Working Resistance Of Support Research Articles

Design and field evaluation of hydraulic fracturing boreholes for terminal mining faces

The terminal mining is an essential part of fully mechanized mining, and the reasonable length of the flap roof during the terminal mining is an important basis for the smooth operation of the terminal mining. With the research background of the 213 working face of the Longde Coal Mine, the contribution of this study is the influence law of hydraulic fracturing on the terminal mining mechanical behavior of the working face. Four different numerical calculation models of terminal mining hydraulic fracturing are established, and the optimal hydraulic fracturing site plan is determined according to the length of the terminal mining flap top and the working resistance of hydraulic support. The effect of hydraulic fracturing construction and the law of mechanical behavior in the terminal mining stage in the field test are analyzed. The results show that through hydraulic fracturing technology, the control of the length of the flap roof of the working face during the terminal mining period has been realized.

Research on overburden structural characteristics and support adaptability in cooperative mining of sectional coal pillar and bottom coal seam

In the mining process of the II1 coal seam at Zhaogu No. 2 coal mine, a method of stratified mining is employed, leaving relatively wide coal pillars in sections. To enhance the resource recovery rate, the mine carries out the cooperative mining of the sectional coal pillars and the lower layer coal seam. The 14,022 cooperative working face of fully-mechanized and fully-mechanized top-coal caving at Zhaogu No. 2 coal mine is taken as the research object. Through numerical simulation, theoretical calculations, and on-site industrial trials, a comprehensive analysis of the overburden structural characteristics and the support adaptability at the working face is conducted. It is clarified that a stress arch bearing structure can be formed above the sectional coal pillars during cooperative mining, and this structure is controlled by key strata. The formation of a stress arch bearing structure in the overburden above the sectional coal pillars provides protection for the underlying mining area. A formula for calculating the working resistance of hydraulic supports under the stress arch in sectional coal pillar is derived. Based on these results, the working resistance of hydraulic supports in the coal pillar area is calculated and selected. Field application shows that the working resistance of the support is 10,000 kN in the fully-mechanized top-coal caving working face, and is 9000 kN in fully-mechanized working face, meeting the support requirements and ensuring safe mining at the working face. This study provides a valuable engineering reference for achieving cooperative mining of abandoned sectional coal pillars and lower layer coal seam in stratified mining method.

Determination of working resistance of support parameter variation of large mining height support: the case of Caojiatan coal mine

Aiming at the problem that it is difficult to determine the reasonable working resistance of support in fully-mechanized top coal caving face with large mining height, this paper discusses it from the perspective of preventing rib spalling of coal wall, and holds that the support resistance of working face should not only maintain the stability of roof structure of working face, but also prevent rib spalling of coal wall. Taking Caojiatan 122,107 working face as the engineering background. Using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, orthogonal test, and similar simulation, it is concluded that reducing the end distance b, reducing the distance l between the action point of the support force and the coal wall, increasing the vertical force Pv and the horizontal force Ph of the support are beneficial to the integrity and stability of the coal wall. The proportion index η of the plastic zone of coal wall is established, and the fitting relationship between η and support parameters is: η=-0.21gPv+0.04gPh+0.551gb-0.039gl+0.665\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\eta { = } - 0.21{\ ext{g}}P_{v} + 0.04{\ ext{g}}P_{h} + 0.551{\ ext{g}}b - 0.039{\ ext{g}}l + 0.665$$\\end{document}. Taking η as the index, the calculation formula of the lower limit value of support strength is constructed, and the lower limit value of support strength required to prevent coal wall spalling in 122,107 working face is 12,369 kN. On-site monitoring and adjustment have achieved good results.

An AGCRN Algorithm for Pressure Prediction in an Ultra-Long Mining Face in a Medium–Thick Coal Seam in the Northern Shaanxi Area, China

Due to the increase in the length of the mining face, the pressure characteristics and spatial distribution in fully-mechanized mining faces are different from those in typical mining faces, which leads to great challenges in roof management and the intelligent control of ultra-long mining faces. Taking the ultra-long mining face of a medium–thick coal seam in the northern Shaanxi mining area as an example and using field monitoring data for the working resistance of the hydraulic supports, a non-linear prediction method was used to extract the features of the dynamic data sequence of the working resistance of the hydraulic supports, and a deep learning method was used to establish a pressure prediction model for ultra-long mining faces based on the adaptive graph convolutional recurrent network (AGCRN) algorithm. In the proposed model, the supports in the fully mechanized mining face were regarded as the logic nodes of a topological structure, while the time-series resistance data for the supports were regarded as data nodes on a graph. The AGCRN model was used to determine the spatiotemporal relationship between the working resistance data of adjacent hydraulic supports, thereby improving the accuracy of the proposed model. The MAE and MAPE were employed as performance evaluation indices. When the node-embedding dimension was set to 10 and the time window was set to 16, the corresponding MAE and MAPE values of the prediction model were the minimum values. Compared with the reference models (i.e., the BP, GRU, and DCRNN models), the MAE and MAPE of the AGCRN model were 38.75% and 23.49% lower, respectively, indicating that the AGCRN model effectively demonstrates high accuracy in predicting the working resistance of supports. The AGCRN model was applied in the prediction of the working resistance of the supports of the ultra-long fully mechanized mining face. The results revealed that the working resistance of the supports in the lower and upper areas was relatively small along the strike, whereas the working resistance of the supports in the middle area was large, exhibiting a zoning pattern of “low-high-low” in terms of the average working resistance. In conclusion, the proposed model provides data references for the state of the hydraulic supports, pressure identification, and intelligent control of the ultra-long mining faces of the medium–thick coal seams in northern Shaanxi.

Study on Roof Instability Effect and Bearing Characteristics of Hydraulic Support in Longwall Top Coal Caving

In longwall top coal caving (LTCC), due to the fracture and migration of top coal, the roof will break and collapse, which causes serious impact damage to hydraulic support. Therefore, we aimed to reveal the relationship between the roof instability effect and the bearing characteristics of hydraulic support in the LTCC face. Based on the occurrence conditions of the 08 mining area in the Shilawusu Coal Mine, the instability model of the upper immediate roof was established, and the working resistance of hydraulic support was derived. Secondly, the dynamic coupling model of roof-top coal-hydraulic support was established in LS-DYNA, and the crushing degree of top coal and the bearing characteristics of the hydraulic support in different roof instability fields were analyzed. The results show that the main factors affecting the working resistance of hydraulic support are the fracture position of the upper immediate roof, the acting force of the lower immediate roof, and the distribution of the gangue in the goaf. The rotary instability of the upper immediate roof at the coal wall brings serious impact effects, resulting in fractures in front of the coal wall and a large amount of crushed coal concentrated at the front end of the canopy. The crushing degree of top coal significantly impacts the canopy, especially the back end of the canopy and the hinged pin shaft, which is prone to bending fracture. The research results can provide references and experience for the stability control of roof strata and the structural optimization of hydraulic support.

Coevolution mechanism and branch of pillar‐overburden fissures in shallow coal seam mining

AbstractThe large‐scale mining of coal resources promotes the formation of section coal pillar groups between working faces. The overlying strata are supported by coal pillars, which leads to the formation of a unique fracture‐bearing structure in the key stratum, resulting in the evolution of fissures (cracks) and a generally high load on the supports. Studying the fracture‐bearing structure formed by coal pillars and overlying strata (fissures) is the basis for realizing rational mining of working faces. Here, the evolution characteristics of coal pillar‐overburden rock (fissures) in shallow coal seam mining and the working resistance of the support with stable fracture bearing structure of section coal pillar and overburden rock were studied in the No. 1‐2 coal mining of Longhua Coal Mine in Shenmu City, Northern Shaanxi. The fissure evolution characteristics on both sides of the coal pillar and the fracture‐bearing structure of the rock stratum were obtained by physical similarity simulation experiment. The mechanical calculation model of the coal pillar‐overburden rock (fissure) structure was established by theoretical derivation and calculation, and the working resistance of advanced support with a stable mechanical structure was studied. The research shows that the fracture evolution and rock fracture characteristics of a shallow coal seam mining face can be divided into three zones. Through the reanalysis of the mechanical structure of coal pillar‐overburden rock (fissure), the combined mechanical structure of the subkey stratum consisting of a lagging broken step rock beam structure and the main key stratum consisting of a hinged rock beam structure was obtained. Combined with the failure characteristics of the section coal pillar, a mechanical structure calculation method suitable for the bearing characteristics of section coal pillar support in shallow coal buried layers was obtained, and the field measurement results were verified.

Research on Hydraulic Support Attitude Monitoring Method Merging FBG Sensing Technology and AdaBoost Algorithm

The hydraulic support is the key equipment of surrounding rock support in a stope, and thus monitoring the attitude of the hydraulic support has an important guiding role in the support selection, operation control and rock pressure analysis of the working face. At present, attitude monitoring technology for hydraulic support mainly includes inertial measurement, contact measurement and visual measurement. Aiming at the technical defects of imperfect attitude perception models, incomplete perception parameters and the low decision-making ability of such systems, the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) pressure sensor and the FBG tilt sensor are developed independently by combining with FBG sensing theory. The pressure sensitivity of the FBG pressure sensor is 35.6 pm/MPa, and the angular sensitivity of the FBG tilt sensor is 31.3 pm/(°). Additionally, an information platform for FBG sensing monitoring for hydraulic support attitude is constructed based on. NET technology and C/S architecture. The information platform realizes real-time monitoring, data management, report management, production information management and data querying of hydraulic support attitude monitoring data. An AdaBoost neural network hydraulic support working resistance prediction model is established using MATLAB. The AdaBoost neural network algorithm successfully predicts the periodic pressure of the coal mining face by training with the sample data of the working resistance of the hydraulic support. The predicting accuracy is more than 95%.

Study on action mechanism between rated working re-sistance of support and overburden strata movement

Based on the pressure regulating test curve describing support–surrounding rock relationship, the relationship between rated working resistance (RWR) and overburden movement is investigated. It is discov-ered that between RWR and movement of direct roof strata, the relationship is “must control and must be controlled”, which is qualitatively expressed as Pze=hzγz; between movement of main roof strata and RWR, the relationship is “degree-controlling and degree controlled”, which is hyperbolic and qualitatively expressed as Pre=QSm/2Sx; between RWR and movement of bend zone strata, the relationship is that of “unable to control and unable to be controlled”, which is qualitatively expressed as Pb=0. Finally, the author examines the characteristics of the “hyperbola”, the prerequisite for its existence, and the influence of main roof fault block movement parameters on the position of the hyperbola in the coordinate system, the degree of support control, and the degree of roof movement. This research outcome represents an innovation and a breakthrough on the basic mine pressure theory. It has great academic significance to the discipline of mine pressure and stratum control and provides theoretical basis for the application of strata control.

Experiment on Space-Time Evolution Characteristics of Deformation and Failure of Overlying strata in Longwall Mining of Steeply Dipping Coal Seam

Revealing the space-time evolution characteristics of overlying strata deformation and failure is the key for safe and efficient mining of steeply dipping coal seam. In this paper, based on the physical similarity simulation experiment and field measurement method, the non-uniform filling characteristics of gangue in gob and the roof migration law are comprehensively determined, the evolution characteristics and distribution patterns of the abutment pressure in the upper and lower sections, the distribution characteristics of the working resistance of the support, and the regional strata behavior law in the mining process are analyzed, and the technical measures for the stability control of the support in steeply dipping coal seam are put forward. Results shown: With the advancing distance increases, the accumulation range of gangue increases, and the inverted triangle airspace begins to appear repeatedly in the gob behind the support. In the deep gob, the angle between the gangue pile and the horizontal plane decreases continuously from the lower part to the upper part along the inclined direction. Horizontal displacement, vertical displacement and combined displacement of roof show an evolutionary trend of ‘increase – stability’. The peak displacement position moves from the upper part to the middle part of the working face, which is located at the hinge point between the broken block and the failure envelope surface. The evolution of abutment pressure of headgate and tailgate T-junction shows a trend of ‘increase – stability’. The peak and concentration coefficient at headgate T-junction are greater than tailgate T-junction. The load imbalance characteristics of the support in working face are obvious, and the basic characteristics along the inclined direction are the largest in the middle area, the second in the upper and the smallest in the lower area. The initial force and working resistance of support should be improved, and the position of the support should be adjusted in time in practical engineering. The results provide reference and guidance for practical production.

Characteristics of Strata Behavior and Differentiated Control of Fully Mechanized Mining Working Face with Abnormal Roof

The roof control of a fully mechanized mining face has a significant impact on coal extraction. Therefore, information about strata behavior and differentiated control measures for abnormal roofs are needed. In the present research, we used the ground pressure theory to calculate the interval of the first and periodic weighting of working faces 11113, 11213, and 11313 in the Panbei mine. The maximum support working resistance required by the three working faces was calculated considering the influence of the hard roof, fault zone, and skip mining mode on the relationship between support–surrounding rock. In addition, we determined the hydraulic support for the three working faces taking into account the impact of roof lithology on ground pressure, as well as the layout and mining sequence of the working face. In order to ensure the safety of the working face mining, we implemented the laying mesh method, controlling the roof, providing side protection in the fault-affected area, and using the violent ground pressure control method for advanced deep hole pre-split blasting under hard roof conditions. The engineering practice showed that the effective control of roof ground pressure in abnormal areas was achieved using these control measures.

Roof-Breaking Characteristics and Ground Pressure Behavior in Deep Jurassic Coal Seams: A Thick-Plate Model and Field Measurements

Roof-breaking characteristics and ground pressure behavior of the coalface are instrumental in guiding deep Jurassic coal seam mining, in particular in the Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia regions of China. A thick-plate mechanical model (TPMM) of the main roof was developed and applied to the case study of 21102 first-mined coalface (FMC) of the Hulusu Coal Mine (HCM) in the Hujirt Mining Area (HMA), China. A theoretical analysis performed via the developed model revealed that the first and periodic breaking intervals of the main roof were 40.6 and 25.0 m, respectively. The roof failure occurred in the tensile mode, was controlled by the internal stress σ x in the rock strata, and started from the center of the long side with the fixed support in the goaf. The field measurement of roof weighting was also performed for the coalface advance from zero to 400 m. The measurement results showed that the first weighting average interval was 41.4 m, and the average interval of periodic weighting was 22.0 m, which agreed with the theoretical calculation and proved the proposed model’s feasibility. Finally, the frequency distribution features of the hydraulic support working resistance in the FMC were analyzed statistically. The results showed that the ZY10000-16/32D supports could adapt to the mining geological conditions of the FMC. However, the margin of the rated working resistance of supports was still small. Thus, roof management enhancement during the mining process was strongly recommended. These research findings could offer theoretical guidance for safe and high-efficiency production in the coal mines under similar geological conditions.

Application of Pedrail Powered Support on Strata Control in Short-Wall Coal Mining

In this study, the role of the pedrail powered (PP) support produced in China in the Wongawilli short-wall mining was explored, and the process from its import and introduction to its localization and use effect were detailed. The influences of the gob side and the solid-coal side on the pillar pressure were numerically simulated by exploring the working resistance of PP support at different locations and under different widths of pillar between mining caves (PMC) of the same branch lane during mining and investigating the pressure distribution and variations of each single pillar. The main influencing factors and their relationships with the working resistance were derived accordingly. Finally, key processing technologies to solve the problem of PP support crushing in the crushed zone were analyzed. The results suggest that the rated working resistance of PP support satisfies the requirement for use, and the roof of the branch lane behind the cutting roof line does not collapse, which ensures the safety of short-wall mining. The gob-side pressure is notably higher than the solid-coal-side pressure. When the PP support undergoes a support crushing accident, it can be pulled out by jointly adopting four key technologies, i.e., reinforced support to the roof, reinforcing rib support and ground bolt support for caving gangue piles, roof and loose body reinforcement by grouting, and traction by a prop-pulling winch.

Research on Roof Structure and Determination of Working Resistance of Shallow Buried Single Key Stratum Based on Grid Drillhole Field Method

Abstract The roof structure of the stope is the core of revealing the weighting mechanism and determining the working resistance of support. The Shenfu Dongsheng coal field of China has abundant reserves of shallow coal seam. The phenomena of strong ground pressure and step subsidence caused by the mining of shallow buried single key stratum (SBSKS) poses a serious threat to the fragile environment. Revealing the shape and movement process of roof structure of SBSKS is the primary prerequisite for ensuring safe mining of working face. Firstly, the field measurement technology of the space grid-like drill field was developed to construct vertical holes and incline holes in the auxiliary headgate gateway and tailgate airway ahead of the working face and to obtain the measured data of the broken position and vertical displacement of the roof by the drilling peep and multipoint displacement. Secondly, the key parameters of the stope roof were analyzed by the grid drillhole filed method, for example, the inclined roof break angle, the rotation angle, the thickness of equivalent immediate roof (EIR), and the roof structure-articulated level and shape. Then, we combined with the mining face comparison of compression laws revealing the time and space relationship between the movement of the roof structure and the roof weighting, and three more dangerous states of the roof were determined. Finally, the roof structure of SBSKS is moved upward through the field research on the 22201 working face, the “high step rock beam” structure and the advanced breaking position of the roof are obtained, and the calculation equation of the support resistance in large mining height face is given. The research results provide scientific guidance for the safety of SBSKS coal seam and provide technical support for green mining in ecologically fragile mining areas.

Study on mechanism of end face roof leaks based on stope roof structure movement under repeated mining

In view of the problem that the broken stope roof under repeated mining is prone to end face roof leaks, this paper’s research background is the close distance coal seams mining of a mine in Guizhou province, China. The impact of stope roof structure movement on the immediate roof was elucidated from the analysis of stope roof structure movement under repeated mining employing a combination method of field measurement, physical simulation, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation. As a result, the mechanism of end face roof leaks under repeated mining is investigated, and the corresponding control measures are proposed. The results show that the cantilever beam structure instability of the stope roof under repeated mining is an important reason for the end face roof leaks and support crushing accident. The fracture forms of cantilever beam structure are divided into direct fracture and hinged structure fracture. The direct fracture is affected by the support working resistance. The cantilever beam hinged structure is divided into sliding and rotational instability. The periodic weighting interval is small and the fracture degree is large under repeated mining, which leads to the sliding instability. It is concluded that reasonable support working resistance is the important reason to keep the cantilever beam structure stability. Therefore, the stope roof leakage control countermeasures under repeated mining are proposed. The UDEC numerical simulation is used to verify the above analysis again, so as to provide the basis for the end face roof leaks prevention and control under repeated mining.

Accurate Perception of Rock Strata Movement for Environmental Protection in Coal Mining: Taking Thick and Hard Roof Cooperative Control as an Example

Accurate perception of the key stratum instability can improve the safety of coal mining and also provide a basis for alleviating overlying rock strata destruction and environmental disturbance. To efficiently evaluate the instability of the key stratum and its threat to safe mining and environmental protection, the fracture characteristics and weakening mechanisms were studied through physical simulation, theoretical analysis, and field measurement. A scheme and the parameters of confined blasting in water-filled deep hole presplit technology (CBWDHPT) for thick and hard roof (THR) weakening were proposed. Research studies showed that, after the THR fractured into large blocks, the subsequent sliding instability induced serious support-crushing accidents; however, increasing the support strength could only provide limited control. Confined water and infiltrated modified rock mass functioned as the transfer load medium of the explosives, and the CBWDHPT fully utilized high explosion energy to break rocks. Consequently, the collapse and filling of the immediate roof and low-positioned THR, as well as the timely cutting off the middle-positioned THR, could be realized, which alleviated the migration space of THR blocks, overlying strata destruction, and earth-surface step subsidence. Finally, the environmentally friendly strategy (including the CBWDHPT and hydraulic support optimization) for overlying rock strata protection was proposed. In the industrial test, the THR was broken into blocks of different sizes after utilizing the CBWDHPT, and the support working resistance was significantly decreased. It was concluded that the environmentally friendly strategy could effectively reduce the risk of overlying rock strata destruction.

Mechanism of Hard-Roof Rock Burst Control by the Deep-Hole Blasting: Numerical Study Based on Particle Flow

In underground coal mines, the deep-hole blasting (DHB) technology is generally adopted for thick hard-roof control. This technology uses the energy released by explosives to weaken the energy storage capacity of hard roof so as to prevent hard-roof rock burst disasters. In this paper, a numerical simulation model of roof DHB was established based on particle flow and the damage range of single-hole blasting with concentrated cylindrical charge was studied. The temporal and spatial evolutions of overlying strata, the distribution of the force chain structure, and the working resistance of hydraulic pressure in the mining process before and after the application of DHB were contrastively analyzed. The following beneficial conclusions were drawn. The blasting-induced single-hole damage range is generally characterized by annular zoning. After the application of DHB, overall the collapse morphology of the key strata in the mining process changes from long-distance instantaneous slipping instability to stratified short-arm stepped synergistic subsidence. The density and strength of force chains in the overburden are notably reduced; the peak value of compressive force chain strength in the key strata in the mining process falls by 17.85% as a result of DHB. The monitoring results of the working resistance of hydraulic support reveal that the DHB technology can effectively shorten the step distance of periodic weighting and reduce the variation amplitude of overburden load during weighting. In summary, the mechanism of hard-roof rock burst control by DHB is reflected by both static load reduction and dynamic load reaction.

A case study of the periodic fracture control of a thick-hard roof based on deep-hole pre-splitting blasting

A thick-hard roof implies a large hanging-roof and high-frequency dynamic strata behaviour during mining, which may jeopardise personnel safety and equipment. To alleviate these hazards, deep-hole pre-splitting blasting is employed to control periodic fractures in thick-hard roof seams in Datong mining area. Based on loading and instability characteristics, a mechanical model of thick-hard roof periodic collapse is established to investigate the relationships and optimal parameters among the collapse interval, fracturing angle and support working resistance. LS-DYNA was employed to analyse the fracture evolution to determine the optimal charge parameters. The minimum weakening width and average fragmentation of the pre-split roof are obtained. Universal distinct element code simulations were used to determine the thick-hard roof collapse morphology and strata behaviour to confirm the optimal pre-splitting parameters. The deep-hole pre-splitting blasting on-site implementation reduces thick-hard roof collapse intervals, and the supports loading is verified to be safe with sufficient allowance, which show a good control effect on thick-hard roof seams.

Study on Influence Laws of Strata Behaviors for Shallow Coal Seam Mining beneath Gully Terrain

The study on influence laws of strata behaviors is the basic guarantee of safety mining for shallow coal seam beneath gully terrain. Taking 3302 mining face of Zhujiamao Coal Mine as the engineering background, the laws of strata behaviors for shallow coal seam mining beneath gully terrain are studied by field detection, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation. The strata pressure observation and the hydraulic support working resistance show that the dynamic strata behaviors appear violently during mining beneath the gully bottom. The theoretical analysis shows that the rotation and breaking of key stratum beneath gully bottom under nonuniform load is the fundamental cause of strong dynamic strata behaviors. The numerical simulation of overburden movement and fissure development characteristics shows that the strata behaviors beneath the gully bottom are stronger than the strata behaviors beneath other areas. Additionally, according to the laws of dynamic strata behaviors, the safety measures for mining beneath gully bottom are put forward.

Research on the Influence of the Key Stratum Position on the Support Working Resistance during Large Mining Height Top-Coal Caving Mining

In recent years, in order to increase the coal recovery rate, the large mining height fully mechanized top-coal caving mining has been widely used because it has the advantages of both fully mechanized mining method and large mining height mining method. When this mining technology is used to exploit thick coal seam under upper goaf, the movement characteristics of the overlying strata and the bearing structure formed by the broken rock are complicated, which results in the abnormal pressure during mining, such as severe coal slabs and hydraulic supports being crushed. The key to solve these problems is to study the movement law and the structural evolution characteristics of the overlying strata during large mining height fully mechanized top-coal caving mining, and the movement characteristics of the overlying strata are all determined by the layer-position of the key stratum. UDEC models with different layer-position of the key stratum are established to investigate the influence of the key stratum position on the support working resistance during large mining height top-coal caving mining. Through comprehensive research, the source of support resistance comes from under different geological conditions was analyzed, and the formula for estimating the maximum support working resistance was deduced. In addition, in order to release the severe pressure during large mining height fully mechanized top-coal caving mining, it is recommended to use hydraulic fracturing method to weaken the key stratum in situ.

Movement law of overburden in upward fully mechanized working face and determination of support working resistance

Movement law of overburden in upward fully mechanized working face and determination of support working resistance