World Fruit Production Research Articles

Impact of Climate Change on Fruit Crops- A Review

Climate change is becoming an observed reality. Several researchers around the world have been working for decades to model predicted climatic changes that will occur in the 21st century and forecast the potential impact on the global eco-system. Climate plays a major role in deciding perennial fruit crop’s distribution, phenology, fruit quality, and disease and pest incidents. Physiological and yield attributes of fruits are sensitive to changing global climate as the climatic factors such as temperature rainfall etc. has direct co-relation with the regulatory physiological events of fruit trees. Despite increasing atmospheric CO2, which is needed for plant photosynthetic activity, the future of food production remains uncertain due to global warming and abnormal precipitation. Furthermore, there is a scarcity of information on the practical effects of pests and diseases in a climate change, which may have an effect on food availability in future. Studies suggested not only productivity but also quality of fruits will be impaired under the variable growing climates year to year. Plant diversity loss and area suitability issues would lead to more problems. In the face of such challenges to world fruit production, a plan-based strategic scientific evaluation of such effects, as well as adaptation and mitigation strategies, should be quantified. This review article briefly discusses effect of climate change on various fruit crops as well as approaches to mitigate with these future challenges.

Integration of mandarin (Citrus reticulata) cytogenetic map with its genome sequence.

Citrus is an extremely important genus in terms of world fruit production. Despite its economic importance and the small genome sizes of its species (2n = 18, 1C = 430 ± 68 Mbp), entire genomic assemblies have only recently become available for some of its representatives. Together with the previous CMA/DAPI banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the group, these data are important for understanding the complex relationships between its species and for assisting breeding programs. To anchor genomic data with the cytogenetic map of mandarin (Citrus reticulata), the parental species of several economically important hybrids such as sweet orange and clementine, 18 BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) clones were used. Eleven clementine BACs were positioned by BAC-FISH, doubling the number of chromosome markers so far available for BAC-FISH in citrus. Additionally, six previously mapped BACs were end-sequenced, allowing, together with one BAC previously sequenced, their assignment to scaffolds and the subsequent integration of chromosomes and the genome assembly. This study therefore established correlations between mandarin scaffolds and chromosomes, allowing further structural genomic and comparative study with the sweet orange genome, as well as insights into the chromosomal evolution of the group.

State analysis and global trends in the cultivation of european olives

Aim. To analyze the scientific and technical literature, to identify trends and prospects for world production of olives. Discussion. Olive is one of the most cultivated fruit crops in the world. It surpasses the main fruit crops in the area of cultivation: apple, pear, peach and nectarine, apricot and orange, and is second only to coffee. In the period from 1994 to 2017 a significant tendency of increasing this value from 7.66 to 10.8 million hectares was noted. In addition, world fruit production is steadily growing from 11.47 million tons (in 1994) to 20.87 million tons (in 2017). The main producing regions of this crop are Europe (67% of world production), Africa (15.4%), Asia (15.3%). South and North America (2.1%) and Oceania (0.2%) make a minor contribution to the global production of olives. The leading countries-producers of olives are Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Morocco, Tunisia, Syria, Egypt, Portugal and Algeria. The most efficient production of olives was observed in the USA and Egypt (11.97 and 11.45 t / ha, respectively), which is associated with the use of highly productive orchards of the intensive type and the cultivation of modern cultivars of olives. Main conclusions. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the area of cultivation, gross yield, yield of olive. Despite the fact that Europe maintains a leading position in the production of olive fruit, according to FAO, there is a significant increase in production in Africa and Asia. Different efficiency of cultivation of olives is noted by countries, which justifies the use of highly productive orchards of intensive type with high planting density, as well as the use of modern high-yielding cultivars.

Food Attractants Used in the Fruit Fly Monitoring (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a Commercial Orchard of Psidium guajava

Fruit flies are considered an important fruit pest for world fruit production because they cause significant losses to the production and limit fruit free transport due to quarantine restrictions imposed by importing countries. Fruit flies population dynamics knowledge of a particular region is an important factor in the management of this pest. Traps are devices created to attract and capture flies by sexual attraction or food attraction, both put inside the trap. It reduces fruit flies population in the orchard, decreasing the pressure and chances of an infestation. This research aimed to evaluate the efficiency of food baits in the fruit flies capture on guava plant culture, in order to establish an adequate program for this pest in the municipality of Nova Floresta – PB. Monitoring of the adult fruit-fly was performed with aid of plastic traps of the type PET bottle 330 mL of Bio Anastrepha® 5.0%, 440 mL of sugarcane molasses diluted to 10.0% and 520 mL of 30.0% fruit juice (guava). The traps were installed in the central part of the trees, approximately 1.50 m above ground. Every 15 days adult fruit flies were caught, the occasion that food baits were replaced. From these data were evaluated: efficiency of food baits, MAD index (flies/trap/day) and food baits cost-benefit analysis. The best food attractant at the lowest cost was Bio Anastrepha® at 5.0%, with a catch margin of 63.83%, followed by fruit juice at 30.0% and sugarcane molasses at 10.0%, with 34.04% and 2.13%, respectively.

English

The fruit flies are considered major pests in the world fruit production due to the direct damage they cause to fruits and the ability to adapt to areas where they are introduced. The objective of this research was to study the fruit fly diversity, the infestation indices in fruits and to characterize the tephritids community in a guava (Psidium guajava L.) cultivar "Paluma", in a commercial orchard located in São Luís, state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. In the survey, fly hunting bottles containing hydrolyzed protein in a ratio of 500 ml/10 L of water were used. To assess the infestation indices, fruits were collected, individualized in plastic containers with sterile sand, and kept in a climate-controlled chamber. 2,901 specimens of fruit flies were collected. From these, 2,328 were collected in traps and 573 in fruit samples. The species found belong to the genus Anastrepha, including Anastrepha striata, Anastrepha obliqua, Anastrepha fraterculus, Anastrepha sororcula, Anastrepha distincta, Anastrepha zenildae and Anastrepha pickeli. Considering the total tephritids collected in fruits and traps, a low diversity (H’ = 0.2689 and 0.4147, respectively) was found. A. striata predominated among the collected species. The largest number of insect pests captured occurred in May 2008, a period of increased guava fruit availability in the orchard. The infestation indices were 231.02 pupae/kg and 26.42 pupae/fruit.   Key words: Tephritids, Myrtaceae, population dynamics, ecology.

Osmo Dehydration of Pineapple Fruits: An Overall Review

Application of osmotic dehydration for different fruits has been increased significantly in recent years. Among different fruits, pineapple have characteristic pleasant flavour, distinct aroma and exquisite taste and ranks 6th position in world fruit production and is one of the most suitable fruit used for osmotic dehydration. Osmo dehydration is one of the relatively simple preservation techniques for processing of fruits which does not require any sophisticated equipments. So, the pineapple growers can use such type of technique and can convert pineapples into dehydrated form during the excess production during glut season and to reduce huge post harvest losses. In the osmotic dehydration process, partial dehydration of the fruit pieces is accomplished by dipping in concentrated sugar syrup solution followed by hot air dehydration. It is a useful technique for producing safe, stable, nutritious, tasty, economical and concentrated fruit products. The products prepared from pineapple by osmo-dehydration process remain good up to six months of storage at room temperature. COEX nitrogen package followed by storage at low temperature (7°C ± 1°C) and aluminum pouches maintain the quality of the product for long period.

Faunal analysis and population density of fruit flies (Diptera: tephritidae) in an orchard located in the central western region of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Fruit flies are considered important pests of world fruit production, causing significant losses in yield and limiting the free movement of fruit due to the restrictions imposed by importing countries. Thus, the objective of the study was to investigate the infestation rates and faunal analysis to characterize the fruit fly assemblage in an orchard located in Bambui, MG, Brazil. To this end, samples were taken weekly with fly traps hung in the trees, at a height of about 1.60 m height. Faunal analysis and study of infestation rates were conducted. The captured species were Ceratitis capitata , Anastrepha grandis , A. fraterculus , A. pseudoparallela , A. obliqua , A. dissimilis , A. zenildae , A. sororcula , A. similis , A. aczeli and A. bistrigata . The species varied throughout the studied period, but only C. capitata reached an economic threshold requiring better management of these insects in areas with citrus, acerola and fig. The predominant species was C. capitata .

PPV susceptibility of commonly used peach rootstock-scion combinations.

Sharka disease is one of the most devastating plant epidemics of Prunus species, caused by plum pox virus (PPV). The viral infection affects the fruits by weight-loss and degradation of quality properties. Breeding of resistant rootstocks and cultivars is one of the most effective disease control methods. PPV determines the peach production all over the world. On the world'sfruit production list peach is in the sixth, in the Mediterranean region in the fourth place. In this study new data were shown about PPV susceptibility of commonly used rootstock-scion combinations from Hungary. Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis was conducted on the samples from acommercial orchard; the results were evaluated by chi-square test and binary logistic regression. Four rootstock ('GF677', 'PeMa', 'Cadaman' and almond seedlings) and three scion cultivars (Prunus persicae 'Michelini', 'Babygold 6' and 'Cresthaven') were included in this experiment. The rootstocks did not show any significant differences in regard to the resistance of the virus infection (40-50%), but in case of scions, strong significant relations were observed. In case of the combinations there were results in both directions; tolerant and susceptible combinations were observed as well.

Tropical and Subtropical Fruits in India

India is the second largest producer of fruits in the world with an annual production of 81.2 million tonnes contributing 12.6% of world fruit production next only to China (21.2%). Of late, with growing population and realization of commercial and nutritional values, the demand and requirement for fruits has increased manifold globally and so is in India. Since then, India has managed a steady growth in area expansion and production of fruits. Even in 2012-2013, increase in area and production of fruits in India was 4.1 and 6.4 times over 2011-2012 Of these, tropical and subtropical fruits contribute a major share, and the important fruits are mango, banana, papaya, citrus, guava, pineapple, litchi, sapota and pomegranate. Among the minor fruits (less area in cultivation than the major fruits) are jackfruit, bael, aonla, carambola, syzygiums, passion fruit and tamarind are also growing in many states of India.

Challenges to Food Security in India

Food security is access to enough food by all people at all time for an active and healthy life. India is truly developing now and its income, infrastructure, per capita income has also developed .But the major problem faced by India is “the problem food management and it’s distribution”. Agriculture is very important to India, employing 55% of its population and providing 16.5% of its annual GDP. Today, India ranks second worldwide in farm output..India is the largest producer in the world of milk, cashew nuts, coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric and black pepper. It also has the world’s largest cattle population (281 million). It is the second largest producer of wheat, rice, sugar, groundnut and inland fish. It is the third largest producer of tobacco. India accounts for 10% of the world fruit production with first rank in the production of banana. Despite ensuring ample availability of food, existence of food insecurity at the micro-level in the country has remained a formidable challenge for India. In the recently released Global Hunger Index of 2013, India ranked 63rd out of 120 countries and this report is quite disturbing because India is one of the largest producers of food in the world. Still India is not in the condition to meet the basic food requirements of people. There are many people in India who strive hard even for the square meals. I don’t say that people in village areas are facing this problem, but also people in major cities face the same problems!!Lack of food supply and the nutritional deficiency causes not only a bad mark for the country’s image in the international level, but also causes adverse effect on country’s developing economic policies and it’s structure. Mismanagement of food products and it’s supply also puts country under many dreadful diseases too! This paper is focused on the several foods security issues prevalent in the Indian scenario. Data are taken from relevant sources to analysis the gravity of the food security issues in India. It also covered the several development programmes taken up by the Indian government to counter various food security issues including several schemes and yojanas. India’s biggest challenge still remains ensuring food and nutritional security to its masses.

Mortality by Parasitization in the Association between <i>Diachasmimorpha tryoni</i> (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and <i>Ceratitis capitata</i> (Diptera: Tephritidae) under Field-Cage Conditions

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) is one of the major pests currently affecting world fruit production. In Argentina’s northern Citrus-producing regions, C. capitata is actively multiplying in large exotic host fruits, such as Citrus paradisi Macfadyen (grapefruit), Citrus aurantium L. (sour orange) and Citrus sinensis L. (Osbeck) (sweet orange). Faced with this situation, the use of parasitoids as biocontrol agents is currently receiving renewed attention as a new biological tool for controlling pestiferous fruit flies within the Argentinean National Fruit Fly Control and Eradication Program (ProCEM). Consequently, a viable approach to controlling C. capitata involves the use of exotic parasitoids such as Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Cameron). In this study, the effectiveness of D. tryoni females to find and successfully parasitize C. capitata larvae infesting all Citrus species mentioned earlier was assessed. Parasitoids were allowed to forage for 8 h on grapefruits and oranges artificially infested with laboratory-reared C. capitata larvae under natural environmental conditions (field cage). Parasitoid emergence, parasitism, overall effectiveness, and sex ratio of parasitoid offspring were estimated as response variables. The higher effectiveness of D. tryoni females recorded from C. sinensis would be mainly a result of both increased host density per unit of fruit surface area and fruit physical features. The study provides evidence that D. tryoni contributed to C. capitata mortality in all Citrus species assessed. However, the mortality values recorded from C. sinensis, C. aurantium, and C. paradisi did not exceed 10%, 1.5%, and 1.7%, respectively. Nonetheless, D. tryoni might be selected to forage under both high and low host density conditions.

Analysis of Sources of Fruit Wastages in Retail outlets in Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

India is the second largest producer of overall fruits. India produces over 46 million tonnes of fruits accounting for around 10% of the world's production. In spite of being a major producer of fruits, nearly 72% of fruits are wasted in India due to poor facility or absence of storage, logistics and processing support. With a high percentage of waste of fruits, the value loss could be imagined. Minimizing wastage at the processing level has been studied by the same researcher in his previous study. Now the researcher extended this study to identify the sources and minimize the wastages in both organized and un-organized fruits and vegetable retail markets. Moreover, retail outlets of fruits and vegetables are more dependent on cold storage, logistics and distribution, this study includes the same to identify the source of wastages. Analysis of sources of wastage of fruits in retail markets and cold storage is undertaken to suggest ways out to minimize this loss and improve the return for both agriculture and retail vendors. This study also helps to minimize the cost of fruits and vegetables so that consumer too gets benefitted. This research is confined to both organized and un-organized retail outlets and their distribution systems and cold storage units in Tamilnadu, a leading producer of fruits and vegetables in India. India ranks first in the world with an annual output of 32 MT fruits, about 8% of the world's fruit production; also is the second largest producer of vegetables (ranks next to China) and accounts for about 15% of the world's production of vegetables. The current production level is over 71 million MT (1). But the real challenge starts after the production. More than 72 percent of the vegetable and fruits are wasted in every year in the absence of proper retailing, storage and other infrastructure facilities (2). The sector is constrained by widespread fragmentation in the supply chain, low productivity levels, and huge post harvest losses arising out of inadequate storage, cold chain and transport infrastructure, logistics and supply chain management. Only organized and traditional retailing will ultimately drive the growth of the fruits and vegetable sector in the country.

Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye'de Yaş Meyve ve Sebze Pazarlama Sistemleri

European Union countries and Turkey come up among the world's leading manufacturers in terms of production of fresh fruits and vegetables. According to FAO figures, share of the EU’s is 10.35% in world fruit production of 2009 Turkey’s share 2.4%, 7% of the share of vegetable production in the EU, Turkey’s share stood at 2.84% in agriculture. Therefore agriculture products in domestic and foreign market, fresh fruit and vegetables have an important role of this sector and has a great potential for development. There exist a number of stages which provide access to that Fresh fruits and vegetables exported or consumed in the domestic market reached from producers to consumers. In these stages there are some product quality loses and product loses. Product loss is not much fresh fruit and vegetable in marketing systems, the importance of marketing brings to the fore. This study has aimed to come out the production of fresh fruits and vegetables in Turkey and the European Union and to reveal the importance and the structure of distribution and marketing systems of these products. In addition, the problems for activities of marketing systems are being introduced, solutions to these problems are presented

Grape and Small Fruit Growing in Turkey

Turkey has important potential in world fruit production. Anatolia, which constitutes a bridge between Asia and Europe, is the motherland of numerous fruit species. Pear, quince, plum, sweet cherry, sour cherry, filbert, pistachio nut, olive, grape, fig, and pomegranate are the major species. The suitable climate and soil conditions play a great art in Turkey being an important germplasm source for fruits (gzbek, 1977; Ens and Barut, 1992). Turkey is a country surrounded by seas in three directions (Figure 1); The Black, Marmara, Aegean, and Mediterranean Seas border the country on the north, north-west, west, and south, respectively. A subtropical climate is prominent in the coastal regions of the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas, whereas there exists a continental climate in Central Anatolia and East Anatolia. The Black Sea coasts have a humid and partially cool climate due to high rainfall. The Mediterranean Region has calcareous soils while the Black Sea