Works Of Intellectuals Research Articles

Missing voices: Latin American perspectives in International Relations

Abstract Academics working in International Relations (IR) often portray the discipline as predominantly American. The traditional orthodox narrative of the discipline, told through the ‘Great Debates’, reinforces this, as it depicts the main scholars in the history of the discipline as primarily originating from either the United States or the United Kingdom. In fact, the most popular books covering key thinkers in the discipline feature virtually no Latin American theorists. The marginalization of voices from the global South, including women, and of non-traditional perspectives has created a knowledge gap within the discipline. To address this, this special section of International Affairs, ‘Missing voices: Latin American perspectives in International Relations’, delves into the rich tapestry of international thought on world affairs, encompassing the works of several intellectuals from Latin America. We are convinced that highlighting these perspectives is vital to dispelling myths and positioning IR in the path of a truly global discipline.

Conceptualization of the ideas of prosociality in the Russian humanitarian thought of the 19th century

Introduction. The relevance of the study is determined by the demand for prosocial values while maintaining and developing the unity and cohesion of Russian society, as well as by the need to refer to the Russian historical experience, including aspects that have not attracted sufficient attention from researchers. This study aims to consider the genesis, evolution, and content of prosocial ideas in the Russian humanitarian thought of the 19th century. Materials and methods. The study used data from an extensive list of pedagogical, psychological, journalistic, philosophical, and other works of a number of prominent representatives of Russian humanitarian thought. The methodological base of the study included the principles of historicism, objectivity, connection, and continuity of phenomena and processes. The authors of the study analyzed the content of the ideas of prosociality in the Russian humanitarian thought of the 19th century from the standpoint of intellectual history. The study used such special methods of historical research as textological analysis, historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods. Results. The authors of the study traced the crystallization and comprehension of such prosocial categories as goodness, charity, kindness, altruism, social service, and others, as well as their role in the formation of a moral personality. In addition, the ideological origins and specific historical conditions for the development of prosocial ideas among the progressive public of the 19th century were revealed. Special attention was paid to the analysis of their views on the system of educating a person with developed prosocial qualities, which included not only theoretical aspects but also quite specific practical proposals. The study concluded that in the 19th century, against the background of the development and flourishing of social thought, there was an active and very fruitful theoretical understanding of a wide range of prosocial concepts. The ideological basis of these reflections were Orthodox values and traditional collectivist attitudes common in Russian society. Conclusion. As a result of the study, the concepts of “welfare”, “goodness”, “altruism”, “love”, and “social service” were for the first time systematically identified in the works of Russian intellectuals in the humanities of the 19th century as structural components of prosociality. The presence in the Russian intellectual tradition (cultural tradition) of the concept of goodness, being the theoretical basis for the introduction of prosociality into modern helping practices and behavior, was revealed. The presence of this concept predetermined the readiness of the Russian enlightened community of the 19th century to perceive the humanistic ideas of prosociality through its cultural code. For the first time, continuity between the Russian pre-revolutionary and modern traditions of the formation of prosociality in humanitarian thought was proven. It was identified that in the Russian public thought of the 19th century, the concept of goodness was understood as an active principle associated with broad social service in a wide variety of areas.

Islamic Intellectualism versus Modernity: Attempts to Formulate Coherent Counter Narrative

Islamic intellectualism is an unfailing source of revealed wisdom for addressing all the issues that may keep arising till the judgment day. History has preserved works of several exceptional individuals who formulated effective answers in the light of this knowledge to the challenges of their times. In this age, modernity and its pernicious impacts on different aspects of human life pose a new challenge which has drawn undivided attention of scholars. Hence, they come up with various proposals to deal with it in an emphatic manner. It is, therefore, necessary for scholars to reevaluate the works of such influential intellectuals in order to enable themselves to address the new challenges. The current study incorporated the matchless contribution made by Jamal al-Din Afghani, Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, and Dr. Fazlur Rahman to the struggle against unabated onslaught on the faith and its foundations, civilization, and cultural development by western modernity. Afghani was the first to identify the problem and deliver a forceful and logical response by uncovering the pernicious effects of modernity. Dr. Iqbal improved upon Afghani’s contribution and strove to revive the dynamic spirit of Islamic thought, while Dr Fazlur Rahman completed their mission by moulding their ideas into an all-inclusive synthetic system. The discourse set off by the trilogy of their ideas constitutes an effective response to modernity which may also prove to be a blueprint for formulating viable responses to any future challenges to the true spirit of Islam.

Intellectual Decolonization and Redefining the Self in the works of Ali Shariati

History of modern Iran has been the history of external intervention and revolts against it. Like intellectuals all over the third world, intellectuals in Iran also played significant role in producing counter-discourses to Western imperialism. Debating modernity was a general theme, but condemnation and critique of the state and redefining Iranian identity dominated the works of intellectuals in nineteenth and early twentieth century. Ali Shariati provided an intellectual critique of the Western imperialism and explained the detachment of the self from its authentic nature. He proposed return to the self through revolt and therefore is often seen as an ideologue of the Iranian Revolution of 1979.

Yeset Lij’s Tribute to the Praxis of Collective Mothering: Childhood in Derg’s Ethiopia

ABSTRACT In this article, I deliberate on collective mothering as I knew it growing up where women raise children together. I foreground mothering as a repertoire of shared knowledge, wisdom and solidarity that opens up imaginations for transformative politics. I pay closer attention to the Amharic epithet yeset lij (child of a woman), to show the societal stereotypes around raising a child as an unwed woman. Even though this is a reflection of my own upbringing as a yeset lij, I show how different histories, institutions, structures, socio-cultural norms and global as well as local forces interact to shape the process and politics of mothering as a collective project. As much as my thinking is inspired by the women I call my mothers, my musings also rely on the works of African and African American feminist intellectuals that have shaped my articulations.

«Сарыарқа» газетінің қазақ журналистикасы тарихындағы орны

The article is devoted to the comparison and evaluation of new data about the history and publishers of the publication «Saryarka», which has a special place in today's Kazakh journalism. The newspaper «Saryarka», which appeared as the first political publication in the history of Kazakh journalism, was able to deeply explain the meaning of freedom and equality to the people and set an example for bold analysis of political changes. Articles of a political nature and brave analyzes were constantly published, which understood the essence of any cultural-scientific information, urged political figures to come together and take bold steps to straighten the country's spirit, to make political changes in the creation of the state. It has left its place in history as a publication that reflected various political features and directions, views of experts. The purpose of the research article is to learn the history of media information, which is transmitted at a very large speed under the influence of the rapid development of the flow of information and digital technologies, to give an assessment of the past, to promote the works of Alash intellectuals who worked hard in the publication to the public, and to show the effectiveness and uniqueness of pseudonyms in the modern world media environment. In the course of writing the article, an analysis was made of new data and pseudonyms of the authors of the «Saryarka» newspaper, which has a place in Kazakh journalism, and the features of its development and history were summarized

Psychological and Sexual Study of the Characters of Prem Chand's Story "Bhoot"

Prem Chand was a great fiction writer of Urdu language and literature. He understood the requirements of art fiction writing. He had studied the works of world famous fiction writers and intellectuals. He was fully aware of social attitudes and human psychology. In the novel “Bhoot” he has described the psychological and sexual references that arise from defective family traditions and customs. This story teaches that the practice of giving birth to one and there should be abolished because it has deadly and negative effect on the family and society.

Psychological and Sexual Study of the Characters of Prem Chand's Story "Bhoot"

Prem Chand was a great fiction writer of Urdu language and literature. He understood the requirements of art fiction writing. He had studied the works of world famous fiction writers and intellectuals. He was fully aware of social attitudes and human psychology. In the novel “Bhoot” he has described the psychological and sexual references that arise from defective family traditions and customs. This story teaches that the practice of giving birth to one and there should be abolished because it has deadly and negative effect on the family and society.

The Russian “Intelligentsia” of the Turn of the XIX–XX Centuries From the Secular Canon to the Ecclesiastical

A lot has been said about the concept of “intelligentsia” in Russian thought in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries in the scientific literature, but it remains unclear how it sounded when immersed in the church context, whether there was a “church intelligentsia” in the ideas of that time and how the intellectuals identified themselves in the Church. These questions are raised by the author of this article, who resorts to the analysis of the existence of this concept both in the works of intellectuals, for whom the religious issue was significant, and representatives of the clergy, whom we can conditionally designate as originating “from the intelligentsia”. The conflict of secular and religious discourses is presented within the framework of the history of Russian thought and the history of concepts. At the turn of the century, a spectrum of intellectuals who had a religious request but, to some extent, came into conflict with the Russian Church became noticeable. It could be expressed as a challenge to the official Church and the demand for its renewal or as the experience of internal conflict during efforts of integration into the orthodox tradition. The most striking group were the intellectuals who “returned” to the Church. They were especially acutely aware of the dualism of their position and experiencing difficulties in self-identification. Immersed in the ecclesiastical context, the concept of “intelligentsia”, which originally arose in a secular environment and had both positive and negative connotations, invariably had a critical subtext, the main note of which was the call for spiritual rebirth and the dream of a “new intelligentsia”, which partly received a real (though not mass) embodiment, which was not practically reflected by contemporaries. Nevertheless, by the beginning of the twentieth century, a unique mental canon was developed in the religious understanding of the widespread concept.

Analytical comparison of the holistic perspectives of Islamic intellectuals and common philosophical approaches in nursing respecting human being

Background and aims: The nursing philosophy has moved from reductionism to holism in its manner of treating human being (HB). There are two main philosophical worldviews about holism, namely reciprocal interaction and simultaneous action worldviews, based on which most holistic nursing theorists formulated their works. Islam, as a perfect religion, also addresses all dimensions of HB and provides different instructions for their development. However, it is still poorly known whether there is a difference between western and Islamic holism. This study was conducted to analytically compare these two main philosophical worldviews with the Islamic worldview in nursing. Methods: This analytical study was conducted in 2020 through the library search method. The SID, Medlib, IranMedex, Magiran, Irandoc, ISI, Scopus, PubMed, and Islamic World Science Citation Center databases were searched using the "holism", "Islamic thought", "reciprocal interaction", and "simultaneous action" keywords. Moreover, the works of famous Islamic intellectuals, particularly Mohammad Hossein Tabatabaei and Morteza Motahhari, were assessed. Results: In the reciprocal interaction worldview, HB is considered as an organized and coherent whole with different biological, psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions and inter-relationships among these dimensions. Moreover, it considers HB as a metaphor, implying that HB is a unified, self-organizing, and regularly changing being that is in interaction with internal and external environments. In the Islamic worldview, HB is a unified truth with material and immaterial realms consisted of physical body connected with emotions, cognition, society, spirituality, and the universe. Conclusion: Although the simultaneous action worldview has a holistic view towards HB, it does not specifically address all HB dimensions. However, the reciprocal interaction worldview addresses some HB dimensions. Islamic intellectuals not only have a holistic view towards all HB dimensions, but also consider HB relationship with the universe. Such divine view to HB integrates the simultaneous action and the reciprocal interaction worldviews, provides nurses with a holistic view towards HB, and facilitates the application of the existing holistic nursing theories for nursing practice, research, and theorization.

Henry Corbin’s Oriental Philosophy and Iranian Nativist Ideologies

This paper aims to explore the roots of the nativist discourse among Iranian intellectuals in the 20th century prior to the Islamic Revolution, a discourse based on Eastern authenticity and the felt need for a return to Islamic, Persian, or Asian traditions. This general tendency took various forms among anti- and even pro-regime intellectuals, including severe anti-modernist evaluations of Al-e-Ahmad, Hossein Nasr, Ahmad Fardid, and Ehsan Naraqi. This nativist movement, as some scholars have shown, played a significant role in the victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1979. This paper aims to discuss some philosophical origins of these East-based and anti-West ideologies in the specific interpretation of Henry Corbin of the East/West spiritual split. This paper demonstrates that these ideas, to a considerable extent, stemmed from Corbin’s “Eastern scheme,” based on the authenticity of spiritual illumination. This paper explores how this Oriental philosophy, rooted in ancient Persia and medieval Iranian wisdom, has been used for political purposes through the ideologization of tradition in contemporary Iran. Therefore, it discusses Corbin’s theological scheme’s political and social ramifications to demonstrate the traces of his scheme in the works of a few nativist intellectuals in an ideologized form.

Қазақ мәдениетіндегі ізгілік-этикалық тәрбие мәселесі

The issue of moral and ethical education is one of the most important tasks in modern society. Such education is based on the spiritual values of the national culture. The article philosophically reveals the foundations of moral and ethical education in Kazakh culture. The authors turned to the historical and cultural roots, traditions and spiritual values of the people in order to reveal the essence of moral and ethical education. Education is the only tool that can improve a person and society. As a person takes possession of the world of culture, they begin to accept various ideas and ideals, language and order moral principles. Knowledge, virtue, intellectual qualities, spiritual values are the keys to finding your place in society. In addition, the issues of education were considered in detail and an overview of the works of folk enlighteners and intellectuals of the Alash movement, who indicated that upbringing is the basis for the formation of human virtues and ethics, ideals, was given

Construction of a culture of privileged immigrants in Venezuela

ABSTRACT This timely article analyses the creation of a divided society in Venezuela. Since before the birth of the Republic in 1831, elite politicians and intellectuals have tried to foment the imposition of a society in their own (European, white, elite) image through the cultural promotion of privileged immigrants. Unlike other countries in the region, the mass European immigration only happened in the 1950s, during the government of Marcos Pérez Jiménez, a hundred years later than elsewhere. However, by lauding immigration and denigrating the local mixed race population, influenced by the example of Argentina a hundred years before and a continuation of nineteenth-century Positivism, they set the stage for the divisiveness which predates the election of President Hugo Chávez in 1998. This article traces this cultural construction through interviews with now-deceased politicians with responsibility for immigration programmes and analysis of the works of pro-immigration intellectuals.

KEKUASAAN POLITIK ISLAM DI ANDALUSIA: PINTU GERBANG MENUJU RENAISANCE EROPA

The triumph of Islamic politics in Andalusia (Spain) is one of the most glorious historical assets of Islam. In addition to the glory of Islam in Baghdad, Andalusia became an important civilization milestone as a bridge for Europe to pick up the enlightenment and golden phase. Although, the contribution of Islam to the glory of Modern Europe is not widely echoed by Western historians, the traces of its history cannot be erased. Through the works of Muslim intellectuals, such as Ibn Rushd, Ibn Bajah, Ibn Khaldun, and so on, Europeans were reminded of the classical traditions of their ancestors. The study of Islamic philosophy initiated by Muslim philosophers succeeded in reviving the classical tradition of Greek philosophy. This kind of scientific climate later became the trigger for the birth of the reform, renaissance, and modernization movements in mainland Europe. Undeniably, the political and intellectual triumph of Islam in Andalusia, which was geographically more accessible to Europeans than the Abbasids in Baghdad, became an important bridge for the rise of Europe to the pinnacle of modern civilization.

The Origins of Emancipation and Feminism in 19th Century India: Bengalese Experience

The development of feminism and women’s emancipation in colonial India shows various trajectories and inner sources of the process within the regions occupied by a ‘larger society’ going through modernization. The first variant appeared in colonial Bengal — a peripheral region relative to the center of Brahminical order and a place where Indian and Western culture conjoined back in the 18–19th centuries. A system of rigid constraints of women’s freedom and rights emerged within the local patriarchal society, especially in the high strata, coming from a perspective of ritual purity and men’s ‘safety’. Women themselves were bearers of traditional consciousness with stereotypes and prejudices, and they were deprived the possibility to take part in their destinies as well as social life outside of a family. Based on the works of social reformers and intellectuals, the author describes the Bengalese variant of the origins of feminism and emancipation. The primary social actor of the process was the male feminist, who publicly proclaimed ideas of women’s rights and tried to improve the lives of women through reforms. The reformatory movements led by leaders from Rammohun Roy to Keshubchandra Sen turned out to be the first wave of the emancipation process; their activity promoted the circumstances for family and social emancipatory practices. The second wave was associated with women finally becoming active and starting to speak for themselves. The main factors that stimulated their activeness were literacy and education, along with support of their aspirations of behalf of men.

Nationalism, Science and Religion: Folk Religion in National Society Imagination of Turkish Nationalism M

AbstractSolidarity, established strongly between power and science, showed once again in the 19th and20th centuries to create national states and societies. Nationalist powers to build their own nationalsocieties as a homogeneous totality benefited from science excessively. This study, which examinesin the context of services provided by science in the process of building a national Turkish society,discusses how Turkish nationalist elites use the scientific paradigms to make the folk religionnonfunctional. The study, which attempts to show that this is made possible by the manipulation,over-interpretation and ignoring the most vital points of scientific theories by French SociologistEmile Durkheim, focuses on the works of two nationalist thinkers as Ziya Gokalp and MehmetFuad Koprulu intensively influenced by Durkheim. This study aims to reveal a series of scientificmanipulations towards religion and religious culture in the creation of a nationalist society, byanalyzing the works of these nationalist intellectuals with the method of context analysis. In thefirst part of the study plan, the relationship of power with science will be discussed and the role ofintellectuals in this process will be highlighted. In the following section, it will discuss how ideas ofnationalist thinkers at issue intertwine with science by analyzing the relation between science andpower in Turkish political life. In the third and last part, it will be shown how the manipulation andover-interpretation in the process of interpretation of Durkheim’s theoretical explanations make folkreligion and religious folk culture nonfunctional.Keywords: Folk Religion, Nationalism, Scientific Manipulation, Ziya Gokalp, Mehmet FuadKoprulu.

Kırgız Edebiyatına Yansıyan Ceditçilik Hareketi

Ceditism, which emerged in Turkistan at the end of the 19th century and completed its formation at the beginning of the 20th century, directly or indirectly affected the entire Turkic world, especially the Tatars, under the leadership of İsmail Gaspıralı. The Kyrgyz intellectuals, who were influenced by the Tatar intellectuals, had the idea of enlightening the Kyrgyz people by studying in schools that provide education with the understanding of Usul-u Jadid. In general in the works of Kyrgyz intellectuals; they focused on the problems in social life during the Tsarist period, people's falling behind from the developing social order, the pressures of the rulers and awakening an uneducated society from the sleep of ignorance. At the threshold of these issues, the studies carried out to enlighten future generations in the field of education with the effect of the Usul-u Jadid schools, the aim of creating national and spiritual awareness, expressions emphasizing the importance of education in the mother tongue are frequently encountered in period works. In particular, educational reading books for children, works reflecting the Kyrgyz history and culture, printing studies for the creation of the Kyrgyz alphabet and the development of Kyrgyz Turkish, and poems performed with the tradition of oral literature were published. In line with the literary works of the Kyrgyz intellectuals, this article tries to mention the development of Jadidchi thought and its general landscape in Kyrgyz literature.

Problematika Kajian Tafsir di Perguruan Tinggi Islam dan Masyarakat Kalimantan Selatan

This article is intended to examine the development of published works on the interpretation of the Qur’ān in South Kalimantan in the 2000s, by comparing the works written by intellectuals in Islamic university (in the case of Antasari State Islamic University, Banjarmasin) and beyond. By applying the continuity-change and challenge-response approaches, this article finds that the two types of exegetical works show that the authors' interpretation is limited to theory, not yet in an effort to produce original interpretive works. In general, most of the exegetical works written by intellectuals in Islamic university are intended to meet the formal requirements of education, such as achieving degrees and preparing lecture handbooks. Meanwhile, the works of Muslim intellectuals beyond the university appear to be more responsive to many issues, such as issues of ritual, science, and magic. In terms of originality, both exegeses work mostly originate from traditional sources, while the former applies a thematic approach (mawḍū‘ī) as a tool for modern interpretation and the latter applies an analytical approach (taḥlīlī) for a conventional one.

The critical enterprise in translating Black women writers’ authorship: a description on Who slashed Celanire’s throat? and The Women of Tijucopapo

This paper is focused on the critical enterprise involved in the translation of Black female authorship from Afro-Caribbean and Latin American contexts into the English language. More specifically, it looks at the circumstances of the translation of the fictional narratives Célanire cou-coupé (2000) by the Guadeloupian Maryse Condé and As mulheres de Tijucopapo (1982) by the Brazilian Marilene Felinto, as well as the publications of the versions in English: Who slashed Celanire’s Throat? (2004) and The Wo­men of Tijucopapo (1994), respectively. We take on a cultural perspective within the field of translation studies and it may be inserted within the theoretical and descriptive branch, being product-process oriented. From general cultural social theories, we draw on the works of Black female intellectuals, Lélia Gonzalez, Patricia Hill-Collins, Denise Carrascosa, and many others, in dialogue with the perspectives of cultural theorists from translation studies, André Lefevere, Lawrence Venuti, and others. Based on the models of descriptive analysis within this field by Gideon Toury and others, we propose a description of the translation (process and product) of Condé’s and Felinto’s novels.

Ziyou zhuyi wenxue lixiang de zhongjie (1945.08–1949.10) 自由主義文學理想的終結 (1945.08–1949.10) [The End of Liberalism as a Literary Ideal (1945.08–1949.10)

<i>Ziyou zhuyi wenxue lixiang de zhongjie (1945.08–1949.10)</i> 自由主義文學理想的終結 (1945.08–1949.10) [The End of Liberalism as a Literary Ideal (1945.08–1949.10)