World English Literature Research Articles

A Systematic Guideline by the ASPN Workgroup on the Evidence, Education, and Treatment Algorithm for Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: SWEET.

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a leading cause of pain and disability globally with a lack of consensus on the appropriate treatment of those suffering from this condition. Recent advancements in both pharmacotherapy and interventional approaches have broadened the treatment options for PDN. There exists a need for a comprehensive guideline for the safe and effective treatment of patients suffering from PDN. The SWEET Guideline was developed to provide clinicians with the most comprehensive guideline for the safe and appropriate treatment of patients suffering from PDN. The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) identified an educational need for a comprehensive clinical guideline to provide evidence-based recommendations for PDN. A multidisciplinary group of international experts developed the SWEET guideline. The world literature in English was searched using Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, BioMed Central, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Current Contents Connect, Meeting Abstracts, and Scopus to identify and compile the evidence for diabetic neuropathy pain treatments (per section as listed in the manuscript) for the treatment of pain. Manuscripts from 2000-present were included in the search process. After a comprehensive review and analysis of the available evidence, the ASPN SWEET guideline was able to rate the literature and provide therapy grades for most available treatments for PDN utilizing the United States Preventive Services Task Force criteria. The ASPN SWEET Guideline represents the most comprehensive review of the available treatments for PDN and their appropriate and safe utilization.

The indigenization of Ghanaian Pidgin English

AbstractIn the world Englishes literature, ‘indigenization’ is shorthand for the localization of Outer Circle Englishes in former exploitation colonies like Ghana. However, the localization of Ghanaian English has been continually reversed by ‘corrective’ realignment with world standard English through institutional regimes. By contrast, the localization of Ghanaian Pidgin English has proceeded unhampered by standardization. This article provides a first analysis of the copula system of Ghanaian Pidgin English, showing that it owes much to patterns found in Akan and other languages of southern Ghana. In this domain, Ghanaian Pidgin English has indigenized and differentiated itself from its sister languages. I propose a consistent and expansive definition of indigenization as ‘the areal alignment of a latecomer with a linguistic ecology, causing its divergence from related varieties elsewhere.’ This study of indigenization shifts the focus from standardized Englishes to contact Englishes. The latter remain unfettered by institutional intervention and are therefore better suited to illustrating the natural dynamics of indigenization than standardized Englishes.

Women as Bangles, Bangles as Women: Migration, Gender, and Female Agency in Bangladeshi Writer Nashid Kamal’s The Glass Bangles

Migration, women, and agency are central research topics in the world literature in English. These topics have fascinated literary researchers since the late twentieth century and enabled debate on how and to what extent migration from post-colonial countries to the West shapes women’s sense of selfhood and identity. The article joins that debate, engaging with Nashid Kamal’s The Glass Bangles, a lesser-known Bangladeshi novel in English. It focuses on the rural, middle-class, and disadvantaged heroine Sheila. It examines how the novel represents the cultural dynamics of diaspora and what images of gendered migration the heroine’s translocal and transnational mobility reflect. The article frames the discussion with Judith Butler’s “gender and precarity” and Elora Shehabuddin’s “subaltern rationality.” It works on the textual metaphor of the glass bangles and their implications, as metaphors are powerful rhetorical devices to reflect migrants’ struggles, pains, and hopes. Accordingly, the article contends that, although romantic and, thus, debatable, Kamal’s novel deserves appreciation for presenting a robust vision of precarious women’s resilience and empowerment.

The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline of Interventional Treatments for Low Back Pain.

Painful lumbar spinal disorders represent a leading cause of disability in the US and worldwide. Interventional treatments for lumbar disorders are an effective treatment for the pain and disability from low back pain. Although many established and emerging interventional procedures are currently available, there exists a need for a defined guideline for their appropriateness, effectiveness, and safety. The ASPN Back Guideline was developed to provide clinicians the most comprehensive review of interventional treatments for lower back disorders. Clinicians should utilize the ASPN Back Guideline to evaluate the quality of the literature, safety, and efficacy of interventional treatments for lower back disorders. The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) identified an educational need for a comprehensive clinical guideline to provide evidence-based recommendations. Experts from the fields of Anesthesiology, Physiatry, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Radiology, and Pain Psychology developed the ASPN Back Guideline. The world literature in English was searched using Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, BioMed Central, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Current Contents Connect, Scopus, and meeting abstracts to identify and compile the evidence (per section) for back-related pain. Search words were selected based upon the section represented. Identified peer-reviewed literature was critiqued using United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) criteria and consensus points are presented. After a comprehensive review and analysis of the available evidence, the ASPN Back Guideline group was able to rate the literature and provide therapy grades to each of the most commonly available interventional treatments for low back pain. The ASPN Back Guideline represents the first comprehensive analysis and grading of the existing and emerging interventional treatments available for low back pain. This will be a living document which will be periodically updated to the current standard of care based on the available evidence within peer-reviewed literature.

Best Practices for Minimally Invasive Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Treatment 2.0 (MIST): Consensus Guidance from the American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN).

IntroductionLumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a common spinal disease of aging with a growing patient population, paralleling population growth. Minimally invasive treatments are evolving, and the use of these techniques needs guidance to provide the optimal patient safety and efficacy outcomes.MethodsThe American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) identified an educational need for guidance on the prudent use of the innovative minimally invasive surgical therapies for the treatment of symptomatic LSS. The executive board nominated experts spanning anesthesiology, physiatry, orthopedic surgery, and neurosurgery based on expertise, publications, research, diversity and field of practice. Evidence was reviewed, graded using the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) criteria for evidence and recommendation strength and grade, and expert opinion was added to make consensus points for best practice.ResultsThe world literature in English was searched using Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, BioMed Central, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Current Contents Connect, Scopus, and meeting abstracts to identify and compile the evidence (per section) for LSS-related pain. Search words were selected based upon the section represented. Identified peer-reviewed literature was critiqued using USPSTF criteria and consensus points are presented.DiscussionThe algorithm for patient selection in the management of symptomatic spinal stenosis is evolving. Careful consideration of patient selection and anatomic architecture variance is critical for improved outcomes and patient safety.ConclusionASPN created a guidance for best practice for minimally invasive surgical treatment of symptomatic spinal stenosis.

Amaurosis as an initial presentation of Takayasu arteritis in children.

Visual disturbances in Takayasu arteritis (TA) are common but tend to be late manifestations of the disease. However, its presence at diagnosis must alert TA to avoid sight disabilities. Herein, we present two children with TA that debuted with vision loss, and the results of the literature review displayed 58 subjects with vision loss before the diagnosis of TA. The world English literature was reviewed by searching the PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine for the terms "Takayasu Arteritis" and "Blindness" or "Amaurosis fugax", from 190 to 2021. Cases eligible must present vision loss before or at TA diagnosis. Our two patients who presented with amaurosis fulfilled the criteria for TA diagnosis. The first patient had a bilateral and transient visual loss, whereas the second had monocular and permanent amaurosis. Both patients were cursed with hypertension and demonstrated large vessel compromise; their clinical picture improved with corticosteroids and immunosuppressant therapy. We identified in the literature review sixteen patients with TA in case reports and 42 in case series, plus our two cases presented herein with monocular or bilateral vision loss at the time of diagnosis. Previous literature indicated that amaurosis represents a severely advanced disease. Herein, we reported two children with amaurosis as their pivotal symptom; they had significant head and neck vascular alterations, so prompt and aggressive treatment is needed to prevent disease progression and disability. Transient or permanent vision loss must alert the physician to include Takayasu arteritis in the differential diagnosis.

Violence in Vijay Tendulkar’s The Vulture: An Existential Phenomenon

In this paper a focus would be made to track the details of Contemporary World Literature in English as a whole with an inclination towards the theme of violence in Vijay Tendulkar’s The Vulture in particular. The Contemporary World Literature provides an insight into social, moral and political aspects of human culture which is why one can identify oneself with the rest of the human populace. In a way, the theme of violence acts as a stimulus in this direction. The world literature has contained ‘violence’ in terms of conflicts in all social levels, whether it is with oneself, between family members, between communities or between nations, since ages. Any such kind of conflict arises from negative emotions in an individual such as fear, distress and sorrow. As a result, the individual is likely to feel forsaken and helpless and may turn to the literature world in order to understand his/her own experiences and the similar experiences of others. This paper offers examples from the past, running through the Middle Ages and extending to the present time. Moreover, there is an explanation of how violence in the antiquity is different from the violence in the existing period. An existential approach is made while defining the same: which is a 20th century philosophical movement emphasizing the uniqueness of human existence struggling through making choices between destiny and free will. Beside this, a segment has been included that deals with the prevalence and type of violence found in Indian Writings in English highlighting patriarchal and communal issues.

A scoping review of world Englishes in the Middle East and North Africa

AbstractThis study presents the first scoping review (Arksey & O'Malley, 2005; Levac, Colquhoun, & O'Brien, 2010) of world Englishes (WE) research in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) – providing a knowledge synthesis of studies related to the sociolinguistic dynamics and realities of English(es) in one of the most underexplored WE contexts. Although the burgeoning research on English in the region focuses on macro sociolinguistic issues, language policy and planning, and language teaching and learning, there is a pressing need for a systematic investigation of scholarship with an exclusive WE perspective (Mahboob, 2013). On this premise, we map the body of WE literature pertinent to this region during the last two decades (2000–2019). We provide an overview of the state of the research activity, helping to identify the knowledge gaps and determine a fruitful research agenda for scholars interested in the diverse issues of WE in the MENA region.

Checklist of Welty Scholarship 2019

Checklist of Welty Scholarship 2019 Catherine H. Chengges This checklist is based on current listings in online bibliographies and research done through Carlson Library at the University of Toledo and on helpful information provided by publishers. Useful databases included Ebsco (Academic Search Complete), FirstSearch (WorldCat, WorldCat Dissertations and Theses), and ProQuest (DAI). 1. Bibliographies Chengges, Catherine H. "Checklist of Welty Scholarship 2017–2018." Eudora Welty Review, vol. 11, 2019, pp. 125–30. 2. Works by Welty "Eudora Welty." Die Paris Review Interviews 03, edited by Alexandra von Steffes, Lilienfeld Verlag, 2019, pp. unknown. [German Translation of "The Art of Fiction XLVII: Eudora Welty," Interview with Linda Kuehl 1972, also in Conversations with Eudora Welty, edited by Peggy Whitman Prenshaw, pp. 74–91] "Eudora Welty (1978)." Interview with Jeanne Rolfe Nostrandt, Interviews from the Edge: 50 Years of Conversations about Writing and Resistance, edited by Mark Yakich and John Biguenet, Bloomsbury Academic, 2019, pp. 79–96. [Also in More Conversations with Eudora Welty, edited by Peggy Whitman Prenshaw, pp. 14–30. Also briefly p. 4, 134] "Letter from Eudora Welty to Elizabeth Bowen, August 1951." Eudora Welty Review, vol. 11, 2019, pp. 5–8. "Photographs, 2019." Eudora Welty Review, vol. 11, 2019, pp. 9–10. "Review of Out of Africa by Isak Dinesen, 1938." Eudora Welty Review, vol. 11, 2019, pp. 1–3. 3. Books Pollack, Harriet. New Essays on Eudora Welty, Class, and Race. UP of Mississippi, 2019. [See contributions below by Agner, Donaldson, Ford, Fuller, Griffith, Lumumba, Mark, McMahand and Murphy, Pollack, Taylor, Trefzer, and Warfield] [End Page 251] 4. Essays Agner, Jacob. "Welty's Moonlighting Detective: Whiteness and Welty's Subversion of the American Noir Tradition in 'The Demonstrators.'" New Essays on Eudora Welty, Class, and Race, edited by Harriet Pollack, UP of Mississippi, 2019, pp. 189–213. Baargavi, K. "Application of Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytical Theory in Eudora Welty's Selected Short Stories." Indian Review of World Literature in English, vol. 15, 2019, pp. 45–47. ["Clytie," "A Piece of News"] Bailey, Tracey. "Two Mississippi Writers: Collection Analysis on the Works of Eudora Welty and William Faulkner in Two- and Four-Year Colleges in Mississippi." Mississippi Libraries, vol. 82, no. 1, 2019, pp. 10–17. Balken, Mackenzie. "Seeing Self Otherwise: Orphaned Otherness and the Power of Narrative in Eudora Welty's 'Moon Lake.'" South Central Review, vol. 36, no. 1, 2019, pp. 1–18. Basseler, Michael. "Epistemological Uncertainty and Knowledge of Maturation in Stories of Initiation: Sherwood Anderson's 'I Want to Know Why,' Eudora Welty's 'A Visit of Charity' and 'A Memory,' and Junot Diaz's 'Ysrael.'" An Organon of Life Knowledge: Genres and Functions of the Short Story in North America, Transcript Verlag, 2019, pp. 141–62. ———. "Gerontophobia, Ageism, and the Wisdom of Later Life in Stories of Aging: Willa Cather's 'Old Mrs. Harris' and Eudora Welty's 'Old Mr. Marblehall.'" An Organon of Life Knowledge: Genres and Functions of the Short Story in North America, Transcript Verlag, 2019, pp. 195–216. Berger, Dianne. "Eudora Welty's Family Elegies: One Writer's Beginnings and The Optimist's Daughter." Eudora Welty Review, vol. 11, 2019, pp. 77–81. Betts, Doris. "'Where Is the Voice Coming From?' By Eudora Welty." Why I Like This Story, edited by Jackson R. Bryer, Camden House, 2019, pp. 43–50. Bezbradica, Viktorija. "Eudora Welty's Cyclical Temporality: Intersections among Memoir, Nonfiction, and Fiction." Eudora Welty Review, vol. 11, 2019, pp. 83–90. [One Writer's Beginnings, The Optimist's Daughter, The Eye of the Story] Bloom, Harold. "Eudora Welty (1909–2001)." The American Canon: Literary Genius from Emerson to Pynchon, edited by David Mikics, Library of America, 2019, pp. 285–94. ["A Still Moment," "The Burning"] Brandon, Caroline. "2018 Eudora Welty Research Fellow Report: Revisions and Revelations in A Curtain of Green and Other Stories." Eudora Welty Review, vol. 11, 2019, pp. 115–23. Crews, Elizabeth. "'The Still-Existing Parts of Life,' Part I: The Early Correspondence of Eudora Welty and Mary Louise Aswell." Eudora Welty Review, vol. 11, 2019, pp. 33–46. Currey, Mason. "Eudora Welty." Daily Rituals: Women at Work. Alfred A. Knopf, 2019, pp. 290–92. Donaldson, Susan V. "Faltering Narrative: Eudora Welty's 'The Burning...

Interrogating Canonical World English Literature: Journey to the West and Romance of the Three Kingdoms

This paper aims to chart how literary work of non-Western origin is incorporated into World English Literature by giving example of two Chinese Classic Novels. Among the Chinese Classic Novels, Journey to the West is the novel that achieves wider popularity among Western scholars and canonized while other Chinese Classic Novels are not as popular especially among Western academia. The different reception is related also with how both novels are circulated, translated, and adapted from Chinese into English. The emphasis of this paper is to compare the issue of circulation, translation, and adaptation between Journey to the Westand Romance of the Three Kingdoms as another Chinese Classic Novel. By comparing different issues of how both novels enter the Western World, this paper hopes to have an insight regarding how these two novels have different popularity among academic scholars.Keywords: charting World English Literature, Chinese classics novels

The Circulation, Translation, Adaptation, and Production of Vedya�s the Mahabharata and Pramoedya�s Selected Writings

The paper aims to show how non-Western literature works are integrated into World English Literature. It highlights two non-Western literature works, one from India and the other from Indonesia. The object of this study is Mahabharata and Pramoedyas selected writings. The analysis focuses on comparing them from the process of circulation, translation, adaptation and production to depict the values and portrayal of women in different time spans. The result of the analysis is that the values in Mahabharata are still relevant until today, therefore people may learn from its philosophical life meaning about brotherhood and loyalty. Meanwhile, Pramoedyas selected writings show the value of nationalism, loyalty, and humanity. The similarities of both literary works also lie in portraying the issue of feminism in responding towards the life challenges.Keywords: world literature, nationalism, feminism, patriarchy, circulation

Changing Spaces: Canonization of Anglophone World Literature

AbstractCanonization, understood broadly as the complex processes in which some works and authors obtain a privileged position in literary culture, while others become less and less visible, takes place continually in the interplay between preferences among readers, critics and institutions. These can now be studied better thanks to new digital resources and social media. The canonization of world literatures is particularly complex as it traverses notions of national canons and sits uneasily between integration with Western literature and a counter-canonical stance. This article considers the uses of a differentiated view on canonization and how data resources that have been made available on the circulation and readership of authors can be used to qualify canonization. The relationship between the locally and globally oriented Anglophone writers and the growing importance of migrant writers is investigated, as well as the influence of world literature in English which is included for its influence not only on Anglophone canons but also canons of non-English literary cultures.

«A BAD SET OF FELLOWS»: «GREAT EXPECTATIONS» AND THE IMAGE OF CHILDHOOD IN VICTORIAN ENGLAND

Charles Dickens’s novel Great Expectations is an outstanding work that rightfully takes its place among the best books of the English world literature. The article discusses and analyzes the precarious situation of children in Victorian England, based on the novel Great Expectations by Ch. Dickens, and also examines the problem of shifted paradigms of perceiving the image of childhood in Victorian England. It also addresses the problem of dehumanization of the child in the world contemporary to Charles Dickens. Particular attention is paid to family relations. The article traces the evolution of public mind in perception of childhood. Dickens believed that sufferings and deaths of children should be a significant impetus for reforms to be made by the authorities. Until the XIX century, there were no laws concerning the cruelty of parents and teachers to children; they were always exposed to exploitation. New social consciousness, reflected in the novel of Charles Dickens, was caused by the necessity to attract attention to parental responsibility for their children, what is disclosed in detail in the article.

Bridging the Gap between Language and Literature: Teaching English in Bangladesh at Tertiary Level

Using literary material for developing language skills has gained new attention for both L1 and L2 learners in the last two decades. In my paper I would like to explore the possibilities and loopholes of teaching language through literature in Bangladesh at the tertiary level. Our language classes follow traditional lecture-based teaching techniques and use almost no literary materials for teaching language. Mostly ‘referential’ materials are taught by Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) method which are exclusively confined to everyday real-life situational use and does not engage learners’ imaginative faculties. Therefore, I have tried to demonstrate how literary texts or ‘representational texts’ can develop English proficiency, foster critical thinking and encourage creative language use. I have also critiqued our material selection; teaching approaches; evaluation; and rote learning during exam. As a result a gap has long been created between language and literature at the tertiary level, hampering language acquisition. Although critical practices like, Literary Theory and Cultural Studies, have enriched our academia and generated impressive curriculum (such as World Literature in English, Comparative Literature and Applied Linguistics and ELT), learners’ basic linguistic competence has declined considerably. I have tried to recommend ways to solve these problems by introducing language-based teaching approach and integrating language with literature. Keywords: representational material, referential material, language-based approach, stylistics, literature with a small ‘l’, literary language, imaginative language use, literary and linguistic competence, product-based and process-based teaching and learning

Różnica kulturowa w literaturze postkolonialnej – translacyjność w przekładzie

The article investigates the work of cultural difference in language in the context of translation, specifically, as an effect of translation processes within postcolonial literature, and its role in reinforcing postcolonial literature as the world literature in English. Delineating the space of postcolonial literature as that of primary translation, the article investigates how cultural difference travels in interlingual translation of postcolonial literature from English to Polish. In postcolonial literature cultural difference, which functions as a specific element of otherness/foreignness in the text, reveals the ethical dimension of translation, because it uncovers the presence of other, prior or side-tracked originals making up the text of postcolonial literature. Cultural difference is, thus, the substance of postcolonial literature and nothing less than translation in progress. It is the process of negotiation between the original form/language and a new form in another language, which is the language of the (former) empire. Basic features of postcolonial literature: resistance (Boehmer 2013: 307), counter-discourse (Ashcroft et al. 2000), imitation, mimicry and sly civility (Bhabha, 1994), abrogation and appropriation of the language of the empire (Ashcroft et al. 1989), the triumphant overcoming of peripherality in the “empire writes back” phenomenon (Rushdie 1982), and, last but not least, the marketing of the margins (Huggan 2001) and cultural brokering between peripheries and world capital (Appiah 1991) are also translational practices both in the cultural and linguistic sense. The article proposes to study interlingual translation of postcolonial literature in connection with its paradoxical status of a monolingual (English-dominated) literature in which cultural difference works as a spectral presence of other languages. In this difficult negotiation between multilingualism and monolingualism, postcolonial literature enacts key problems of translation studies.

Marble in Oesophagus of Neonate: A Unique and Unprecedented Case Report

One of the most serious causes of morbidity and mortality in children below 5 years of age are swallowed and inhaled foreign bodies. Children of age 5month – 8years are at vary high risk of foreign body ingestion. Ingestion of foreign body in neonatal period is although rare. We here by describe a 21-day-old neonate who had a large sized spherical glass marble impacted in the cervical oesophagus for a long period. The foreign body was successfully removed by rigid oesophagoscopy. The case is discussed as it was first large sized spherical glass marble to be impacted and removed from cervical oesophagus of a neonate which has not been earlier reported in world English literature.

EMBEDDEDWH-QUESTIONS IN L2 ENGLISH IN INDIA

This corpus study brings a second language (L2) research perspective, insights from generative grammar, and new empirical evidence to bear on a long-accepted claim in the World Englishes literature—namely, that inversion withwh-movement in colloquial Indian English is obligatory in embedded clauses and impossible in main clauses. It is argued that this register of Indian English is a L2 variety, functioning as part of a multilingual code repertoire, but that syntactic universals apply to first and second languages alike. Despite recent attempts at formalization, this distribution should be unattested, as such a grammar would fall outside the constraints of Universal Grammar and would contradict proposed discourse-pragmatic principles of natural language. A Perl program was created to search the Indian subcorpus of the International Corpus of English (Greenbaum, 1996) for relevant distributional patterns. Results reveal thatwh-inversion in Indian English operates in the same way as in other varieties: It is robustly attested in main clauses and appears only occasionally in embedded clauses where syntactic and pragmatic conditions allow; it is obligatory only with interrogative complementizer deletion. Thus, contrary to the standard account but commensurate with recent corpus studies, users of English in India exhibit knowledge of universal constraints in this domain.

Second language errors and features of world Englishes

ABSTRACTWhile exocentric norms (e.g. British and American English) informed by a second language acquisition (SLA) perspective are prevalent in the Outer Circle, there is a growing recognition of local varieties of Englishes belonging to the world Englishes (WE) paradigm. However, what constitutes an error or a varietal feature is hard to decide, particularly in the absence of codification of non‐native Englishes in many Outer Circle contexts. Yet, distinguishing between errors and varietal features is a pedagogical requirement for correcting learners’ errors and nurturing their linguistic creativity. Although the WE literature suggests criteria to determine the status of neologisms, these have their limitations. On the other hand, insufficient attention has been given to the agency of English teachers who are in a critical position to mediate language standards and their variations. Against this background, this paper reports a small‐scale study involving practising English teachers in Bangladesh to provide a pedagogical perspective on error/innovation issues. Acknowledging the underlying complexity, we argue that understanding teachers’ perspectives should be seen as an important research agenda to address learner English/L2 variety issues in L2 pedagogy.

This is How I Can Write: Towards Nepalese English Literature

Nepalese English is arguably making its presence felt in virtually all domains in Nepal and English literature from Nepal is no exception. The study of creative writings in English by Nepalese literary authors exhibit typical Nepaleseness in such an amplitude that a distinctive English literature can be inferred to be in the making. This paper studies nativization in various genres of literature written in English in Nepal and also contends with the evidences that we have leapt towards Nepalese English literature considered from World Englishes literature perspective. Journal of NELTA, Vol. 17 No. 1-2, December 2012, Page 26-39 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v17i1-2.8090

Further Evidence for Robust Familiality of Pediatric Bipolar I Disorder

To determine the risk for bipolar I disorder in first-degree relatives of children with DSM-IV bipolar I disorder via meta-analysis and expanded controlled study. For the meta-analysis, PubMed was searched for scientific articles published in the world literature in English through 2011. The keywords searched were bipolar disorder, first-degree relatives, family study, and control. All online abstracts were reviewed, and relevant full manuscripts were collected and reviewed. Citations were also examined for other potentially relevant articles. The analysis included only controlled family studies that examined rates of bipolar I disorder in all first-degree relatives (parents and siblings) of pediatric bipolar I probands and that had age- and sex-matched controls. Family history studies were excluded, as were studies that were not in English, did not report bipolar I rates for all first-degree relatives, or reported only bipolar spectrum rates. Also excluded were family studies that included only adult probands. A meta-analysis was conducted of the 5 controlled family studies of pediatric bipolar I probands that met the search criteria using the random-effects model of DerSimonian and Laird. For the family study, our previous sample of DSM-IV bipolar I probands was greatly expanded using structured diagnostic interviews. The new study included 239 children aged 6-17 years who satisfied full DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for bipolar I disorder (n = 726 first-degree relatives), 162 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) probands (without bipolar I disorder; n = 511 first-degree relatives), and 136 healthy control probands (without ADHD or bipolar I disorder; n = 411 first-degree relatives). The Kaplan-Meier cumulative failure function was used to calculate survival curves and cumulative lifetime risk in relatives. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate the risk of bipolar I disorder in relatives. The pooled odds ratio for bipolar I disorder in relatives was estimated to be 6.96 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8-10.1). First-degree relatives of bipolar I probands were also significantly more likely than first-degree relatives of both ADHD probands (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.02; 95% CI, 1.85-4.93; P < .001) and control probands (HR = 2.83; 95% CI, 1.65-4.84; P < .001) to have bipolar I disorder. Our results document an increased familial risk for bipolar I disorder in relatives of pediatric probands with DSM-IV bipolar I disorder.