenital heart disease (mWHO ≥III) tend to have a higher rate of cesarean section, premature birth and fetal growth restriction.Table 1

Community-based type 2 diabetes care by lay village health workers in rural Lesotho: protocol for a cluster-randomized trial within the ComBaCaL cohort study (ComBaCaL T2D TwiC)

BackgroundType 2 diabetes (T2D) poses a growing public health burden, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Task-shifting to lay village health workers (VHWs) and the use of digital clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are promising approaches to tackle the current T2D care gap in LMICs. However, evidence on the effectiveness of lay worker-led T2D care models, in which VHWs initiate and monitor drug treatment in addition to community-based screening and referral services, is lacking.MethodsWe are conducting a cluster-randomized trial nested within the Community-Based Chronic Disease Care Lesotho (ComBaCaL) cohort study (NCT05596773) using the trial within cohort (TwiC) design to assess the effectiveness of a VHW-led, CDSS-assisted T2D care model in rural Lesotho. Participants are non-pregnant members of the ComBaCaL cohort study with T2D. The ComBaCaL cohort study is conducted in approximately 100 villages in two rural districts in Lesotho and is managed by trained and supervised VHWs. In intervention villages, VHWs offer a community-based T2D care package including lifestyle counselling, first-line oral antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, and antiplatelet treatment guided by a tablet-based CDSS to participants who are clinically eligible, as well as treatment support to participants who prefer or clinically require facility-based T2D care. In control clusters, all participants will be referred to a health facility for T2D management. The primary endpoint is the mean glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 12 months after enrolment. Secondary endpoints include the 10-year risk for cardiovascular events estimated using the World Health Organization risk prediction tool.DiscussionThe trial was launched on May 13, 2023, and has enrolled 226 participants at the date of submission (October 6, 2023). To our knowledge, the trial is the first to assess task-shifting of T2D care to VHWs at the community level, including the prescription of first-line antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, and antiplatelet medication in sub-Saharan Africa, and will thus provide the missing evidence on the effectiveness of such a T2D care model in this setting. The study is operating within the established Lesotho VHW programme. Similar community health worker programmes which exist across sub-Saharan Africa may benefit from the findings.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT05743387. Registered on February 24 2023.

High-resolution examination of changes in drinking during the COVID-19 pandemic: Nine-wave findings from a longitudinal observational cohort study of community adults

Few multi-wave longitudinal studies have examined changes in drinking across extended periods of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Using multiple indicators over three years, the current study examined: a) overall drinking changes; b) sex, income, age, and pre-COVID drinking level as moderators of changes; and c) the clinical significance of the observed changes. Using a longitudinal observational cohort design with nonclinical adults from the general community (N = 1395), assessments were collected over nine waves, two pre-COVID (April 2019 and October 2019) and seven intra-COVID (April 2020–April 2022). Drinking was measured as percent drinking days, percent heavy drinking days, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score. Clinically significant changes were defined based on the World Health Organization risk levels. All indicators exhibited significant changes from pre-pandemic to intra-pandemic periods, with drinking changes comprising early pandemic increases followed by subsequent decreases and AUDIT scores consistently declining. Pre-pandemic drinking level substantially moderated all changes. Heavier drinkers exhibited larger decreases compared to other drinking groups. In terms of clinically important changes, ∼10% of pre-pandemic abstinent or low-risk drinkers transitioned to medium- or high-risk status during the pandemic. In contrast, 37.1% of medium-risk drinkers and 44.6% of high-risk drinkers exhibited clinically significant decreases during the intra-pandemic period. Collectively, these findings highlight the multifarious impacts of the pandemic on drinking over time, comprising both increases and decreases in drinking behaviour.

Comorbid alcohol use disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: A proof-of-concept randomized placebo-controlled trial of buprenorphine and naltrexone combination treatment.

Effective pharmacologic treatments for comorbid alcohol use disorder (AUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are lacking. Kappa (κ) opioid receptor antagonists may address this unmet need. Buprenorphine is a κ-opioid antagonist and a partial agonist of mu (μ) opioid receptors. Whereas naltrexone blocks all μ-mediated effects combining it with buprenorphine yields a pharmacologic net effect of opioid receptor antagonism. Because no κ-opioid receptor antagonist it available for clinical use, we tested this combination in a proof-of-concept study. Consenting participants were enrolled in a Phase II, multisite, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of sublingual (SL) buprenorphine combined with extended-release (XR) injectable naltrexone for the treatment of comorbid AUD and PTSD. Eligible participants (n = 75) were randomized (1:1:1) to receive either buprenorphine 2 mg/day plus naltrexone-XR (n = 35), buprenorphine 8 mg/day plus naltrexone-XR (n = 6) or SL plus injectable placebo (n = 34) for 12 weeks. The buprenorphine 8 mg/day plus naltrexone-XR arm was dropped early in the trial due to the negative impact of COVID-19 on enrollment. A binary primary outcome of response at week 8 was defined as a decrease from baseline of ≥10 points on the past week Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5) and a reduction of ≥1 of past month alcohol risk level, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and measured by the Timeline Follow-Back. Based on the results of a futility analysis, enrollment was stopped prior to reaching the initial goal of 90 participants. At the week eight primary timepoint, there were no statistically significant differences between buprenorphine plus naltrexone-XR and placebo group for the primary composite outcome (OR = 0.63; p-value = 0.52), or the subcomponents of the PTSD outcome (OR = 0.76; p-value = 0.69) and AUD outcome (OR = 0.17; p-value = 0.08). The placebo arm had a significantly higher proportion of participants with ≥1 WHO risk level reduction than the buprenorphine plus naltrexone-XR arm (OR = 0.18, p value = 0.02). This is the first study to evaluate the potential of κ-opioid receptor antagonism for the treatment of comorbid AUD and PTSD. The combination of buprenorphine and naltrexone-XR showed no significant improvement over placebo for the composite, PTSD, or alcohol measures.

Risk of incident cardiovascular diseases at national and subnational levels in Iran from 2000 to 2016 and projection through 2030: Insights from Iran STEPS surveys.

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in developing countries. CVD risk stratification guides the health policy to make evidence-based decisions. To provide current picture and future trend of CVD risk in the adult Iranian population. Nationally representative datasets of 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, and 2016 STEPwise approach to non-communicable diseases risk factor surveillance (STEPS) studies were used to generate the 10-year and 30-year risks of CVD based on Framingham, Globorisk, and World Health Organization (WHO) risk estimation models. Trend of CVD risk was calculated from 2000 until 2016 and projected to 2030. In 2016, based on Framingham model, 14.0% of the Iranian, aged 30 to 74, were at great risk (≥20%) of CVD in the next 10 years (8.0% among females, 20.7% among males). Among those aged 25 to 59, 12.7% had ≥45% risk of CVD in the coming 30 years (9.2% among females, 16.6 among males). In 2016, CVD risk was higher among urban area inhabitants. Age-standardized Framingham 10-year CVD risk will increase 32.2% and 19%, from 2000 to 2030, in females and males, respectively. Eastern provinces had the lowest and northern provinces had the greatest risk. This study projected that CVD risk has increased from 2000 to 2016 in Iran. Without further risk factor modification, this trend will continue until 2030. We have identified populations at higher risks of CVD to guide future intervention.

Resting state functional connectivity as a predictor of brief intervention response in adults with alcohol use disorder: Apreliminary study.

Brief interventions for alcohol use disorder (AUD) are generally efficacious, albeit with variability in response. Resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) may characterize neurobiological indicators that predict the response to brief interventions and is the focus of the current investigation. Forty-six individuals with AUD (65.2% female) completed a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan immediately followed by a brief intervention aimed at reducing alcohol consumption. Positive clinical response was defined as a reduction in alcohol consumption by at least one World Health Organization (WHO) risk drinking level at 3-month follow-up. rsFC was analyzed using seed-to-voxel analysis with seed regions from four networks: salience network, reward network, frontoparietal network, and default mode network. At baseline, responders had greater rsFC between the following seed regions in relation to voxel-based clusters than non-responders: (i) anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in relation to left postcentral gyrus and right supramarginal gyrus (salience network); (ii) right posterior parietal cortex in relation to right ventral ACC (salience network); (iii) right interior frontal gyrus (IFG) pars opercularis in relation to right cerebellum and right occipital fusiform gyrus (frontoparietal); and (iv) right primary motor cortex in relation to left thalamus (default mode). Lower rsFC in responders vs. nonresponders was seen between the (i) right rostral prefrontal cortex in relation to left IFG pars triangularis (frontoparietal); (ii) right IFG pars triangularis in relation to right cerebellum (frontoparietal); (iii) right IFG pars triangularis in relation to right frontal eye fields and right angular gyrus (frontoparietal); and (iv) right nucleus accumbens in relation to right orbital frontal cortex and right insula (reward). Resting state functional connectivity in the frontoparietal, salience, and reward networks predicts the response to a brief intervention in individuals with AUD and could reflect greater receptivity or motivation for behavior change.

Laboratory-based versus non-laboratory-based World Health Organization risk equations for assessment of cardiovascular disease risk

BackgroundThe WHO model has laboratory-based and non-laboratory-based versions for 10-year risk prediction of cardiovascular diseases. Due to the fact that in some settings, there may not be the necessary facilities for risk assessment with a laboratory-based model, the present study aimed to determine the agreement between laboratory-based and non-laboratory-based WHO cardiovascular risk equations.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we used the baseline data of 6796 individuals without a history of cardiovascular disease and stroke who participated in the Fasa cohort study. The risk factors of the laboratory-based model included age, sex, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diabetes, smoking and total cholesterol, while the non-laboratory-based model included age, sex, SBP, smoking and BMI. Kappa coefficients was used to determine the agreement between the grouped risk and Bland–Altman plots were used to determine the agreement between the scores of the two models. Sensitivity and specificity of non-laboratory-based model were measured at the high-risk threshold.ResultsIn the whole population, the agreement between the grouped risk of the two models was substantial (percent agreement = 79.0%, kappa = 0.68). The agreement was better in males than in females. A substantial agreement was observed in all males (percent agreement = 79.8%, kappa = 0.70) and males < 60 years old (percent agreement = 79.9%, kappa = 0.67). The agreement in males ≥ 60 years old was moderate (percent agreement = 79.7%, kappa = 0.59). The agreement among females was also substantial (percent agreement = 78.3%, kappa = 0.66). The agreement for females < 60 years old, (percent agreement = 78.8%, kappa = 0.61) was substantial and for females ≥ 60 years old, (percent agreement = 75.8%, kappa = 0.46) was moderate. According to Bland–Altman plots, the limit of agreement was (95%CI: -4.2% to 4.3%) for males and (95%CI: -4.1% to 4.6%) for females. The range of agreement was suitable for both males < 60 years (95%CI: -3.8% to 4.0%) and females < 60 years (95%CI: -3.6% to 3.9%). However, it was not suitable for males ≥ 60 years (95% CI: -5.8% to 5.5%) and females ≥ 60 years (95%CI: -5.7% to 7.4%). At the high-risk threshold of 20% in non-laboratory and laboratory-based models, the sensitivity of the non-laboratory-based model was 25.7%, 70.7%, 35.7%, and 35.4% for males < 60 years, males ≥ 60 years, females < 60 years, and females ≥ 60 years, respectively. At the high-risk threshold of 10% in non-laboratory-based and 20% in laboratory-based models, the non-laboratory model has high sensitivity of 100% for males ≥ 60 years, females < 60 years, females ≥ 60 years, and 91.4% for males < 60 years.ConclusionA good agreement was observed between laboratory-based and non-laboratory-based versions of the WHO risk model. Also, at the risk threshold of 10% to detect high-risk individuals, the non-laboratory-based model has acceptable sensitivity for practical risk assessment and the screening programs in settings where resources are limited and people do not have access to laboratory tests.

An Assessment of the Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Chinese Population Using Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Models.

Many studies have reported that bariatric surgery may reduce postoperative cardiovascular risk in patient with obesity, but few have addressed this risk in the Chinese population. To assess the impact of bariatric surgery on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in the Chinese population using the World Health Organization (WHO) risk model, the Global risk model, and the Framingham Risk Score. We retrospectively analyzed data collected on patient with obesity who underwent bariatric surgery at our institution between March 2009 and January 2021. Their demographic characteristics, anthropometric variables, and glucolipid metabolic parameters were assessed preoperatively and at their 1-year postoperative follow-up. Subgroup analysis compared body mass index (BMI) < 35 kg/m2 and BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2, as well as gender. We used the 3 models to calculate their CVD risk. We evaluated 61 patients, of whom 26 (42.62%) had undergone sleeve gastrectomy (SG) surgery and 35 (57.38%) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Of the patients with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2, 66.67% underwent SG, while 72.97% with BMI < 35 kg/m2 underwent RYGB. HDL levels were significantly higher at 12 months postoperatively relative to baseline. When the models were applied to calculate CVD risk in Chinese patients with obesity, the 1-year CVD risk after surgery were reduced lot compared with the preoperative period. Patient with obesity had significantly lower CVD risks after bariatric surgery. This study also demonstrates that the models are reliable clinical tools for assessing the impact of bariatric surgery on CVD risk in the Chinese population.

Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia—A Retrospective Analysis of Patients Treated at a Tertiary Care Oncology Center in North India

Objectives The aim of this study was to do a retrospective analysis of patients of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) treated at our center concerning their clinical features and treatment outcomes. Materials and Methods Patients diagnosed and treated from May 2018 to December 2021 were included. All relevant information pertaining to eligible patients was retrieved from the electronic medical records. Patients were risk-stratified based on the World Health Organization (WHO) risk scoring system with a score of seven and above being classified into the high-risk category. Patients were monitored for response by measuring β-human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-HCG) levels before each consecutive cycle. Statistical Analysis Appropriate statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. Results Records of 39 eligible patients were analyzed for clinical features out of which 38 were eligible for response assessment. The median age of presentation was 28 years with the majority of patients (79.4%) diagnosed based on β-HCG levels and clinical history alone. The most common symptom was bleeding per vagina (64%), while the majority of antecedent pregnancies were abortions (59%).Of the 14 low-risk category patients, 12 received single-agent methotrexate/actinomycin D, while 2 received etoposide, methotrexate actinomycin D (EMACO) regimen. Overall response rates were 85.7% with the others responding to the second-line EMACO regimen. Five patients in this group had a WHO score of 5 or 6 and all of them responded to single-agent treatment. Among the 25 high-risk category patients, all received the EMACO regimen with high-dose methotrexate added to those with brain metastasis. The response rate was 87.5% with all the nonresponders having features of ultra-high risk of liver/brain metastasis and/or a WHO score of more than 12. While one nonresponder had expired despite treatment, the other two responded to the etoposide methotrexate and actinomycin D/ etoposide and cisplatin regimen. Conclusion Our results are in consonance with other reported studies. The subcategories of low-risk GTN with a WHO score of 5 and 6 and high-risk GTN with ultra-high-risk features deserve further research in the form of multicenter prospective studies.

Retinal perfusion density can predict cardiovascular disease risk in patients with retinal vein occlusion.

To correlate microvascular changes and assess the relationship between microvascular changes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Patients over 40 years of age with unilateral RVO were included in this prospective study. Those known to have cardiovascular disease were excluded. A detailed medical history was taken and physical exam was done to measure the height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and systolic blood pressure (SBP). A comprehensive eye check-up was followed by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Microvascular indices such as vessel density (VD) and perfusion density (PD) were noted. A statistical model was developed for prediction of CVD risk and was integrated with the World Health Organization (WHO)'s risk prediction charts. This study included 42 patients with RVO and 22 controls with an age range of 42-82 years. There were 40 males (62.5%) and 24 females (37.5%). Along with age, SBP, and gender, perfusion density was found to have significant impact on CVD risk (P = 0.030). Reduction in PD was associated with increase in CVD risk. PD had a greater influence on CVD in <50 years age than in >70 years group. Using linear regression, a model with accuracy of 72.1% was developed for CVD risk prediction and was converted into color coded charts similar to WHO risk prediction charts. These findings suggest a significant correlation between microvascular parameters and CVD risk in RVO patients. Based on these parameters, an easy-to-use and color-coded risk prediction chart was developed.

Cardiac disease and risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Cardiovascular disease affects 1-4% of US pregnancies and is the leading cause of pregnancy related deaths. There are limited data on rates of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) in this population. ACOG and USPSTF guidelines for aspirin (ASA) use for reduction of preeclampsia (PEC) do not include cardiac disease in the high or moderate risk categories. Our objective was to determine if cardiovascular disease is a risk factor for developing HDP. This was a retrospective cohort study of pregnancies complicated by maternal cardiac disease at a single academic center between 2018 and 2022. Patients with cardiac disease (congenital or acquired) who delivered after 20 weeks were included. For patients with multiple pregnancies during the timeframe, only the first pregnancy was included. Patient demographics and pregnancy outcomes were recorded. The primary outcome was development of HDP. Secondary outcomes were correlation of HDP with presence of one high or two moderate risk factors based on ACOG guidelines for ASA use and severity of cardiac disease based on modified World Health Organization (mWHO) risk class. 115 patients were included. Demographic and outcomes are shown in Table 1. 18 (15.7%) patients developed HDP and 71 patients (61.7%) were on ASA. Among the 18 patients with HDP, 55% developed PEC with severe features and 44% developed PEC post-partum. HDP was associated with multiple gestations (p< 0.01), age (p=0.04) and the combination of one high risk or two moderate risk factors for PEC (p=0.03). mWHO class was not associated with development of HDP (p=0.86). It has not been established if cardiac disease in pregnancy is an independent risk factor for developing PEC. Our study reveals high rates of HDP in this cohort (15.7% in our population compared to CDC rate of 4% of US pregnancies), even in the setting of ASA use and regardless of mWHO risk class. While more research is needed, based on our data it would be reasonable to offer patients with cardiac disease ASA for prevention of PEC.

Adherence to Infection Prevention and Control Measures Among Health-Care Workers Serving in COVID-19 Treatment Centers in Punjab, Pakistan.

Infection prevention and control (IPC) measures are easily adoptable activities to prevent the spread of infection to patients as well as among health-care workers (HCWs). This cross-sectional study evaluated the adherence to IPC measures among HCWs working at coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment centers in Punjab, Pakistan. HCWs were recruited by means of convenient sampling through Google Form® using the World Health Organization risk assessment tool. All data were analyzed using SPSS 20. A total of 414 HCWs completed the survey (response rate = 67.8%), and majority of them were males (56.3%). Most of the HCWs were nurses (39.6%) followed by medical doctors (27.3%). Approximately 53% reported insufficiency of personal protective equipment (PPE), 58.2% did not receive IPC training and 40.8% did not have functional IPC team at their health facilities. The majority of HCWs (90%) used disposable gloves and N95 facemasks while interacting with COVID-19 patients. Nearly 45% used protective face shields and gowns before providing care to their patients. Hand hygiene practices while touching, and performing any aseptic procedure was adopted by 70.5% and 74.1% of HCWs, respectively. In conclusion, the adherence to IPC measures among Pakistani HCWs working in COVID-19 treatment centers is good despite the limited availability of PPEs. Their practices can be optimized by establishing institutional IPC teams, periodic provision of IPC training, and necessary PPE.

Risk Assessment of Cardiovascular Disease Among Adults Attending Primary Healthcare Centers in Riyadh City 2015.

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors is expected to rise in Saudi Arabia as the prevalence of CVD risk factors rises. Effective primary CVD prevention necessitates risk assessment to categorize patients and select the most appropriate intervention for each category. To estimate the prevalence of CVD at primary healthcare (PHC) in Riyadh cityand to categorize the at-risk population as a slow, intermediate, or high risk of CVD. A cross-sectional study was carried out at seven PHC centers in Riyadh. Seven hundred participants (half of whom were males and the other half females) were selected at random from PHCs visitors, and data was collected using a structured questionnaire, as well as required measurements and laboratory investigations. The World Health Organization risk prediction charts were used to calculate CVD risk. Participants were assigned to one of three CVD risk categories (low, intermediate, high). Obesity was found to be the most common risk factor found in this study (53.2%). Overweight (31.2%), with females having higher BMI levels. The study found that 83.4% of participants had low CVD risk, 12.9% had intermediate risk, and 3.7% had high CVD risk category. Age, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol level, smoking, and prior diagnosis of diabetes were all statistically significant predictors of moderate and high CVD risk. CVD risk factors were discovered to be common among study participants. It requires healthcare decision-makers to engage in community-based interventions to decrease the risk of CVD.

Medication use pattern among breastfeeding mothers in Benin City, Nigeria: A multicenter sampling

Background: Due to the risk associated with the use of medications among breastfeeding mothers, the study evaluates the pattern of medication and safety in three health facilities in Benin City, Nigeria. Method: Structured questionnaires were distributed among consented breastfeeding mothers whose&nbsp;children were below twelve months old when visiting immunization clinics at the centers. Medication&nbsp;compatibility with breastfeeding was assessed using the World Health Organization and Lactation&nbsp;Risk Category classififications. Results: Out of 634 breastfeeding women that participated in the study, the married respondents were&nbsp;609(96.1%), 604(95.3%) attended prenatal class and 206(32.4%) were between 28 and 32 years.&nbsp;Higher baby weight of 3.3-5 kg was recorded among 425(67.0%) respondents. Breastfeeding&nbsp;information was common among 580(96.0%) respondents and 557(92.2%) agreed that breastfeeding&nbsp;was useful. Participants 290(45.7%) and 269(42.4%) had secondary and tertiary education&nbsp;respectively. Medications were used during breastfeeding by (95.3%) respondents. Total of 52&nbsp;difffferent types were identifified and most of them (71.3%) were on medication compatible with&nbsp;breastfeeding. Analgesics 519(27.9%), antibiotics 274(14.7%), hematinic 433(23.3%) and anti-malarial drugs 235(12.6%) were commonly utilized. Respondents not counseled when taking&nbsp;medication during breastfeeding were 452(71.3%). Respondents that used medications requiring side&nbsp;effect monitoring were 3.6%. Healthcare givers prescribed medications for 60.2% and 39.85% self-medicated. The respondents that breastfed while on drugs were 575(95.5%) while 2% stopped&nbsp;breastfeeding because of drugs. Higher respondents 151(82.9%) claimed that nurses were the common&nbsp;healthcare givers. Conclusion: The study revealed most medications used pattern and the compatibility pattern among&nbsp;breastfeeding mothers in the health facilities.