World Conservation Strategy Research Articles

Native Pig Breeds as a Source of Biodiversity—Breeding and Economic Aspects

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the available important information on local pig breeds maintained in Europe. Genetic erosion has prompted national and international bodies to take organized action aimed at the minimization of further losses of biodiversity. Since the genetic resources of livestock ensure both food security and the sustainable development of rural areas, genetic diversity is indispensable for sufficient flexibility of future animal husbandry to adapt to changing consumer demands and climatic conditions. Therefore, the problem of biodiversity has recently become an essential part of the comprehensive international program of the World Conservation Strategy and the global idea of the so-called sustainable development. The issue of biodiversity protection occupies an important place in the provisions of the EU Common Agricultural Policy. The successive financial perspectives assume an increase in relevant expenditure from the EU and national budgets. With regard to the protection of native pig breeds, a particularly large increase in funding was recorded in 2014–2020.

In Memoriam : Edward O. Wilson (1929-2021): It All Started with Ants.

In Memoriam : Edward O. Wilson (1929-2021): It All Started with Ants.

On the question of the philosophical and methodological foundations of the theory of sustainable development in the social sciences

The article presents an analytical review of the main theoretical concepts underlying the now very popular theory of sustainable development. The report of the World Economic Forum "The Global Risks Report 2021" noted that environmental risks are the main challenge for the world economy. In connection with the intensification of environmental risks, the ideas of sustainable development become of particular relevance. For the first time the concept of "sustainable development" was used in 1980 in the "World Conservation Strategy". However, the problem of sustainable development itself has been actively studied both in Russia and abroad since the 1970s. Currently, the study of sustainable development has an interdisciplinary nature. The purpose of this work is to identify the socio-philosophical and political and economic foundations of the theory of sustainable development. The scientific significance of this work is due to the wide coverage of the concepts under consideration (philosophical, sociological, political economy). The theoretical analysis carried out by the author made it possible to establish that the origins of the theory of sustainable development lie in the teachings of the physiocrats (F.Quesnay and others) about the fertile properties of the earth and T. Malthus about the limited nature of natural resources.
 The positivist theories of progress (A.Comte, H.Spencer) are another source of the theory of sustainable development. The problem of sustainable development finds a unique refraction in the works of S.N.Bulgakov and A.Bergson, who studied the relationship between life and matter, in the works of U.Beck, who studied the "risk society", and in the works of N. Luhmann, who considered the problem of ecological imbalance through the prism of the systems theory.
 The classics of political economy (D.Ricardo, K.Marx, A.Marshall) paid little attention to the problem of limited resources.
 According to the modern American social thinker H.Daly, the work of the classics of political economy fell on the stage of the Industrial Revolution, when humanity existed in an “empty world” (with unlimited space and an abundance of resources). The transition to a “full world” that took place in the last third of the 20th century marked a rejection of the idea of limitless space and abundance of resources. The main conclusion of the author's analysis of the literature is that the theory of sustainable development is an open intellectual project that draws its inspiration from various sources. The presented analysis also helps to understand the logic of the latest research, according to which the theory of sustainable development should become not so much a scientific as a socio-philosophical and political enterprise.

The Process of Sustainable Development and the Linkage to the Social - Ecological Transformation in the World and in Vietnam

The Process of Sustainable Development and the Linkage to the Social - Ecological Transformation in the World and in Vietnam

Optimization of air chamber in solar air collector

Recently, environmental problems have become more acute. In 1980, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) prepared the World Conservation Strategy. This document interpreted the term “sustainable development” as an inseparable link between social development and nature conservation. And already in 1992, after the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the concept of sustainable development gained a leading status. The conference materials determined that sustainable development is a development of a society that meets the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Therefore, being aware of the need for energy conservation, there is increasing emphasis on the use of solar energy throughout the world to generate electricity and heat.

Transformations, Changes, and Continuities in Conservation Governance: A Case Study of Wildlife Conservation in Kenya, 1980–2016

Global conservation policy and governance has undergone significant changes since the publication of World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development. The strategy sought to integrate conservation and development deviating from the practice under fortress conservation, which considers the two concepts incompatible. What has this significant shift in approach meant for conservation governance at lower levels (i.e., national and sub-national) of governance? This article explores this question in the context of wildlife conservation in Kenya. The article is premised on field data collected in the country during the months of June, July, and August 2016 using mixed methods: key informant interview, household survey, and document review. It documents transformation, change, and continuity in conservation governance in Kenya during 1980–2016. The article also identifies three emerging concerns that hinder sustainable wildlife conservation in Kenya: elitism, green grabbing, and donor-dependency.

Rabindranath Tagore: The Deep-Rooted Environmentalist and The Origins of Sustainability

The opening years of the twentieth century witnessed rising public disquiet about evident environmental degradation and the ever more obvious loss of important habitats. In the United States, following the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, Congress passed an act in 1906 to establish a protected inventory of national parks and forests. A year later the UK Parliament passed an act to establish the National Trust. Following the well trailed campaigns of self-anointed environmentalists such as John Muir and Octavia Hill, the protection of vulnerable landscapes appeared for the first time on the public policy agenda.
 Against this background of rising awareness of the unfettered consequences of economic growth, a similar concern can be detected for the plight of rural communities in the Indian state of Bengal, largely as a result of the personal involvement – in both word and deed – of Rabindranath Tagore. It can be argued further that Tagore’s innate empiricism as a result of this growing awareness, anticipated the discourse that would lead eventually to the World Conservation Strategy published by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature in 1980. It was followed by the Brundtland Report (1987) Our Common Future.

The Quality of Education as a Primary Concern of the Sustainable Development

1. Introduction Nowadays the concept of the is one of the widely discussed all over the world. For the first time it was discussed in the World Conservation Strategy (1980), developed at the initiative of UNER, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and World Wildlife Fund (WWF). This concept was defined more precisely through the global discussion, when Forester and Meadows started active of this concept based on the theory of Limits to Growth in 1970s, Brundtland Commission. Special attention was paid to the necessity of the development, when satisfying the of the present generations does not undermine the capacity of generations to satisfy their own needs in the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development Our common future (United Nations, 1987) and in the other events realized by the international community at the end of the 20th and in the early 2000s. It should be emphasized that the provisions of this concept cannot be implemented only basing on the agreements of different levels, which stimulate measures of influence on populations of different countries. The implementation of this concept is impossible without changing the systems of values, ways of thinking, culture, consumption, the attitude of the individuals towards the environment. Education is the primary concern in this process and that's why improvement of education is the crucial prerequisite in the implementation of the concept of the development. 2. Literature review At the end of the 20th and in the early 2000s people became conscious that the human being endowed with knowledge, skills, abilities and desires to realize these abilities is the greatest value in the society, and the criterion of of any social and economic system is the level of the individual and needs' satisfaction. The implementation of the concept of the is aimed at the human being as the greatest value in the society and its creation requires appropriate social, economic, environmental, institutional conditions to support his/her living, self-realization, development, creative growth and competence. The of economy is essential in formation and implementation of these conditions. There are some definitions of the concept sustainable of given in Table 1. The definitions of the concept given in Table 1 can be divided into two groups: The first group includes the definitions of sustainable development as the equilibrium state of economy, social sphere and environment that enables to ensure the high quality level of life of the present generation without detriment to the life-support capacity of the generations. The second group includes the definitions of sustainable development as the equilibrium of economy, social sphere and environment. We have all reasons to believe that we should stick to the first group of definitions as they include not only the high level of life of the present generation, but the necessity to create the similar or even higher quality level of life for the generations. The in advanced countries is crucial for the effective life activities. The Earth Summit, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development took place in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 where the Declaration included 27 principles of was adopted. It defined that the main goal of was the concern about people's welfare. The key document on the Agenda for the 21th century was adopted, that included the program of the based on three components: environment, economy and social sphere. This document recommends that the governments of the world community should develop their national strategies aimed at the development. …

Land Tenure Conflict in the Middle of Africa van Java (Baluran National Park)

Baluran National Park is one of the first five National Parks in Indonesia and considered as National Park in 1980 coincided in World Conservation Strategy Day. Baluran National Park is located in Situbondo, East Java, and often called as ‘Africa van Java’. Currently, management of Baluran National Park faces up social problem due to the presence of settlement (illegal enclave) in the middle of this national park. This study has two research objectives as follows: (1) Creating social profile of society living in disputed territory; and (2) Outlining conflict map by explain contexts of conflict, actors, issues, dynamics, and solution. The research method which was chosen to frame overall assessment of solving conflict problem in Baluran National Park is a Case Study. This research tried to reconstruct the problem occurred with consider conflict facts and interpret behind the facts reflexively. This research series are divided into two focus of studies, there are social profiling of the society who live in disputed area and conflict mapping.The result of this research showed that people are living in disputed area inside Baluran National Park were originally laborer of PT. Gunung Gumitir who hold Hak Guna Usaha (HGU) –a right to use an area or land for economic purpose in Labuhan Merak and Gunung Masigit (inside the Baluran National Park area). The settlement grew bigger and reached 328 families (1.069 persons). Farming and breeding were two main occupations in the area. The existence of settlement inside Baluran National Park could endanger ecosystem sustainability. Uncoordinated policy in determining area status among ministries has become the source of land tenure conflict in Baluran National Park. This conflict had been emerged since 1975 and experienced 3 phase of dynamics that followed by issue alteration and main actors. Until this moment, the conflict is still remaining unresolved with the result that there is possibility of issue alteration, main actor shifting, and creating a new conflict.

Environmental Change, Control and Management in Africa

Abstract African environments have been studied across many disciplines in the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities. This study draws on economic and environmental historical approaches to explore the consumption-conservation nexus in the use of African natural resources. It explores environmental changes resulting from a range of interactive factors, including climate, population, disease, vegetation and technology. Ecological issues are important in the synopsis, but this work does not develop a detailed record of Africa’s environmental changes. Instead, it explores the role and impact of the state, whether exploitative or conservationist, from pre-colonial times to the present. The relationship between economic development, nature and conservation is central, given that the main axiom of world conservation strategy is that development depends upon conservation, and lasting development is impossible without conservation.

Producing Conservation and Community in South Africa

This paper was largely written by the General Manager for People and Conservation in South African National Parks (SANParks), with a contribution by an anthropologist studying the post-apartheid transition of Kruger National Park. Our purpose is to engage in an ongoing discussion aimed at equitable best practice and community empowerment in social research and protected areas by bringing together context informed, insider (Masuku Van Damme) and outsider (Meskell) perspectives. It is not intended to offer a conclusive account of people and park dynamics in SANParks. The paper begins with an overview of the establishment of protected areas in South Africa. It then traces conservation philosophies and management principles from 1900 to the present. We then examine the move towards community involvement with conservation areas, outlining the impacts of the World Conservation Strategy and the Brundtland Report. This leads into a discussion of the development of Social Ecology within SANParks, evaluating the successes and failures of consultative efforts with indigenous communities. Lastly, we describe recent moves to include cultural heritage and indigenous knowledge into the programmatics of park management.

Sustainable development: The way for future, where are we?

Sustainable development: The way for future, where are we?

Integrated Marine and coastal management: a strategy for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological resources in the Socotra Archipelago, Yemen

Past conservation policies have often foundered due to conflict between thoseseeking to defend resources and those excluded from their usage. The conceptof sustainability was introduced in the 1980s with a world conservation strategy arguing that natural biological populations produce a surplus which can be harvested in a sustainable manner. This policy moved considerably in the 1990s with the recognition that most uses are detrimental and a sustainable harvest is difficult to calculate or achieve. Apart from problems in the determination of environmental and biological factors governing sustainability, it was also recognized that social and economic forces play a major role. Thus, the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992 was founded upon conservation, sustainable use and an equitable sharing of the benefits from resources.Integrated Marine and Coastal Area Management (IMCAM) also known as Integrated Costal Zone Management has been suggested to be the most suitable strategy to manage human impacts on marine and coastal biodiversity and to promote conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. IMCAM involves all users or stakeholders including decision makers in the public and private sectors, resource owners, managers, users, non governmental organizations and the general public. The use of this approach to conservation is described by reference to the recent UNOPS/GEF/UNDP- sponsored marine zoning plan for the conservation and sustainable use of the biodiversity and natural resources of the Socotra Archipelago, Yemen.

Environmental Sustainability in Nigeria: The “Awareness” Imperative

The practice of treating the environment with disdain has gradually become unfashionable. Yet in many developing nations, Nigeria among them, environmental education and awareness campaigns remain something regarded as unnecessary. According to Berry (1993: 158):The term “sustainable development” has become a shibboleth of governments and industries, to present a respectful image to a society that is becoming even more strident in its concern for the environment. It is a concept that was projected onto the world by the Stockholm Conference of 1972, and has been carried ever since by the United Nations Environment Programs (UNEP), the World Conservation Union (IUCN), and the World Wildlife Fund for nature (WWF) in their world conservation strategy. It has the ring of truth and worldwide acceptance, but it is poorly understood by those who use it.

Four Challenges of Sustainability

The concept of sustainability first came to public notice in Wes Jackson’s work on agriculture in the late 1970’s, Lester Brown’s Building a Sustainable Society (1980), and The World Conservation Strategy (Allen, 1980). The Brundtland Commission made it a central feature of its 1987 report defining it as meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to do the same ( 1987 ). Their definition confused sustainable growth, an oxymoron, and sustainable development, a possibility. Ambiguities notwithstanding, the concept of sustainability has become the keystone of the global dialogue about the human future. But what exactly do we intend to sustain and what will that require of us?

Current Debates on Environment and Sustainability: Major Issues and Limits

In the current age, the issue of the environment and its sustainability rep resents one of the most critical human concerns that has drawn global attention, generated worldwide discourse, and generated an enormous num ber of international conventions, national institutions, and local non-gov ernment organizations (NGOs). An environmentally sustainable mode of human development has gained increasing prominence due to catastrophic events and issues such as nuclear accidents, oil spills, the greenhouse effect, rise in sea levels, water pollution, deforestation, ozone depletion, land degra dation, and a loss of biodiversity (Korten, 1990:14; Hempel, 1996:29). The idea of 'sustainable development', used in World Conservation Strategy: Living Resources Conservation for Sustainable Development, became more appealing through the publication of Our Common Future (IUCN, 1980; WCED, 1987). The sustainable development model also became globalized through some of the largest international forums on the environment and sustainability, espe cially the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) or the Earth Summit (1992), attended by 30,000 people includ ing 100 heads of state, 1,500 NGO representatives, and 7,000 journalists (Reid, 1995:181). There were many subsequent events on sustainability, including the APEC Meeting of Environment Ministers on Sustainable Development

The Learning for a Sustainable Environment Project: A Case Study of an Action Network for Teacher Education

Education has an enormously important role to play in motivating and empowering citizens to participate in environmental improvement and protection. Nearly three decades ago, Schumacher (1973) described education as our ‘greatest resource’ in his endeavour. In the last decade, major international reports have stressed this also. The theme of the Brundtland Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987), Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living (prepared as the World Conservation Strategy for the 1990s) (1991), and Agenda 21 (the Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro) (1992) is that it is possible to sustain ways of living that can redress environmental decline without jeopardising the ecosystem or resources base for the future. Each report speaks to the imperative of education to engender this ethic (see Fien 1995).In the Asia-Pacific region also, education has been identified as a critical factor and countries have adopted a range of strategies for implementing programs in environmental education. Many workshops and training programs have been organised since 1986 Regional Meeting of Experts in Bangkok at which an action plan was developed for environmental education from primary through post graduate levels. Significant work is taking place in redefining environmental education in a Pacific context, particularly to incorporate concepts of sustainable development. Much exploration of how teacher education can rise to the occasion of the great need for environmental education and for teacher education in environmental education is on-going in the region (see Fien & Corcoran 1996).

Economic Instruments in the Management of Australia's Water Resources: A Critical View

The era of environmental concern ushered in by the World Conservation Strategy and the Brundtland Commission in the 1980s was given renewed impetus following the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992 and the adoption of Agenda 21. Water was a key resource singled out for attention and governments around the world have made a commitment to ecologically sustainable management of the resource. Australia is no exception and a number of processes are under way aimed at ensuring the sustainability of the country's limited water endowment. In recent years the Australian water industry has increasingly come under criticism as the perceived source of widespread resource degradationand extensive impairment of riverine environments. At the same time, growing demands for alternative uses of water have arisen for a wide range of environmental purposes. Addressing these criticisms and satisfying these demands have prompted moves for far-reaching adjustment to water allocation systems and a new approach to water management, a key component of which is the use of economic instruments to bring about change. Among measures introduced to improve water management are the encouragement of water markets and tradable water entitlements, and the rationalization of water pricing. These measures have had a mixed reception from water users, particularly in the irrigation sector, and have come under scrutiny with regard to their rationale and effectiveness in promoting efficiency and equity in rural water use. The challenge remains to identify the most appropriatemix of incentive-based and regulatory mechanisms for the management of Australia's water resources.

Environmental Education, Ethics and Citizenship Conference, Held at the Royal Geographical Society (with The Institute of British Geographers), 20 May 1998

The search for a worldwide environmental ethic is linked to the increase in environmental concern since (particularly) the 1960s, and the recognition that environmental problems can have a global impact. Numerous people and organizations have put forward their understanding of the necessary components of such an ethic and these have converged in a series of international statements (Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment, 1972; World Charter for Nature, 1982; Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992; International Covenant on Environment and Development, 1995). A small number of common elements have emerged. These can be expressed in 10 ‘premises’, which may form the basis for developing into an acceptable worldwide ethic, along the lines called for in the revised World Conservation Strategy, Caring for the Earth, 1991.

Environmental education, ethics and citizenship conference, held at the royal geographical society (with the institute of British geographers), 20 may 1998

AbstractThe search for a worldwide environmental ethic is linked to the increase in environmental concern since (particularly) the 1960s, and the recognition that environmental problems can have a global impact. Numerous people and organizations have put forward their understanding of the necessary components of such an ethic and these have converged in a series of international statements (Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment, 1972; World Charter for Nature, 1982; Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992; International Covenant on Environment and Development, 1995). A small number of common elements have emerged. These can be expressed in 10 ‘premises’, which may form the basis for developing into an acceptable worldwide ethic, along the lines called for in the revised World Conservation Strategy, Caring for the Earth, 1991.