World Health Organization Reports Research Articles

Urban Taxi Slogans: The People's Arts

Urban Taxi Slogans: The People's Arts

Knowledge and attitude of radiation safety and the use of protective measures among healthcare workers in a tertiary center.

World Health Organization (WHO) reports that medical applications used in different fields account for the majority of the artificial source of radiation. Due to the high exposure to ionizing radiation, healthcare workers (HCWs) and patients are considered at high risk of suffering its harmful effects. A questionnaire survey was used to conduct a cross-sectional study that aimed to estimate the radiation safety, knowledge, attitude and the use of protective measures among HCWs in a tertiary hospital. A total of 174 participants were included in our study, the majority of them were physicians (100, 57.1%), nurses staff were 67 (38.3%), and the technicians were 8 (4.6%). Across the entire spectrum, the low level of attitude toward radiation safety was 96 (54.8%), majority of them were physicians 69 (71.9%). On the other hand, the high level of attitude toward radiation safety was 79 (45.2%), majority were nurses staff 42 (53.2%). Regarding the knowledge of radiation safety, out of all low-level attitudes, 53 (55.2%) had knowledge about the optimal thickness of the lead shield, 80 (83.3%) had knowledge about leukemia and lymphoma, 56 (58.3%) had knowledge regarding cataract, and 70 (72.9%) had knowledge regarding birth defect. Our study found that the majority of our physicians had a low attitude regarding radiation safety, although the majority of them were found to have knowledge about it. A recommendation for solid curricular application of radiation safety should be implemented in medical schools, postgraduate with continuous training, and practical courses which may help to improve the level of attitude and knowledge among HCWs regarding radiation safety.

Prevalence of abnormal pap smears among Iraqi women attending the Al Zahra'a cervical screening clinic in AL Najaf city

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that in Iraq, there were 2.1 cases of cervical cancer for every 100,000 females of all ages. Moreover, 10.21 million Iraqi women between the ages of 15 and 44 were at risk for developing cancer.Method: At Al Zahra Teaching Hospital in Al Najaf City, a cross-sectional study was carried out over the course of nine months, from January 1 to October 1 2022. Throughout the research period, all female patients who went to the alzahraa cervical screening unit were included (112). At the cytology lab, slides were evaluated using the Bethesda Scoring System, and smears were collected using the Ayre's spatula. Highlighting relationships between cytological results and socio-demographic details using the Chi-square test. Binary logistic regression was used for the significant variables. In our statistical analysis, a significance level of 0.05 was considered to be present.Results: The majority of the sample (91.1%) had normal pap smear results. 8.9% of the remaining women reported abnormal pap smear results. Vaginal discharge (42%), after-coital bleeding (1.8%), and irregular bleeding (25%) were the most frequently reported patient concerns. Cervical cancer in just one case was found. The link between abnormal pap smears and females under the age of 40 was statistically significant (p = 0.047 for both). Smoking increased the risks of having abnormal pap smears [p=0.000; OR=0.011; CI 95% (0,001-0.095)], whereas being 40 years old increased the odds [OR=6.559; CI 95% (.801-53.727)].Conclusions: Ten percent of the sample had abnormal pap smear results, and there was a very significant association between smoking and abnormal pap smear results in females under 40. A successful cervical cancer screening programme must be activated, promoted, and made aware of along with the risk factors that it entails.

The new World Mental Health Report: Believing impossible things.

We examine whether the recent World Health Organization (WHO) report on global mental health uses severity of illness as a criterion in priority setting for resource allocation. The WHO does not prioritise severity in the recent landmark World Mental Health Report. It recommends instead the insuperable task of scaling-up interventions for broadly defined mental health conditions, including milder distress, amongst over a billion people, with the majority living in low- and middle-income countries. Schizophrenia, the most severe and disabling of all psychiatric illnesses, is relatively neglected in the WHO report, and the disability associated with bipolar disorder is underestimated. This is inconsistent with the ethical principle of vertical equity, where the most severe illnesses should receive the greatest priority. The global mental health movement must refocus on deinstitutionalisation, and ensure adequate community and general hospital treatment for severe illnesses, especially the 24 million people with schizophrenia.

Myasthenia Gravis Exacerbation Following COVID-19 Vaccine: A Case Report

Background: As of December 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) reports that Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to about 5,403,662 deaths. While COVID-19 has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide to date, vaccination remains the mainstay of infection control. AZD1222 (AstraZeneca vaccine) was distributed in Sudan by the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access facility in March 2021. It was added to the emergency use list by WHO in the middle of February 2021. However, vaccine safety among patients with autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis (MG), is yet to be established. MG is a relatively rare illness that could result in life-threatening complications. Myasthenic crisis is considered the most serious complication of MG that can lead to death due to aspiration and respiratory failure. Plasma exchange (PLEX), Immunoadsorption (IA), and intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) are the first-line treatment for myasthenic crisis. It is proven that cortisone has a positive effect when used as add-on therapy with PLEX/IA and IVIG.
 
 The case: We report the case of a 37-year-old Sudanese female who presented to the emergency room with an exacerbation of her previously well-controlled MG following her second dose of AZD1222 vaccination. The exacerbation symptoms at time of presentation were severe generalized body weakness that increasing overtime and shortness of breath. Computerized tomography of the chest was performed, and it revealed no evidence of COVID-19. Management at the ER started with rehydration and IV methylprednisolone 1g, followed by IV hydrocortisone 200mg. She continued to deteriorate and was admitted to the intensive care unit where she was intubated and placed on a mechanical ventilator. IVIG was requested but couldn't be obtained due to the low-income setting, and fourteen days after admission patient died due to circulatory collapse. Our study aims to present an MG case with features of MG exacerbation following the administration of the second dose of AZD1222.
 
 Conclusion: Little is known about the effect of different COVID-19 vaccines on subgroups of patients with autoimmune diseases like MG. Although the safety profile of AZD1222 is generally reassuring, people with severe underlying diseases were excluded from trials. Therefore, more efforts and experimental studies may be needed, with closer vigilance in MG patients. It has not been elucidated how the COVID-19 vaccine might provoke autoimmunity, but several theories have been proposed. Molecular mimicry theory can explain how the genetic material of a virus could provoke autoimmunity, it describes the cross-reactivity of antibodies produced against proteins that are encoded by viral genetic material with the proteins located at the post-synaptic membrane. There is a debate about whether vaccine benefit outweighs the risk in MG patients or not. However, we believed that MG patients should be informed about the benefit and risks of COVID-19 vaccination.

Hubungan Kepatuhan Ibu Dalam Mengkonsumsi Tablet Fe Dengan Kejadian Anemia Dalam Kehamilan Di Puskesmas Ingin Jaya Kabupaten Aceh Besar

Objective: Compliance is one of the important factors that determine the success of the program. A person is said to be obedient if the person is willing to follow and obey the rules or policies and has been determined without any coercion and demands from others. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that the prevalence of pregnant women with iron deficiency is around 35-75%, and it increases with increasing gestational age.Methods: This research is analytic with cross sectional approach . The population in this study were pregnant women who were at the Want Jaya Public Health Center, Aceh Besar District, as many as 82 respondents with non-probability sampling technique.Results: obtained _value is 0.024, then a test is carried out where _value is0.024 <0.05, so it can be seen that the hypothesis (Ho) is rejected, this shows a relationship between adherence to consuming Fe tablets and the incidence of anemia in pregnancy at the Want Jaya Health Center, Aceh Besar District .Conclusion: Based on the results of research that has been carried out at the Want Jaya Health Center, Want Jaya Regency, Aceh Besar Regency, with the incidence of anemia at the Want Jaya Health Center, Aceh Besar District, the researcher can conclude that, out of 82 respondents, the majority of mothers experienced anemia, namely 64 respondents (79 %), and pregnant women who are categorized as non-compliant are 64 respondents (78.0%). _value 0.024<0.05 There is an influence between maternal adherence to Fe tablets and the incidence of anemia at the WantJaya Public Health Center, Aceh Besar District.

Divulging Incipient SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) Variant: Possible Interference with Global Scenario.

SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, also known as lineage B.1.617.2, is a variant of lineage B.1.617 of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The B.1.617.2 variant was first discovered in India in December 2020, and by mid-April 2021, it had become the most often reported variant. On May 31, 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) designated it as the Delta variation. Delta is 40-60% more transmissible than Alpha and nearly twice as transmissible as the original Wuhan strain of SARSCoV- 2, according to data. According to some evidence, the Delta variation may cause more severe illness in unprotected people than prior variants. A rapid increase in instances of this variation has been observed in the United Kingdom, which has been linked to travel from India and community transmission. WHO reports that the Delta version of COVID-19 has already been found in different countries throughout the world. According to the available information, the Delta variant appears to increase transmissibility, secondary attack rate, hospitalization risk, and immune escape. Due to the lack of data, the possible effects of the Delta variation on vaccination and treatment effectiveness remain unknown. However, neutralization efficiency in vaccinated people and resistance to monoclonal antibody therapy of the Delta variant have been documented in recent investigations.

Development and Validation of a Questionnaire for Measuring Maternal, Nutritional, and Infant-Related Attitudes and Behaviours of Iranian Mothers in the Postpartum Period

Background and Objectives: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report, 8 million maternal deaths occur in the perinatal period every year, 98% of which are seen in developing countries. In Iran, the prevalence of stillbirth is 9.19 per 1000 live births. It is possible to improve the health behaviors of mothers by education, increasing knowledge and modifying attitudes. The present study aims to develop and determine the psychometric characteristics of a questionnaire for measuring the health-related attitudes and behaviors of Iranian mothers in the postpartum period. Methods: This is a study with exploratory sequential design which was conducted using both qualitative and quantitative methods on 200 pregnant mothers referred to health centers in Qom, Iran. In the qualitative phase, the items were formulated based on the literature. Psychometric study of the questionnaire were done using face validity, content validity (using two indicators of CVR and CVI), factor structure (using exploratory factor analysis) and reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability). Results: In the validity assessment stage, 5 items were removed from 61 items based on the opinions of 10 experts. After assessing content validity and reliability, 56 questions were confirmed. The Cronbach’s alpha for the whole questionnaire was obtained 0.84 ​​and the Pearson correlation coefficient was reported 0.86. Conclusion: The designed tool with 56 items and 6 subscales has acceptable validity, reliability and factor structure for measuring Iranian mothers’ health-related, nutritional, and infant-related attitudes and behaviors in the postpartum period.

“A comparative analysis of risk factors of malaria” case study Gisagara and Bugesera District of Rwanda. RDHS 2014/2015. A retrospective study

BackgroundMalaria is a public health concern worldwide. A figure of 3.2 billion people is at risk of malaria a report of World Health Organization in 2013. A proportion of 89 and 91 cases of malaria reported during 2015 were respectively attributed to malaria cases and malaria deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rwanda is among the Sub-Saharan Africa located in East Africa. The several reports indicate that from 2001 to 2011, malaria cases increased considerably especially in Eastern and Southern Province with five million cases. The affected districts included Bugesera in the Eastern and Gisagara in the Southern Province of Rwanda with a share of 41% of the country prevalence in 2014 and during 2017–2018 a figure of 11 deaths was attributed to malaria and both Gisagara and Bugesera Districts were the high burdened.MethodologyThe RDHS 2014–2015 data was used for the study and a cross-sectional survey was used in which two clusters were considered both Gisagara and Bugesera Districts in the Southern and Eastern Province of Rwanda. Bivariate analysis was used to determine the significant predictors with malaria and reduced logistic regression model was used.ResultsThe results of the study show that not having mosquito bed nets for sleeping is 0.264 times less likely of having malaria than those who have mosquito bed nets in Gisagara District. In Bugesera District, living in low altitude is 2.768 times more likely associated with the risk of getting malaria than living in high altitude.ConclusionThe results of the study concluded that environmental and geographical factor such as low altitude is the risk factor associated with malaria than the high altitude in Bugesera District. While not having mosquito bed nets for sleeping is the protective factor for malaria than those who have it in Gisagara District. On the other hand, socio-economic and demographic characteristics do not have any effect with malaria on the results of the study.

Global Epidemic of Ebola Virus Disease and the Importation Risk into China: An Assessment Based on the Risk Matrix Method

ObjectiveTo analyze the global epidemic status of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) and assess the importation risk into China. MethodsData from World Health Organization reports were used. We described the global epidemic status of EVD from 1976–2021, and assessed and ranked the importation risk of EVD from the diseaseoutbreaking countries into China using the risk matrix and Borda count methods, respectively. bo ResultsFrom 1976–2021, EVD mainly occurred in western and central Africa, with the highest cumulative number of cases (14,124 cases) in Sierra Leone, and the highest cumulative fatality rate (85%) in the Congo. Outbreaks of EVD have occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Guinea since 2018. The importation risk into China varies across countries with outbreaks of disease. The Democratic Republic of the Congo had an extremely high risk (23 Borda points), followed by Guinea and Liberia. Countries with a moderate importation risk were Nigeria, Uganda, Congo, Sierra Leone, Mali, and Gabon, while countries with a low importation risk included Sudan, Senegal, and C te d’Ivoire. ConclusionChina is under the risk of EVD importation with the globalization and severe epidemic status of EVD. Key attention need to be paid to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, and Liberia. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent and prepare in advance for importation risk in China.

All Microbiological Aspects of SARS-CoV-2 Virus.

The COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, which was first seen in Wuhan (China) on December 31, 2019, rapidly spread to cities, countries, and continents and was noted in history as the first pandemic caused by coronaviruses. According to the World Health Organization reports, more than 645 million confirmed SARS-CoV-2-positive cases and more than 6.5 million confirmed deaths were noted all over the world during the pandemic (between December 2020 and December 2022). Although SARS-CoV-2 is a virus belonging to the coronavirus family, our knowledge of the pathogenesis and immune response of SARS-CoV-2 is still limited. Approximately 10 years (2012) after the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) (nearly 2200 confirmed cases and 791 confirmed deaths) and 20 years (2002-2004) after the SARS-CoV epidemic (29 different countries, nearly 8000 confirmed cases, and 774 confirmed deaths), the current COVID-19 pandemic is a reminder of how new pathogens can emerge and spread rapidly, eventually causing serious public health problems. Further research is needed to establish animal models for SARSCoV-2 to investigate replication, transmission dynamics, and pathogenesis in humans in order to develop effective antiviral treatments and vaccines.

Prevalence of Malaria and Its Associated Risk Factors in Selected Malarious Kebeles of Gindeberet District, Western Ethiopia: Community based Cross-Sectional Study

Malaria is one of the prominent fatal diseases caused by Plasmodium parasites and spread by infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It can be either asymptomatic or symptomatic, and based on World Health Organization report of the year 2021 it is endemic in eighty five countries and territories including sub-Saharan African countries. There is a scarcity of data on the prevalence of malaria and its associated risk factors in Gindeberet district.<i> Objective</i>: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malaria and its associated risk factors in selected malarious kebeles of Gindeberet district communities, western Ethiopia. <i>Methods</i>: Community-based cross-sectional study comprising 845 study subjects residing in 211 households was conducted from September to December 2021 in selected kebeles of Gindeberet district. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the kebeles, and systematic random sampling technique was used to select households by using lottery method from malarious kebeles of the district. Blood film microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT) were used to determine malaria infection. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 statistical software.<i> Results</i>: A total of 845 study subjects were included in the study, of which 803 study subjects were afebrile (<37.5co) and 42 were febrile (≥37.5co). From afebrile study subjects, 25 (3.1%) and 24 (2.98%) were positive for malaria by RDT and microscopy, respectively. Moreover, the prevalence of malaria was 11.9% (5/42) among individuals with fever in both methods microscopy and RDT. The overall prevalence of malaria was 30 (3.55%) by both methods (microscopy plus RDT). The majority of malaria cases (76.7%) were caused by <i>P. falciparum</i> and the remaining were due to <i>P. vivax, </i>and in this study no mixed infection (<i>P. falciparum</i> + <i>P. viax</i>) were identified. Malaria prevalence was significantly higher among males AOR=4.23 (1.73,10.20), those that stay outdoors during the night time AOR=2.90 (1.04,8.01), and axillary body temperature AOR=4.10 (1.33,12.54), however, those >grade 12 AOR=4.73 (1.80,9.72), those that used Insecticide-treated net (ITN) in the preceding night AOR= 4.01 (2.21,11.14), and education message about malaria from any source AOR= 2.94 (1.13,7.70) were negatively associated with malaria.<i> Conclusion</i>: Malaria is still a public health problem in Gindeberet district. Males, those that have fever, and those involved in nighttime outdoor activities were at higher risk of malaria; however, malaria prevalence was significantly lower in those that used ITN in the preceding night and those that had education messages about malaria from any source. The burden of malaria in the community needs to be further studied using more sensitive diagnostic tools.

Effects of a Diet Containing Sources of Prebiotics and Probiotics and Modification of the Gut Microbiota on the Reduction of Body Fat.

In 2022, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) report, overweight and obesity have reached epidemic proportions in the WHO European Region, affecting almost 60% of adults. Based on the assessment of BMI (Body Mass Index), a group of 56 women aged 25-45 years (31 women group A average BMI 34.9 ± 4.86 kg/m2 and 25 women group B average BMI 33.4 ± 4.02 kg/m2) were qualified for the study. In a multi-center, two-arm, parallel, non-randomized study, two types of weight-reduction diets (A and B) were used over a 3-month period. In group A, a standard low-energy diet was used with individually adjusted caloric intake of 1100-1300 kcal, with an increase in the amount and frequency of consumption of sauerkraut and groats and a daily intake of fermented milk drinks (300-400 g), fermented cucumbers (100 g), mineral water (1 L) and cod liver oil (5 mL). In group B, a standard low-energy diet with individually adjusted caloric intake of 1100-1300 kcal with daily intake of fermented milk products (150 g), highly mineralized water (0.5 L), once a week fermented cucumbers, and once a week buckwheat groats was used. The following measurements were taken: body weight, body fat mass, water content, body height, waist circumference, and hip circumference. Body weight and body composition were measured using the Tanita MC-780 MA and TANITA BC-601 analyzer using the bioelectric bioimpedance method. The stool samples were analyzed in the microbiology laboratory where quantification of Bifidobcaterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii species, Akkermansia muciniphila and total bacterial count (TBC) was performed. Under the influence of the introduced nutritional intervention, a statistically significant reduction in body weight, body fat, waist circumference, and hip circumference was demonstrated after 3 months. Under the influence of weight reduction, as well as dietary changes, there was an increase in the number of Akkermansia muciniphila bacteria in the women studied. The low-energy diet containing sources of natural prebiotics and probiotics had a more favorable effect on the number of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii bacteria compared to the standard diet.

Evaluation of Chitosans as Coagulants-Flocculants to Improve Sand Filtration for Drinking Water Treatment.

The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that two billion people worldwide lack access to safely managed water sources, including 1.2 billion who already have access to improved water sources. In many countries, household point-of-use (POU) water-treatment options are used to remove or deactivate microorganisms in water, but not all POU technologies meet WHO performance requirements to achieve safe drinking water. To improve the effectiveness of POU technologies, the use of multiple treatment barriers should be used as a way to increase overall treatment performance. The focus of this research is to evaluate multiple barrier treatment using chitosan, an organic coagulant-flocculant, to improve microbial and turbidity reductions in combination with sand filtration. Bench-scale intermittently operated sand filters with 16 cm layers of sands of two different grain sizes representing slow and rapid sand filters were dosed daily over 57 days with microbially spiked surface water volumes corresponding to household use. E. coli bacteria and MS2 coliphage virus reductions were quantified biweekly (N = 17) using culture methods. Bacteria and virus removals were significantly improved over sand filtration without chitosan pretreatment (Wilcoxon Rank-Sum, p &lt; 0.05). When water was pretreated at an optimal chitosan dose of 10 mg/L followed by sand filtration, log10 reductions in bacteria and viruses met the two-star WHO performance level of effectiveness. Microbial and turbidity reductions generally improved over the filter operating period but showed no trends with filtration rates.

Unusual infections and diabetes: dangerous fungi

Unusual infections and diabetes: dangerous fungi

Unraveling the Enigma: Navigating Challenges in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurocysticercosis – A Thorough Exploration Review

Background: Neurocysticercosis, caused by the larvae of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium, presents a unique challenge to public health, particularly in low- and middle-income endemic countries. This parasitic infection affects the central nervous system and is often associated with epilepsy, contributing significantly to the global burden of neurological disorders. This review delves into recent advances in both the diagnosis and treatment of neurocysticercosis, offering insights into the evolving landscape of strategies to address this complex condition. In neurocysticercosis-endemic regions, the prevalence of epilepsy linked to this parasitic infection is substantial, underscoring the need for improved understanding and management. The symptoms of neurocysticercosis result from the death of the parasite and subsequent inflammatory reactions in the central nervous system, presenting challenges in direct symptom attribution. The lack of awareness about neurocysticercosis epidemiology further exacerbates the burden on affected communities, where NCC accounts for a significant proportion of epilepsy cases. Approach: This systematic review comprehensively synthesized recent neurocysticercosis advancements in diagnosis and treatment over the past two decades. The search strategy included diverse sources such as the World Health Organization reports and utilized advanced search engines and databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, and Elsevier. The selection process considered study design, publication date, language, and relevance. A standardized data extraction process collected information on study characteristics, patient demographics, diagnostic methods, treatment interventions, outcomes, and adverse events. Results: To boost diagnostic precision, this review underscores the global employment frequency of diagnostic techniques. Neuroimaging, notably CT scans (46.6%) and MRI (32.8%), emerges as pivotal, trending toward integrating immunodiagnosis for a holistic approach. In treatment, the multifaceted nature of neurocysticercosis management is apparent. Albendazole, corticosteroids, and Praziquantel are widely used, showcasing a comprehensive approach. The Praziquantel and Albendazole combination exhibits promising efficacy of 40%, underlining the necessity for personalized treatment plans. However, anthelmintic initiation demands recent neuroimaging to exclude contraindications, highlighting the delicate balance between treatment modalities. The management scope extends beyond pharmacology, encompassing larvicidal agents, corticosteroids, antiepileptic drugs, and surgical interventions. Individualized management, prioritizing growing cysticerci and addressing intracranial hypertension, underscores the complexity. Patients with specific conditions, such as cysticercotic encephalitis or isolated granulomas and calcifications, require specialized considerations to avert exacerbating intracranial hypertension or targeting non-viable parasites. Conclusion: In conclusion, this comprehensive review scrutinizes recent advances in neurocysticercosis diagnosis and treatment. Evolving diagnostic techniques, particularly the integration of advanced imaging and immunodiagnosis that are hardly available in low- and middle-income endemic countries, promise accurate assessments. The complex neurocysticercosis nature mandates ongoing research and a personalized approach for effective management, integrating diverse therapeutic interventions to enhance outcomes, especially in regions with substantial burdens.

Prevalence of blood donation at Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background: World Health Organization reports that the safest blood donors come from low-risk communities and donate blood freely and for free. The student population that is healthy, active, and receptive may donate blood to meet the demand for safe blood. We aim to determine the prevalence of blood donation among the students and employees of Almaarefa University. Methods: A cross-sectional study targeting Almaarefa University staff members and students was carried out in collaboration with the National Guard Hospital, Riyadh Saudi Arabia. Data was gathered via a straightforward questionnaire. The primary requirements for participation were: being medically healthy, older than 20 years old, weighing more than 55 kg, having a hemoglobin level of more than 11 mmHg, and have not donated blood in the past 60 days. Results: The majority of the volunteers were male (59%), weighing 55-65 kg (44.6%), from the age group of 20-22 (76.4%), and 66.2% of them were Saudis. Further, 46.5% were from the College of Medicine. A statistically significant association was found between gender and weight (p-value = 0.001). Conclusion: To increase the frequency of blood donation, it is necessary to develop specific programs with interactive blood donation awareness workshops that target youngsters and encourage them to become regular volunteer blood donors. Exploring and evaluating barriers to blood donation, especially for women, is essential. Efforts must be made to put the information and encouraging attitude toward contribution into practice.

An Intelligent Medical Expert System Using Temporal Fuzzy Rules and Neural Classifier

As per World Health Organization report which was released in the year of 2019, Diabetes claimed the lives of approximately 1.5 million individuals globally in 2019 and around 450 million people are affected by diabetes all over the world. Hence it is inferred that diabetes is rampant across the world with the majority of the world population being affected by it. Among the diabetics, it can be observed that a large number of people had failed to identify their disease in the initial stage itself and hence the disease level moved from Type-1 to Type-2. To avoid this situation, we propose a new fuzzy logic based neural classifier for early detection of diabetes. A set of new neuro-fuzzy rules is introduced with time constraints that are applied for the first level classification. These levels are further refined by using the Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM) with time intervals for making the final decision over the classification process. The main objective of this proposed model is to detect the diabetes level based on the time. Also, the set of neuro-fuzzy rules are used for selecting the most contributing values over the decision-making process in diabetes prediction. The proposed model proved its efficiency in performance after experiments conducted not only from the repository but also by using the standard diabetic detection models that are available in the market.

What Do We Know about Flozins: New, Pleiotropic Drugs

Abstract Civilization diseases affect more and more people globally. As a World Health Organization reports in 2016 more than 1.9 billion of adults were overweight and excess body mass is the leading risk factor for developing diabetes affecting approximately 422 million people worldwide (90% is DM2). It has seemed that the link between obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular complications is a low-grade chronic inflammation that is observed in all tissues involved in energy homeostasis and is characterized by the activation of pro-inflammatory macrophages so-called M1. The increasing number of patients suffering from diabetes has challenged scientists to develop more and more powerful and pleiotropic antidiabetic drugs, which apart from better glycemia control will be able to decrease the total cardiovascular risk (a leading cause of death in diabetic patients). SGLT-2 inhibitors seem to show pleiotropic effects – cardioprotective, nephroprotective, and anti-inflammatory one.

Monitoring Cardiovascular Problems in Heart Patients Using Machine Learning.

The World Health Organization reports that heart disease is the most common cause of death globally, accounting for 17.9 million fatalities annually. The fundamentals of a cure, it is thought, are important symptoms and recognition of the illness. Traditional techniques are facing many challenges, ranging from delayed or unnecessary treatment to incorrect diagnoses, which can affect treatment progress, increase the bill, and give the disease more time to spread and harm the patient's body. Such errors could be avoided and minimized by employing ML and AI techniques. Many significant efforts have been made in recent years to increase computer-aided diagnosis and detection applications, which is a rapidly growing area of research. Machine learning algorithms are especially important in CAD, which is used to detect patterns in medical data sources and make nontrivial predictions to assist doctors and clinicians in making timely decisions. This study aims to develop multiple methods for machine learning using the UCI set of data based on individuals' medical attributes to aid in the early detection of cardiovascular disease. Various machine learning techniques are used to evaluate and review the results of the UCI machine learning heart disease dataset. The proposed algorithms had the highest accuracy, with the random forest classifier achieving 96.72% and the extreme gradient boost achieving 95.08%. This will assist the doctor in taking appropriate actions. The proposed technology will only be able to determine whether or not a person has a heart issue. The severity of heart disease cannot be determined using this method.