World Bank Poverty Line Research Articles

Family Physical Economic Strength of Bank Emok Customer: An Analysis the Influence of Debt Behavior, Lifestyle, Economic Pressure, and Family Financial Conditions

Bank Emok is a mobile bank that uses a group mechanism that sits together (emok) every week for debt disbursement and a joint responsibility payment guarantee system. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of debt behavior, lifestyle, economic pressure, and family financial conditions (literacy, management, attitudes) on the physical economic strength of Bank Emok customers in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. This cross-sectional study involved 150 families of Bank Emok customers who were selected by simple random sampling. The research instrument had adequate reliability and validity. The results of the analysis show that there are Bank Emok customer families who are not categorized as poor (71.3% with the Bogor poverty line; 52% with the World Bank poverty line). Quite a large number of wives (63.4%) and husbands (51%) did not complete basic education (12 years). The husband's main job is laborer/employee (47.3%) and 57% of the wives work in various jobs. Debts range from 2-16 million, the average installment per week is 138 thousand. As many as 26.7 percent of families fall into the category of high economic pressure, this is indicated by the difficulty of the family in fulfilling food, education and life skills. The results of the analysis show that the physical economic strength of the family is positively influenced by financial literacy, financial management, attendance mechanisms, the husband's length of education, and family income, and is negatively affected by the husband's age. The analyzed model contributes 27.9 percent to the physical-economic strength of the family. Families need to increase their understanding of basic financial concepts and spending priorities because they play an important role in increasing the physical-economic strength of families.

Fisheries and SDGs at Namasagali Fishing Village, Kamuli Disrtict, Uganda

Attainment of SDGs has been derailed mainly by conflicts, pandemics and climate change. In Uganda, limited quantification of the value Riverine fisheries provide to communities is a major driver to unsustainable harvesting and destruction fisheries resources. This study was conducted to determine the monetary value contributed to households by fisheries activities at Namasagali fishing Village, one of the spots along Victoria Nile, major challenges faced and possible strategies to be adopted to enhance community ownership and sustainable management. A cross sectional survey was conducted using questionnaires and data on major activities conducted around the fishery and the corresponding income recorded and as analyzed using SPSS statistical package. Results showed that fisheries activities aprovided the highest amount of daily household income of between (5000 - 100,000 Shillings; USD $1.35-2.70) to 45% of households in the community. This income was higher than the established World Bank poverty line of US $1.25/1.9 per day in the year 2005. Major challenge to sustainability of the fishery were use of illegal fishing gears and methods. Sensitization of the fisherfolk i and enforcement of fisheries regulations was recommended as the main strategy to advance sustainable fisheries resources at Namasagali Fishing Village.

Health care needs and health services utilization of people with spinal cord injury living in Jiangsu and Sichuan provinces of China: a cross-sectional community survey

Purpose We aimed to investigate health care needs, health service utilization, and their socio-economic and health-related determinants in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) living in Jiangsu and Sichuan Provinces of China. Materials and Methods A total of 1355 participants with SCI living in the community were recruited using a multi-stage stratified random sample and surveyed by telephone or online. Outcomes evaluated included the presence of health care needs, mode of health service utilization, and specific provider types seen within 12 months preceding the survey. Results The prevalence of healthcare needs was 92%. Needs were higher in Sichuan (98%) as compared to Jiangsu (80%). Of those in need of health care, 38% reported not having utilized care, more in Sichuan (39%) than in Jiangsu (37%). In Jiangsu, inpatient care was more often used than in Sichuan (46% vs. 27%), while in Sichuan outpatient services were utilized more often (33% vs. 17%). On average, 1.6 provider types were seen, with Sichuan reporting fewer different provider types. Conclusions Considerable differences in the prevalence of health care needs and service utilization patterns were found between provinces, mostly in favour of the economically more developed Jiangsu Province. Implications for Rehabilitation People with low income, particularly those below the World Bank poverty line for middle-income countries, had increased health care needs but utilized health care less often. Moreover, environmental barriers contributed significantly to unmet health care needs. This implies the necessity to provide better accessible and more affordable rehabilitation services for people with spinal cord injury (SCI) in China such as community-based rehabilitation programming. Policies for alleviation of poverty in the case of SCI including insurance for catastrophic health expenditure should also be reviewed and adapted where applicable.

The Effect of Fishermen’s Income Factors on Fishermen’s Poverty on The North Coast of Jakarta

Poverty still occurs among fishermen amid the abundance of wealth in Indonesia's marine resources, where the substantial coastal and marine potential has not improved the welfare of fishermen's lives. This study aims to determine the poverty level and analyze the factors that affect fishermen's income on the North Coast of Jakarta that cause poverty. This research was conducted in January – February 2023 through a survey with the selection of respondents using stratified-accidental sampling techniques. Respondents in this study amounted to 100 respondents who were taken proportionally at each level. This study's data processing and analysis techniques used poverty-level and multiple linear regression analyses. Based on the research results, the poverty level of fishermen on the North Coast of Jakarta, when compared to the Central Bureau of Statistics poverty line, 44 fishermen out of 100 have incomes below IDR 17.852,00/capita/day. In comparison, when compared to the World Bank poverty line, there are 71 fishermen out of 100 fishermen living below the World Bank poverty line because the income obtained is less than IDR 32.812,00/capita/day. The factors affecting fishermen's income on the North Coast of Jakarta that cause poverty are the size of the boat. In contrast, factors such as age, education level, and work experience do not affect fishermen's income, so these factors do not significantly affect the poverty of fishermen on the North Coast of Jakarta. Knowing that the variable size of the boat significantly affects fishermen's income on the North Coast of Jakarta, it is expected that the Government can provide facilities and infrastructure assistance in the form of boats with larger boat sizes and simplify the application mechanism in obtaining such assistance. So it is hoped that the help of this boat can increase catches for fishermen and increase the income and welfare of fishermen so that the poverty of fishermen on the North Coast of Jakarta can be reduced.

Effects of cancer treatment on household impoverishment: a multicentre cross-sectional study in China

ObjectivesTo determine the incidence and intensity of household impoverishment induced by cancer treatment in China.DesignAverage income and daily consumption per capita of the households and out-of-pocket payments for cancer care...

Fuzzy set based intra-urban inequality indicator

Intra-urban inequality is not strictly defined and therefore cannot be measured accurately. The literature shows that the measurement of inequality varies depending on the judgment of the experts and that this judgment can be realized in several ways. Taking this into account, the capabilities created using fuzzy set theory and consensus schemes can be useful in the process of measuring inequality. The objective of their use is twofold. First, analyze the degree to which experts diverge on an ill-defined phenomenon such as inequality. Second, build a fuzzy set based Intra-Urban Inequality Indicator (F-II-I). The results of the present research show that F-II-I is adequate to represent the intra-urban inequality. The experts involved agree 93% on the weight of the inequality variables. The correlation coefficient and the proportion of outliers between the F-II-I and the Average Monthly Income per Household is 0.61 and 0.06, respectively. The degree of uncertainty associated with the different ways of normalizing and aggregating the F-II-I variables was 0.11. The pattern of inequality represented by F-II-I is consistent with similar studies and with the World Bank's Poverty Line. This research contributes to the practice as it combines methods and techniques that make it possible to measure phenomena without strict definition and to consider conflicting opinions expressed in different ways. As a theoretical contribution, this research demonstrates a certain degree of a satisfactory definition of intra-urban inequality. Besides, even if this definition's limits remain unclear, there is a reasonable consensus degree on specific aspects of inequality.

Are Ethiopian diabetic patients protected from financial hardship?

Globally, diabetes mellitus exerts an economic burden on patients and their families. However, the economic burden of diabetes mellitus and its associated factors were not well studied in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the economic burden of diabetes mellitus and its associated factors among diabetic patients in public hospitals of Bahir Dar city administration, Ethiopia. Across sectional study was conducted on 422 diabetic patients. The patients were selected by simple random sampling method. The prevalence-based model was used to estimate the costs on patients' perspective. Bottom up and human capital approaches were used to estimate the direct and indirect costs of the patients respectively. Wealth index was constructed using principal component analysis by SPSS. Forty percent of nonfood threshold level was used to measure catastrophic diabetic care expenditure of diabetic patients. Whereas, the World Bank poverty line (the $1.90-a-day poverty line) was used to measure impoverishment of patients due to expenses of diabetes mellitus care. Data were entered by Epi data version 3.1and exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were used. Four hundred one respondents were interviewed with response rate of 95%. We found that 239 (59.6%) diabetic patients incurred catastrophic diabetic care expenditure at 40% nonfood threshold level. Whereas, 20 (5%) diabetic patients were impoverished by diabetic care spending at the $1.90-a-day poverty line. Educational status of respondent, educational status of the head of household, occupation and wealth status were statistically associated with the catastrophic diabetic care expenditure. The study revealed that the economic burden of diabetic care is very disastrous among the less privileged populations: the less educated, the poorest and unemployed. Therefore, all concerned stakeholders should design ways that can reduce the financial hardship of diabetic care among diabetic patients.

Poverty Occurrency Probability on Oil Palm Farmer Households

The research was aimed at analyzing poverty level of non-plasma oil palm farmer households and determining factors that influence their poverty occurrence probability. This research was conducted by surveying ninety non-plasma oil palm farmer households in Mukomuko District. The poverty level was quantified method by comparing household income with the World Bank poverty line, i.e. US $ 2/capita/day. Households were categorized into poor if their income is less than US $ 2/capita/day or Rp 26,908.00/capita/day (with an exchange rate of Rp 13,454.00 per US $), vice versa. To determine factors affecting the probability of poverty occurrence, the binary logistic model was applied. The results showed that the average non-plasma farmer household income was Rp 39,484.00/capita/day. With the level of exchange rate applied in this research, it was found that forty percent households were below the poverty line. Land variable negative and significantly affects the probability of poverty occurrence while the family size was positive significant. Other factors including education, age, and the existence of other jobs had an insignificant effect.Keywords: probability, poverty, oil palm, household

Poverty Occurrency Probability on Oil Palm Farmer Households

The research was aimed at analyzing poverty level of non-plasma oil palm farmer households and determining factors that influence their poverty occurrence probability. This research was conducted by surveying ninety non-plasma oil palm farmer households in Mukomuko District. The poverty level was quantified method by comparing household income with the World Bank poverty line, i.e. US $ 2/capita/day. Households were categorized into poor if their income is less than US $ 2/capita/day or Rp 26,908.00/capita/day (with an exchange rate of Rp 13,454.00 per US $), vice versa. To determine factors affecting the probability of poverty occurrence, the binary logistic model was applied. The results showed that the average non-plasma farmer household income was Rp 39,484.00/capita/day. With the level of exchange rate applied in this research, it was found that forty percent households were below the poverty line. Land variable negative and significantly affects the probability of poverty occurrence while the family size was positive significant. Other factors including education, age, and the existence of other jobs had an insignificant effect.Keywords: probability, poverty, oil palm, household

Poverty Occurrency Probability on Oil Palm Farmer Households

The research was aimed at analyzing poverty level of non-plasma oil palm farmer households and determining factors that influence their poverty occurrence probability. This research was conducted by surveying ninety non-plasma oil palm farmer households in Mukomuko District. The poverty level was quantified method by comparing household income with the World Bank poverty line, i.e. US $ 2/capita/day. Households were categorized into poor if their income is less than US $ 2/capita/day or Rp 26,908.00/capita/day (with an exchange rate of Rp 13,454.00 per US $), vice versa. To determine factors affecting the probability of poverty occurrence, the binary logistic model was applied. The results showed that the average non-plasma farmer household income was Rp 39,484.00/capita/day. With the level of exchange rate applied in this research, it was found that forty percent households were below the poverty line. Land variable negative and significantly affects the probability of poverty occurrence while the family size was positive significant. Other factors including education, age, and the existence of other jobs had an insignificant effect.Keywords: probability, poverty, oil palm, household

ANALYSIS OF POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN THE MUSTAHIK EMPOWERMENT PROGRAM IN PEKANBARU

This study aims to analyze poverty alleviation and financial inclusion in the mustahik em­powerment program in Pekanbaru. The samples involved in this study were 105 people drawn from four organizations of zakat in Pekanbaru. The analytical technique conducted using qualitative de­scriptive analysis. The results of this study show that the economic empowerment program conducted by zakat institutions in Pekanbaru has succeeded in alleviating the mustahik of the poverty line. Based on the World Bank's poverty line, there are 34.07% of successful out of poverty line. Meanwhile, if using the Government poverty line then there are 60.29% mustahik who managed to get out of the poverty line. However, this empowerment program has not been integrated with the sharia micro­finance institutions. Therefore, the empowerment program for mustahik should be integrated with Islamic microfinance to pursue successful financial inclusion for mustahik.

Role of Microfinance in Poverty Alleviation: Evidence from Pakistan

This study has empirically measured the role of microfinance in poverty alleviation and has examined its impact on household poverty level. The factors that can affect the household poverty and living standard have been investigated with innovative econometric technique that is binary logit model and ordered logit model by using Stata software. The empirical analysis of this study is based on fresh data. The data is collected through a household survey method from the rural and urban areas of district Lodhran of Pakistan. A questionnaire was developed to collect primary data which covered the household loan amount, household assets, and household expenditures. The questionnaires were distributed among 220 respondents. We selected total 19 variables: eleven variables to analyze the factors responsible for household poverty and eight variables to measure the household living standard. High value of Living standard shows high living standard and low value shows lower living standard. The empirical evidence shows that the variables such as gender, married status, chronicle diseases, purpose of loans, number of loans taken, amount of loan, Lives Stock, Monthly savings, total number of household members are found impacting poverty significantly while the impact of transport facility, years of schooling and ownership of land were found insignificant. While measuring poverty level we followed World Bank poverty line which is $ 1.25 (Rs.3750) per capita per adult monthly income and expenditure. The data shows that 137 (62.3 percent) households are living below poverty line while 83 households are living above poverty line. We find that 169 households (76.8 percent of the total sample) have good living standard while 20 households (9.1 percent) have high living standard whereas 31 households (14.1 percent), have very low living standard. JEL Classifications Code: E6

Assessing catastrophic and impoverishing effects of health care payments in Uganda.

BackgroundDirect out-of-pocket payments for health care are recognised as limiting access to health care services and also endangering the welfare of households. In Uganda, such payments comprise a large portion of total health financing. This study assesses the catastrophic and impoverishing impact of paying for health care out-of-pocket in Uganda.MethodsUsing data from the Uganda National Household Surveys 2009/10, the catastrophic impact of out-of-pocket health care payments is defined using thresholds that vary with household income. The impoverishing effect of out-of-pocket health care payments is assessed using the Ugandan national poverty line and the World Bank poverty line ($1.25/day).ResultsA high level and intensity of both financial catastrophe and impoverishment due to out-of-pocket payments are recorded. Using an initial threshold of 10% of household income, about 23% of Ugandan households face financial ruin. Based on both the $1.25/day and the Ugandan poverty lines, about 4% of the population are further impoverished by such payments. This represents a relative increase in poverty head count of 17.1% and 18.1% respectively.ConclusionThe absence of financial protection in Uganda’s health system calls for concerted action. Currently, out-of-pocket payments account for a large share of total health financing and there is no pooled prepayment system available. There is therefore a need to move towards mandatory prepayment. In this way, people could access the needed health services without any associated financial consequence.

Calorie Elasticities with Income Dynamics: Evidence from the Literature

AbstractThis paper proposes a finite mixture model to identify the behavioral transition of calorie consumption with an assumption that nutrition consumption is a mixture of behaviors in two different stages: a poor stage and an affluent stage. Based on a meta‐analysis of 387 calorie‐income elasticities collected from 90 primary studies, it is found that the threshold income for calorie demand transition is $460 in 2012 prices. This implies that the transitional threshold for calorie consumption is $1.26/day, which is slightly lower than the World Bank's poverty line ($1.25/day in 2005 purchasing power parity prices) after deflation. This study provides a new empirical approach to evaluate the transition of calorie consumption and poverty line.

The influence of health expenditures on household impoverishment in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the variation in the proportion of households living below the poverty line in Brazil and the factors associated with their impoverishment.METHODS Income and expenditure data from the Household Budget Survey, which was conducted in Brazil between 2002-2003 (n = 48,470 households) and 2008-2009 (n = 55,970 households) with a national sample, were analyzed. Two cutoff points were used to define poverty. The first cutoff is a per capita monthly income below R$100.00 in 2002-2003 and R$140.00 in 2008-2009, as recommended by the Bolsa Família Program. The second, which is proposed by the World Bank and is adjusted for purchasing power parity, defines poverty as per capita income below US$2.34 and US$3.54 per day in 2002-2003 and 2008-2009, respectively. Logistic regression was used to identify the sociodemographic factors associated with the impoverishment of households.RESULTS After subtracting health expenditures, there was an increase in households living below the poverty line in Brazil. Using the World Bank poverty line, the increase in 2002-2003 and 2008-2009 was 2.6 percentage points (6.8%) and 2.3 percentage points (11.6%), respectively. Using the Bolsa Família Program poverty line, the increase was 1.6 (11.9%) and 1.3 (17.3%) percentage points, respectively. Expenditure on prescription drugs primarily contributed to the increase in poor households. According to the World Bank poverty line, the factors associated with impoverishment include a worse-off financial situation, a household headed by an individual with low education, the presence of children, and the absence of older adults. Using the Bolsa Família Program poverty line, the factors associated with impoverishment include a worse-off financial situation and the presence of children.CONCLUSIONS Health expenditures play an important role in the impoverishment of segments of the Brazilian population, especially among the most disadvantaged.

The role of forests and forest products in poverty reduction in sub-Saharan Africa in the 21st century

This study briefly examines the role of forest in poverty reduction in sub-Saharan Africa in the 21st century despite the effect of deforestation and degradation. This sub region is rated as the second region with the highest proportion of poor people globally, i.e., 325 million people. Income in the sub region has fallen below the World Bank poverty line of $1.25 per day for developing countries. In fact 45% of the population live on less than $1 per day, with two thirds of the population living in rural areas and small-holder farmers accounting for 80% of the poor. Although about 1.6 billion people live on $1–2 per day, signifying improvement in living standards, it is incomparable to income levels in developed countries. The region is therefore characterized by hunger and starvation, diseases, illnesses and under development. In the sub region, the Gini coefficient is 0.44, indicating a high incidence of poverty. Countries worst hit by absolute poverty in the sub region are Nigeria, Mali and the Central African Republic. Consequently, there is an urgent need to improve the welfare of the population of this sub region through available natural resources, such as forests, where modern technology also still lags far behind. It is therefore recommended that forest policy in the sub region be focused on forestry initiatives that will encourage access to forest resources and in turn increase the well-being of the poor through the natural bounty of the goods and services from the forest. Furthermore, forest food consumption must be encouraged among the rural poor through appropriate agroforestry practices, along with enhanced literacy, as well as education for processing and marketing of forest products in regional markets.

Vaccines to combat the neglected tropical diseases.

The neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) represent a group of parasitic and related infectious diseases such as amebiasis, Chagas disease, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, hookworm, leishmaniasis, and schistosomiasis. Together, these conditions are considered the most common infections in low- and middle-income countries, where they produce a level of global disability and human suffering equivalent to better known conditions such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and malaria. Despite their global public health importance, progress on developing vaccines for NTD pathogens has lagged because of some key technical hurdles and the fact that these infections occur almost exclusively in the world's poorest people living below the World Bank poverty line. In the absence of financial incentives for new products, the multinational pharmaceutical companies have not embarked on substantive research and development programs for the neglected tropical disease vaccines. Here, we review the current status of scientific and technical progress in the development of new neglected tropical disease vaccines, highlighting the successes that have been achieved (cysticercosis and echinococcosis) and identifying the challenges and opportunities for development of new vaccines for NTDs. Also highlighted are the contributions being made by non-profit product development partnerships that are working to overcome some of the economic challenges in vaccine manufacture, clinical testing, and global access.