World Chess Champion Research Articles

AI-powered mechanisms as judges: Breaking ties in chess.

Recently, Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology use has been rising in sports to reach decisions of various complexity. At a relatively low complexity level, for example, major tennis tournaments replaced human line judges with Hawk-Eye Live technology to reduce staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. AI is now ready to move beyond such mundane tasks, however. A case in point and a perfect application ground is chess. To reduce the growing incidence of ties, many elite tournaments have resorted to fast chess tiebreakers. However, these tiebreakers significantly reduce the quality of games. To address this issue, we propose a novel AI-driven method for an objective tiebreaking mechanism. This method evaluates the quality of players' moves by comparing them to the optimal moves suggested by powerful chess engines. If there is a tie, the player with the higher quality measure wins the tiebreak. This approach not only enhances the fairness and integrity of the competition but also maintains the game's high standards. To show the effectiveness of our method, we apply it to a dataset comprising approximately 25,000 grandmaster moves from World Chess Championship matches spanning from 1910 to 2018, using Stockfish 16, a leading chess AI, for analysis.

Deep Blue

Abstract: Deep Blue is a chess machine or in simple language it is a chess engine made by the top programmers of IBM. The purpose of this research is to review the famous Deep Blue Chess engine which defeated Garry Kasparov, the famous World Chess Champion in a six – game match in 1997. Following are the main features of the Deep Blue: A single chip chess engine. A massively parallel system with multiple level of parallelism. A strong emphasis on search extension. Effective use of grandmaster’s game database. This research paper will describe a Deep Blue system and give all the interesting information about this chess engine along with all the other few important Chess engine. Why deep blue only? – Deep blue is the first chess engine who defeated The World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov in 1997

WHY SHOULD YOU CARE ABOUT THE LINK BETWEEN SPORTS, AS AN INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE AND GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE HEALTH DEVELOPMENT (UN SDG3)?

Introduction. The truth is I did not care until the global pandemic and fake news in the media MADE me care! Why? Because UN SDGs are vital to the survival of human life, indeed all lives, on the Anthropocene. What better time to research this as when the whole planet was locked down by one virus? This is a working paper using a subset of the data from a larger longitudinal study. The purpose of this paper was to investigate key questions around the transmission of Sports as a major domain of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH). Aim of the study. The study shed light on the “spontaneous and extemporary” way High Performance Sports/eSports ICH-creators transmit to its global community and in an unscripted and unprompted way, included in their transmission process contents that enriched the trust-building aspects of Sustainable strategic health development (SDG3). I isolated and studied this phenomenon by collecting data at an eSports Field configuring event (FCE), studying my subjects who were the highest-ranking world champions of their generation. Material and methods. Through an abductive qualitative analysis of “living culture” at a major FCE, studying the theories of a “living culture”-transmission (ICH) in the field, a paradoxical framework inquisites the unscripted trust-building commentaries regarding the health services provided at large sports venues, during ICH-creators’ Live global broadcast. Results. The initial findings are based on field data collected at high-level e-sports FCE event (World Chess championship 2020). My ICH-transmission framework cross-validated in practice, the implications that ICH like Sports/eSports have ties with UN SDG3 in strategic trans-disciplinary way. Conclusions. This research address theoretical assumptions around “tangibility/intangibility” of cultural manifestations. This will contribute long-term to the study of paradox in creative ICH-transmissions. In the short-term, the knowledge improves UN SDG Index-metrics for Sustainable Health (SDG3). My research challenges assumptions around the requirement of material manifestation of an ICH e.g., a tangible sport played intangibly as an e-sport can still transmit important wellbeing narratives in unscripted and vibrant ICH manifestations. When critically examined the ICH-transmission process of an eSport contributed to sustainable health promotion agenda by disarming polarity (conflict) caused by viral anti-vax disinformation campaigns; potentially steering the fearful towards an SDG-centric wellbeing mind-frame amidst an uncertainty of Sports and eSports event in the middle of a global health crisis.

INTELLIGENT TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRO-INDUSTRY COMPLEX IN THE WORLD

Most of the results achieved using AI technologies are superior to humans: in 1997, a computer beat the then world chess champion, and more recently, in 2016, other computers beat the world's best go and poker players. Computers prove or help prove mathematical theorems; knowledge is generated automatically, based on machine learning methods, and with the help of large data sets, the size of which is calculated in terabytes (from the 10th to the 12th power) and even petabytes (to the 10th to the 15th power).

Acquisition of chess knowledge in AlphaZero

We analyze the knowledge acquired by AlphaZero, a neural network engine that learns chess solely by playing against itself yet becomes capable of outperforming human chess players. Although the system trains without access to human games or guidance, it appears to learn concepts analogous to those used by human chess players. We provide two lines of evidence. Linear probes applied to AlphaZero's internal state enable us to quantify when and where such concepts are represented in the network. We also describe a behavioral analysis of opening play, including qualitative commentary by a former world chess champion.

Entangled: World Chess Champion Alexander Alekhine, Governor General Hans Frank, and the National Socialist Regime

Whether or not world chess champion Alexander Alekhine was a “Nazi” is a question that the international chess community has been asking for decades. Beyond a series of anti-Semitic articles, however, little was known about his actions and behaviour during the Second World War, and the available information has been pieced together in a disjointed and incomprehensible way. The following article demonstrates that existing information and new sources combine to form a coherent narrative when Alekhine’s actions and behaviour are understood as a dual strategy by which he sought to regain his nearly ideal life before the outbreak of the Second World War. Indeed, his life in safety among the upper echelon of society as a recognised world chess champion was at stake. Alekhine saw an initial way out by pursuing a world championship match against José Raúl Capablanca and emigration to South America; he followed another avenue by approaching the National Socialist regime. Starting in March 1941, he chose to pursue both paths in parallel and in public view. Shortly after Capablanca’s death in March 1942, Alekhine entered into a contractual relationship with the Institute for German Eastern Work (Institut für Deutsche Ostarbeit, IDO) in Krakow, thanks to intervention on the part of Governor General (Generalgouverneur) Hans Frank himself. Until the fall of 1943, Alekhine essentially remained a playing chess master in the service of the Greater German Chess Federation (Großdeutscher Schachbund, GSB), which in turn was a compliant tool of the National Socialist regime. By promoting anti-Semitic propaganda in line with the regime’s position, Alekhine clearly crossed the line between chess and politics time and again.

Artificial Intelligence beyond Chess: Opportunities for Medicine, Public Health, and Social Medicine

History was created in 1997 when Deep Blue, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled chess engine, beat the world chess champion. Since then AI and machine learning are being increasingly used in other fields including health care to perform complex tasks. The present commentary compares chess and medicine and how lessons learnt from the application of AI in chess leading to “advanced chess” can be used to develop AI enabled “advanced medicine.” It supports the proposition that while at present it may appear that advances in medical technology are putting a strain on the doctor-patient relationship, in the long run AI and machine learning have the potential to enrich medical care by giving the gift of time to doctors to facilitate better communication with patients and win their trust. Impact of AI and machine learning on Public Health and their role in reviving of Social Medicine has also been discussed.

Translator's Note: Exchanging Different Versions of Jokes with Ariel Magnus

translator’s note Exchanging Different Versions of Jokes with Ariel Magnus I first came across Ariel Magnus’s work back in 2012 when I was working on an anthology of Argentine writers for the city government . The texts tended to be sent to me already excerpted with little context or explanation, and generally that wasn’t a problem: I can usually get the gist of a voice and plot pretty quickly, or at least well enough to produce a decent version in English. With Magnus’s texts, though, taken from the novel El hombre sentado (The sitting man), I was all at sea. El hombre sentado, I learned, is a kind of po-mo novelization of a film-poem by the Swedish director Roy Andersson, inspired by the poetry of César Vallejo. Or, in other words, pure existentialist angst filtered and condensed through various different mediums right onto my computer where it was about to undergo a transformation into yet another language. Having kind of gotten my bearings, I think I was able to produce a good rendering , but more importantly, Magnus was now very much on my radar. Looking through his bibliography, it was obvious that he’s a writer who likes to play with literary concepts and genres; heck, you can see it just from his author photo: the pate and facial hair seem specially designed to accentuate the sparks flying off of that mad-scientist brain of his. No doubt about it, I wanted to work with him. I got my first chance when the Short Story Project asked me to translate one of his stories, “Doing Your Duty,” for their extraordinarily ambitious program (check it out if you haven’t come across it before). This was a very different text from El hombre sentado, far more organic, gritty, and (oh, bane of translators) full of sparkling wordplay. This time I got to send my queries to Ariel, and we soon hit it off; essentially working on a translation with him boils down to exchanging different versions of jokes. It’s fun. Subsequently, Seagull Books asked me to translate his novel Chess with My Grandfather (originally scheduled for this year but now Covided into 2021), an extraordinary novel based around the diaries of a grandfather he never met and the World Chess Championship played in Buenos Aires in 1939; a blend of real life, madcap schemes, acute political, philosophical, and literary reflection, and, of course, lots of jokes. I hope I’ve done it justice. But really all you need to know about Ariel is that he’s the kind of writer who thinks it’s a good idea to produce a book consisting of a hundred one-hundred-word stories and another hundred onehundred -character aphorisms. And that he’s able to pull it off: some of these ministories boast more depth and brilliance than several rather well-regarded novels I don’t care to name. And all you need to know about me as a translator is that I think it’s a good idea to try and translate them. The challenge, obviously, was to match the word count, and I find that Spanish tends to shrink by about 10 percent when transferred into English, but that actually gave me (or rather us: I naïvely thought that the restrictions would reduce the scope for author comments; I was wrong) a little more leeway when trying to find the right combination of words and phrases to reflect what in the original is a glorious exercise in playful brevity. It’s for the reader to determine whether we’ve been successful. Translator Kit Maude lives in Buenos Aires. Editorial note: Turn to page 31 to read Maude’s translations of Magnus’s flash fiction, and visit worldlit.org to read their interview together. by Kit Maude Notebook 10 WLT WINTER 2021 ...

Translator's Note: Exchanging Different Versions of Jokes with Ariel Magnus

translator’s note Exchanging Different Versions of Jokes with Ariel Magnus I first came across Ariel Magnus’s work back in 2012 when I was working on an anthology of Argentine writers for the city government . The texts tended to be sent to me already excerpted with little context or explanation, and generally that wasn’t a problem: I can usually get the gist of a voice and plot pretty quickly, or at least well enough to produce a decent version in English. With Magnus’s texts, though, taken from the novel El hombre sentado (The sitting man), I was all at sea. El hombre sentado, I learned, is a kind of po-mo novelization of a film-poem by the Swedish director Roy Andersson, inspired by the poetry of César Vallejo. Or, in other words, pure existentialist angst filtered and condensed through various different mediums right onto my computer where it was about to undergo a transformation into yet another language. Having kind of gotten my bearings, I think I was able to produce a good rendering , but more importantly, Magnus was now very much on my radar. Looking through his bibliography, it was obvious that he’s a writer who likes to play with literary concepts and genres; heck, you can see it just from his author photo: the pate and facial hair seem specially designed to accentuate the sparks flying off of that mad-scientist brain of his. No doubt about it, I wanted to work with him. I got my first chance when the Short Story Project asked me to translate one of his stories, “Doing Your Duty,” for their extraordinarily ambitious program (check it out if you haven’t come across it before). This was a very different text from El hombre sentado, far more organic, gritty, and (oh, bane of translators) full of sparkling wordplay. This time I got to send my queries to Ariel, and we soon hit it off; essentially working on a translation with him boils down to exchanging different versions of jokes. It’s fun. Subsequently, Seagull Books asked me to translate his novel Chess with My Grandfather (originally scheduled for this year but now Covided into 2021), an extraordinary novel based around the diaries of a grandfather he never met and the World Chess Championship played in Buenos Aires in 1939; a blend of real life, madcap schemes, acute political, philosophical, and literary reflection, and, of course, lots of jokes. I hope I’ve done it justice. But really all you need to know about Ariel is that he’s the kind of writer who thinks it’s a good idea to produce a book consisting of a hundred one-hundred-word stories and another hundred onehundred -character aphorisms. And that he’s able to pull it off: some of these ministories boast more depth and brilliance than several rather well-regarded novels I don’t care to name. And all you need to know about me as a translator is that I think it’s a good idea to try and translate them. The challenge, obviously, was to match the word count, and I find that Spanish tends to shrink by about 10 percent when transferred into English, but that actually gave me (or rather us: I naïvely thought that the restrictions would reduce the scope for author comments; I was wrong) a little more leeway when trying to find the right combination of words and phrases to reflect what in the original is a glorious exercise in playful brevity. It’s for the reader to determine whether we’ve been successful. Translator Kit Maude lives in Buenos Aires. Editorial note: Turn to page 31 to read Maude’s translations of Magnus’s flash fiction, and visit worldlit.org to read their interview together. by Kit Maude Notebook 10 WLT WINTER 2021 ...

Why Is Clive Bell, an Artist With No Training in Logic, Mathematics, Statistics or Probability, Being Cited as an Expert on J M Keynes’s a Treatise on Probability?

Keynes had already answered Ramsey’s incoherent( bizarre?) criticism that “… the obvious one is that there really do not seem to be any such things as the probability relations he describes ...on page 36 of the A Treatise on Probability BEFORE Ramsey ever made his criticism. Keynes pointed out that the “…analogy between orders of similarity and probability is so great that its apprehension will greatly assist that of the ideas I wish to convey.” Ramsey completely failed to grasp the analogy between similarity and probability before criticizing Keynes. No where does Ramsey show that he understands the analogy between probability and similarity that Keynes is using. Nor has any philosopher, economist, psychologist, sociologist, historian or decision theorist demonstrated any understanding of Keynes’s argument in the 20th or 21st century. Only in the writings of cognitive psychologists and cognitive scientists is their evidence that Keynes’s position has been understood. I know of NO such specialist who has critiqued Keynes’s position. This means that Ramsey’s critique is based on ignorance on his part. Before one can rationally criticize any argument of any type, the person doing the critique MUST demonstrate that he understands the position he is critiquing. Keynes’s introductory comments on p.36 were then explored in Part III of the A Treatise on Probability in far, far, far greater depth and detail by Keynes. Keynes’s objective probability relations are simply objective similarity relations existing between old known situations and new unknown situations. Human pattern recognition skills involve using resemblance functions based on past memory that projects past knowledge of old situations into new situations, where there are similarities that are seen to exist between the old, known situation and a new, unexplored situation by SOME researchers. One then can come up with a rational degree of belief regarding how some new situation will play out, given the similarities between the old and new situations. Herbert Simon independently rediscovered some parts of Keynes’s Part III analysis in the A Treatise on Probability that dealt with the connection between intuition and induction when he started to analyze the decision making capabilities of tournament chess players in Over the Board competition, where the players must make decisions under time constrain(a clock),in the 1950’s. Simon was a part of the developing fields of Cognitive Science and cognitive psychology that started in the 1950’s.Keynes ‘s positions on intuition, induction, similarity (dissimilarity), resemblances, analogy and pattern recognition are all accepted basic conclusions in these fields. Ramsey’s concept that supposed humans were capable of calculating exact, precise probabilities, using the purely mathematical laws of the probability calculus to make decisions, is completely rejected except as very special case. One very special case would be correspondence (postal) chess where games can last for years. Another special case would be chess computers, like Deep Blue, that were allowed to bring their “book” knowledge of opening, middle, and end game positions (gigantic libraries containing all known variations of past played games) with them to the chess board. Garry Kasparov, the then World Chess champion, defeated Deep Blue 4-2 in 1996 and lost a rematch 2.5-3.5 in 1997. No cognitive scientist or cognitive psychologist would accept Ramsey’s claims about decision making by humans, be it in 1950 or 2020, because all of the empirical and experimental evidence is completely against Ramsey’s position on the ability of humans to use precise probability. It is very annoying to find in recent reviewers of Misak’s book, including Misak’s own commentary on Ramsey, a reliance on a completely and technically ignorant artist friend of Keynes, Clive Bell, who had no idea about what Keynes was doing in the A Treatise on Probability.The reason is simply because he was completely illiterate of any knowledge of mathematics statistics logic, and probability. I find it bizarre that he is considered a legitimate source that supposedly validates Ramsey’s silly, ignorant comments about Keynes’s “objective probability relations”. The argument seems to go like this ,where (a) ,(b) and (c) are the premises of the argument and (d) is the conclusion of the argument: (a) Ramsey was a great mathematical and logical genius (b) Clive Bell lived and talked with Keynes (c) Clive Bell stated that Ramsey’s critique demolished Keynes’s logical theory of probability (d) Ramsey’s critique demolished Keynes’s logical theory of probability This is what Misak’s argument amounts to.

Artificial Intelligence on the Move: A Revolutionary Technology

People have used technology to improve themselves throughout the human history. From the ancient times, human beings tried to get their work done by human slaves or inanimate machines. To build intelligent agents each new technology has been exploited. Clockwise, hydraulics, telephone switching systems, holograms, analog computers and digital computers have all been suggested both as mechanisms for intelligent agent and as technological metaphors for intelligence. A new invention of computer system is known as Artificial Intelligence that can perform tasks with the help of human intelligence. Artificial Intelligence associated with computer systems which includes various types of intelligence: systems that understand new concepts and tasks, systems that are able to give reason and draw useful conclusion about the world around us, systems which can learn a natural language and comprehend a visual scene. Artificial Intelligence means intelligence that is demonstrated by machines. This is a device that recognizes its environment and takes action that increases the chances of achieving its goal. The research goal of Artificial Intelligence is to create technology which helps computers and machines to perform various tasks in an intelligent manner. Artificial Intelligence analysis the intelligent acts of computational agents. Computational agent is one whose decisions about his/her actions can be explained in terms of computation. His actions, firstly, may be broken down into primary operation that further can be applied in a physical device. Computations have many forms, for example: In humans, it is in the form of “wetware” and in computers it is in the form of “hardware”. Greatest advances have occurred in the field of game playing. Super computer named Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in May, 1997. This research article explains history, features and goals of artificial intelligence. It also explains various types of artificial intelligence like reactive machine,limited memory, theory of mind and self- awareness. This article focus on application of artificial intelligence in many fields like literacy, finance, heavy industries, hospitals, news, publishing, transportations, telecommunication maintenance, telephone and online customer services etc.

Preventing Predation & Encouraging Innovation in Fintech Lending

More than 20 years ago, IBM's Deep Blue vanquished chess grandmaster and reigning world chess champion, Garry Kasparov, in a pair of best-of-six matches. Since then, numerous companies have invested large sums of money to develop additional game-playing, machine-learning algorithms. They have enjoyed significant successes. For example, in 2016, AlphaGo demolished Lee Sedol, a world champion Go player, 4-1 in a series of matches by, among other things, making “a move no human would ever play, stunning experts and fans and utterly wrong-footing world champion Lee Sedol.” In addition, Libratus defeated “four of the top-ranked human Texas Hold'em players in the world over the course of 120,000 hands” during a twenty-day poker competition in 2017. Other algorithms have also defeated top players in checkers, chess, Jeopardy!, and Scrabble. These companies are not trying to dominate your family game nights. Instead, they are betting that many of the techniques and strategies used to create world-class game-playing algorithms can be deployed for other purposes as well. In other words, they are looking to create general-purpose artificial intelligence (AI) systems. One use for AI systems is to improve credit-underwriting models. The regulation of these types of AI systems is the focus of this paper. This new breed of lenders, often called fintech lenders, are amassing hordes of data (Big Data) and using machine- learning techniques honed in the game-playing context to improve existing credit-underwriting models. Fintech lenders commonly use nontraditional, tech-centric methods to market themselves to prospective borrowers, evaluate borrower creditworthiness, and to match prospective borrowers with sources of credit. Examples include Lenddo and ZestFinance. Fintech lenders often claim that they can lower loan origination costs and loan default rates, thus improving credit accessibility. This essay proceeds as follows. First, it briefly explains fintech lending, focusing on its differences from traditional lending. Next, it highlights the promise and peril of fintech lending. Finally, it considers how state and federal regulators might deploy their powers to prohibit unfair acts and practices to encourage the promise and avoid the peril of fintech lending. A brief conclusion follows.

A man-machine mind meld for quantum computing: Can an online game that combines human brainpower with AI solve intractable problems?

ANYONE OF A CERTAIN AGE who has even a passing interest in computers will remember the remarkable breakthrough that IBM made in 1997 when its Deep Blue chess-playing computer defeated Garry Kasparov, then the world chess champion. Computer scientists passed another such milestone in March 2016, when DeepMind (a subsidiary of Alphabet, Google's parent company) announced that its AlphaGo program had defeated world-champion player Lee Sedol in the game of Go, a board game that had vexed AI researchers for decades. Recently, DeepMind's algorithms have also bested human players in the computer games StarCraft II and Quake Arena III. ¶ Some believe that the cognitive capacities of machines will overtake those of human beings in many spheres within a few decades. Others are more cautious and point out that our inability to understand the source of our own cognitive powers presents a daunting hurdle. How can we make thinking machines if we don't fully understand our own thought processes?

Artificial intelligence in the lab: ask not what your computer can do for you.

Artificial intelligence in the lab: ask not what your computer can do for you.

Application of total quality management in chess (with specific reference to World Chess Championship, 2016)

Application of total quality management in chess (with specific reference to World Chess Championship, 2016)

Bobby Fischer: Chess, genius and madness at the height of the cold war

IntroductionDirected by Edward Zwick “Pawn Sacrifice” is a biographical film released on September 2015. The film stars Tobey Maguire as Bobby Fischer, the American World Chess Champion, considered one of greatest player of all time. His career's peak was in 1972 when he captured the World Chess Championship from Boris Spassky of the USSR.AimsWe tried to dig a little in the biography of Bobby Fischer who many described as mentally ill. We tried to figure out what is reality and what is just legend about Fischer. Our goal is promote chess, and also honour the great Fischer. Moreover, we wanted to explore the scientific literature published about the benefits of playing chess, especially in childhood.MethodsWe made an exhaustive review of the author's life, and also testimonies of people who knew him. Moreover, we found some articles that review the relationship between chess and IQ trying to confirm or debunk some myths about this legendary game.ResultsIt was incomprehensible to everyone that the top of the career of Bobby Fischer at the same time meant an abrupt and complete fall. One possible explanation for this attitude would be a mentally unbalance not specified disorder throughout his lifespan.ConclusionsNot all geniuses are crazy, neither all crazy are geniuses. A genius is a person with extraordinary capabilities, that focused on a topic, has the ability to enlight new ways to explain this complex world, whether it is to create a symphony, paint masterpiece or the next move on the chessboard.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

When doctors meet with AlphaGo: potential application of machine learning to clinical medicine.

March is a reluctant beginning of spring. After suddenly getting warmer, the weather has turned cold again. Yesterday, the friend circle of Wechat was full of a breaking news that the Google’s artificial intelligence AlphaGo beat human Go champion Lee Sedol. Or at least it was a temporary lead because there will be several rounds in following days. The news was a headline because it was related to the debate on whether artificial intelligence could defeat human brain. Many cultural celebrities posted their comments on the news. Shen Lei, a writer who is famous for his interpretation on Jin Yong’s Kung Fu novels, stated that: “ The last warrior falls. ” Tang Fenng also posted on his Wechat that: “ All calculations and computations can be left for machines from now on. What we humans can do are: burning incense, sipping tea, Washing inkstone, playing the Chinese zither…. ” In other words, all works with rules can be completed by machines, and humans have to retreat to their emotional domain. Why is it the Go, instead of other chesses such as Modern Ludo and animal checker, or other intellectual activities? That is because the Go represent the most complicated intellectual activity. The chessboard of Go is made up of 361 cross points, which in turn can generate numerous chess compositions. There are around 10 170 possible board configurations in the average 150-move game (1)! After all, this is much challenging than medical decision making. Two decades ago, the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue defeated the world chess champion Garry Kasparov (2). However, the chess is slightly inferior than Go in its complexity. Thus the AlphaGo’s victory has more far-reaching significance.

RusNet on the Offensive

RusNet on the Offensive

Bobby Fischer in Socio-Cultural Perspective: Application of Hiller’s (2011) Multi-Layered Chronological Chart Methodology

This article presents a case study application of Hiller’s (2011) Multi - Layered Chronological Chart (MLCC) methodology to the life story of former World Chess Champion Bobby Fischer. Designed for use in qualitative biographical studies, the MLCC is adapted here for psychobiographical research. In 1972, Fischer became an American Cold War hero as he wrestled the World Chess Championship from a half century of Soviet domination. His rapid rise to world fame was followed by infamy as Fischer abandoned competitive chess, grew increasingly Anti - Semitic and Anti - American, became a fugitive from U.S. justice, and died in relative isolation in Reykjavik, Iceland. Fischer remains one of the more enigmatic personalities of the 20th century and many questions remain regarding his psychological health. The MLCC method is used to contextualize Fischer’s life in nine key topical domains across five developmental life stages. The value of the MLCC methodology to psychobiographical research is highlighted and suggestions for advancing this methodology are put forth.

Why Has Artificial Intelligence Failed? And How Can it Succeed?

. In the 1960s, pioneers in artificial intelligence made grand claims that AI systems would surpass human intelligence before the end of the 20th century. Except for beating the world chess champion in 1997, none of the other predictions have come true. But AI research has contributed a huge amount of valuable technology, which has proved to be successful on narrow, specialized problems. Unfortunately, the field of AI has fragmented into those narrow specialties. Many researchers claim that their specialty is the key to solving all the problems. But the true key to AI is the knowledge that there is no key. Human intelligence comprises every specialty that anyone in any culture or civilization has ever dreamed of. Each one is adequate for a narrow range of applications. The power of human intelligence comes from the ability to relate, combine, and build on an open-ended variety of methods for different applications. Successful AI systems require a framework that can support any and all such combinations.